OSCILLATIONS

Types of Motion 0!% $

Differential Equation: + '! % = 0 '! =
0+ ! 2
Periodic Motion: Any motion that repeats at fixed intervals of time
Eg: Motion of planets, hands of clock
Oscillatory Motion: Any to and fro motion which is periodic Time Equation: % = )783('+ + 6) OR % = )345('+ + 6)
Eg: Oscillations of pendulum, spring, guitar string
Note: All oscillatory motions are periodic but all periodic motions are
not oscillatory. Velocity Equation: %v = −')345('+ + 6)

SHM
Acceleration Equation: %=
O −'!)783 '+ + 6 = −'!%
A motion in which Force is directly proportional to displacement
and in the opposite direction of displacement is called SHM • Phase difference between x
and v = 900
! = −$% & = −'!% ( = ' )! − % ! • Phase difference between v
and a = 900
&"#$ = '!) (&+ % = ±)) • Phase difference between x
and a = 1800
("#$ = ') (&+ % = 0)

Amaz Uma a
max
>
- a = 0 -
V
V =0 = 0

-A O +A
Oscillations of spring Energy vs Time Energy vs Displacement
.
E
u(pE) E=

↑
2
9 = 2; -
> u
$
> K
-

Simple Pendulum + 34
Note: Frequency of K.E and P.E is double the frequency of
< displacement
9 = 2;
=
Circular Motion & SHM
• If lift is acceleration upwards: g=g+a
• If lift is accelerating downwards: g=g-a
The projection of circular motion
• If lift is in freefall: g=0 (no oscillations)
executes SHM
Energy Equations SHM
-
-
1 ! 1 1 !
>= $% @= $()! − % !) A= $)
2 2 2

1 ! 1 ! !
>= $) 783 !('+ + 6) @= $) 345 ('+ + 6)
2 2
 m
= x A
Derivations
=
>
-
- 1

X
.
2 V = wi
3
⑧ Circular ·
>
.
-

4 .
Energy
5. & Percuto.
Spring

live
Batch
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App >
-

Phy- > Oscillatie >

-

-Watch
Note e

uy
↓
x DY D
- note Questions
↓
questies
WAVES
 wave
Ha
Plane progressive (travelling) wave

• Propagation of disturbance from one point of medium to

another part of it
• Mode of transfer of energy from one point to another
~
𝐘 = 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 ± 𝛚𝐭 + 𝛗)
it are
Amplitude A - It is the maximum displacement of any particle of
without the transfer of matter
the medium from its mean position.
Mechanical wave – Medium needed
Non mechanical wave – No medium needed Phase and initial phase- The value (𝐤𝐱±𝛚𝐭+𝛗) is called phase
and 𝛗 is the initial phase. The phase gives the state of motion
Transverse wave longitudinal wave of wave at position ‘x’ and at time ‘t’. Initial phase gives initial
➢ Particles vibrate in a state of wave.
➢ Particles vibrate in a
direction perpendicular to direction parallel to the
the direction of Wave length(𝜆)-The linear distance travelled by the wave is one
direction of propagation of
complete oscillation.
propagation of the wave the wave k
=
2/X
➢ Forms crests and troughs Time period (T): Time for one complete oscillation or vibration
➢ Forms compressions and

➢ Eg- vibrations in a
rarefactions
is called time period.
G𝒇=
𝟏
𝑻

stretched string Frequency (𝝑)-The number of oscillations or vibrations in one

➢ Eg- sound waves
second is called frequency. Its unit is s-1 of Hz (Hertz).

HA IIIIIIIIIIII 𝝎=
𝟐𝝅
𝑻
= 2𝝅𝒇
-
 -

Sin (kx
wet + b)
A
++ -

kQ-not
wet] +x
ai

xaxi
-

3
=
ke-not
-Ve

- k + not
Speed of wave Speed of sound in gas

Assumption made by Newton that the pressure variations in a

𝝎
v =f𝝀 v= medium during propagation of sound are isothermal,
𝑲
v = 2X speed of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas is given by,
Speed of transverse wave on a stretched string
𝑷 Newton’s Formula
𝑽=
𝑻 • T = Tension of the string
𝑀
𝛒
V = cons
2
𝑽= • 𝜇 = 𝐿 linear mass density
𝝁 - It was pointed out by Laplace that the pressure variations in the
-

propagation of sound waves are adiabatic

-

Speed of-
longitudinal wave (sound wave) 𝜸𝑷
𝑽= Laplace correction
𝒀
𝛒 Y = 331m/s
𝑽= Solids - =
𝛒 -

Principle of superposition of waves

Y = Youngs modulus
-
B= bulk modulus
When two or more waves pass through the same medium, the
𝑩 Fluids 𝜌 = density
𝑽= displacement of any medium element is the algebraic sum of
𝛒 the displacements caused by each wave; this is known as the
principle of wave superposition.
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟏+ 𝒚𝟐+ 𝒚3
-
Standing waves Standing wave on a stretched string
-
A standing wave is a superposition of two distinct waves Consider a string stretched between 2 rigid support. When the
which creates a wave that changes in amplitude but does string is excited stationary waves are produced but they can
not propagate. vibrate only in some definite patterns. These patterns are called
-

Normal modes
-

𝑽 Fundamental
met
...
--
- 𝝊𝟏 =
𝟐𝑳 frequency -

First harmonics

𝟐𝑽
Node : The points at which the amplitude is zero
tor) 𝝊𝟐 =
𝟐𝑳
= 2𝝊𝟏 Second harmonics

X=n
𝝀
𝟐 (De
𝟑𝑽 Third harmonics
Antinode : The points at which the amplitude is the largest 𝝊𝟑 = = 3𝝊𝟏
𝟐𝑳

𝝀
X = (2n+1) Ratio = 1:2:3
𝟒
 Standing wave
-
on a closed pipe Standing wave on an open pipe
-

➢ Consider normal modes of Consider normal modes of oscillation of an air column with both
oscillation of an air column with ends of pipe are open
one end closed and the other
open. x12
➢ A glass tube partially filled with 𝑽 Fundamental
water illustrates this system. 𝝊𝟏 = frequency
𝟐𝑳
➢ The end in contact with water is
First harmonics
a node, while the open end is

x(2(x)2
an antinode
𝟐𝑽 Second
𝑽 Fundamental 𝝊𝟐 = = 2𝝊𝟏 harmonics
First harmonics 𝟐𝑳
𝝊𝟏 = frequency
𝟒𝑳
Ma

gal ,
𝟑𝑽 al
𝝊𝟑 = = 3𝝊𝟏 Third harmonics 𝟑𝑽 Third
𝟒𝑳 𝝊𝟑 = = 3𝝊𝟏
𝟐𝑳 harmonics
𝟓𝑽
𝝊𝟓 = = 5𝝊𝟏 Fifth harmonics
𝟒𝑳 Ratio = 1:2:3

Ratio = 1:3:5
 Beats

When two sound waves of nearly same amplitude and

slightly different frequencies, travelling in same direction are
superimposed on each other alternate increase and decrease
in sound intensity are heard .This phenomenon is called
“BEATS”

Increase in sound intensity – Waxing

(Derivation)
Decrease in sound intensity- Wanning

BEAT= 1 Waxing + 1 Wanning

Beat frequency = 𝝑𝟏 - 𝝑𝟐