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Instructor Resource
Anderson, Organization Development
SAGE Publishing, 2017
Multiple Choice
1. ______ is an intervention in itself, because it completes the picture of the organization and expands the
knowledge for both the client and practitioner.
a. Contracting
b. Data gathering
c. Diagnosis
d. Feedback
Ans: B
AACSB: Integrating knowledge across fields
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Data Gathering
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. In data gathering, despite various warnings, unfortunately, ______ often trumps accurate data and
careful diagnosis.
a. speed
b. consistency
c. bias
d. diligence
Ans: A
AACSB: Making sound decisions
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Importance of Data Gathering
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. ______ are those initial explanations of the situation that highlight symptoms of which the client is most
painfully aware.
a. Presenting problems
b. Underlying problems
c. Interventions
d. Data gathering methods
Ans: A
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Presenting Problems and Underlying Problems
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. ______ are described as the root cause or core, fundamental issues that are producing symptoms
within the organization.
a. Presenting problems
b. Underlying problems
c. Interventions
d. Data gathering methods
Ans: B
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Instructor Resource
Anderson, Organization Development
SAGE Publishing, 2017
5. Which step in the data gathering process discusses the client or another representative explaining to
organizational members what data are being gathered, by whom, using what methods, and for what
purposes?
a. Determine approach to be used
b. Announce project
c. Prepare for data collection
d. Collect data
Ans: B
AACSB: Systems and processes in organizations
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Data Gathering Process
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Data gathering through ______ relies heavily on cooperation form organizational members who will
only open up to discuss serious issues if they trust the individual asking questions.
a. interviews
b. focus groups
c. surveys
d. unobtrusive measures
Ans: A
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Interviews
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. A practitioner can be more confident that enough people have been chosen when interviews begin to
gather ______.
a. new information
b. relevant information
c. repetitive information
d. impractical information
Ans: C
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Interviews
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. When scheduling interviews regarding interpersonally sensitive topics, contact is best done via ______.
a. in person or phone.
b. e-mail.
c. electronic poll.
d. text message.
Instructor Resource
Anderson, Organization Development
SAGE Publishing, 2017
Ans: A
AACSB: Written and oral communication
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Interviews
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Information is ______ if no one other than the consultant will know what was said in the interview.
a. anonymous
b. confidential
c. shared
d. identifiable
Ans: B
AACSB: Social responsibility
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Interviews
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. ______ are usually a small number of organizational members who are facilitated by a consultant who
poses questions and then allows for group discussion.
a. Interviews
b. Focus groups
c. Observations
d. Unobtrusive measures
Ans: B
AACSB: Group and individual behaviors
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Focus Groups
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Avoiding ______ can be a challenge as part of focus groups because some participants may be
reluctant to offer a different view, especially if members have a close relationship outside of the focus
group.
a. mindshift
b. bias
c. assimilation
d. groupthink
Ans: D
AACSB:
Cognitive Domain:
Answer Location:
Difficulty Level:
14. When selecting participants for focus groups, there is an advantage to utilizing ______ groups; these
employees may share a similar background because they have something in common.
a. heterogeneous
Instructor Resource
Anderson, Organization Development
SAGE Publishing, 2017
b. homogeneous
c. random
d. purposeful
Ans: B
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Focus Groups
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Historically speaking, ______ has been one of the most commonly used methods of data gathering.
a. interviews
b. focus groups
c. surveys/questionnaires
d. observations
Ans: C
AACSB: Statistics/quantitative methods
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Surveys/Questionnaires
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. The benefit to ______ is you can collect data from a large group of participants at one time.
a. interviews
b. unobtrusive measures
c. observations
d. surveys/questionnaires
Ans: D
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Surveys/Questionnaires
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. Given the nature of a global environment, which of the following is necessary when development
surveys/questionnaires?
a. translate or localize questions
b. indicate a bias toward particular groups/regions
c. ask questions that can be answered multiple ways
d. do not define terms
Ans: A
AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Surveys/questionnaires
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Which of the following methods of data gathering allows the consultant to collect data on actual
behavior rather than reports of people’s behavior?
Instructor Resource
Anderson, Organization Development
SAGE Publishing, 2017
a. interviews
b. focus groups
c. surveys/questionnaires
d. observations
Ans: D
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Cognitive Domain: comprehension
Answer Location: Observations
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. Self-report data are always a reflection of past events, whereas ______collects data on what is
happening in the present.
a. interviews
b. focus groups
c. surveys/questionnaires
d. observation
Ans: D
AACSB: Making sound decisions
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Observations
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. Observations are likely to alter the circumstances and potentially change the behavior of those being
observed, often referred to as ______.
a. groupthink
b. the Hawthorne Effect
c. Small Group Polarization.
d. the Placebo Effect
Ans: B
AACSB: Making sound decisions
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Observations
Difficulty Level: Hard
22. Data gathering through the use of ______ is when data are generally readily available because they
are produced during the ordinary course of organizational activity.
a. interviews
b. surveys/questionnaires
c. observations
d. unobtrusive measures
Ans: D
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Unobtrusive Measures
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. Which type of unobtrusive measure could include articles in local newspapers, employee newsletters,
or other forms of artifacts?
a. historical data
b. official documents
c. databases
d. online environment
Ans: A
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Cognitive Domain: Application
Instructor Resource
Anderson, Organization Development
SAGE Publishing, 2017
24. Job descriptions, personnel fiels, or meeting minutes are examples of which of the following
unobtrusive measures?
a. historical data
b. official documents
c. databases
d. online environment
Ans: B
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Unobtrusive Measures
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Social media sites, wikis, and review sites are examples of which of the following unobtrusive
measures?
a. historical data
b. official documents
c. online environment
d. physical environment
Ans: C
AACSB: Information technology
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Unobtrusive Measures
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. Architecture, signage, and design of work areas are examples of which of the following unobtrusive
measures?
a. historical data
b. databases
c. official documents
d. physical environment
Ans: D
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Unobtrusive Measures
Difficulty Level: Easy
27. The potential expense, time and data intensive, only provides one perspective, and time-consuming
analysis are all disadvantages of which of the following data gathering methods?
a. interviews
b. focus groups
c. surveys/questionnaires
d. unobtrusive measures
Ans: A
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Table 7.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. Typically takes a short amount of time and allows a broad range of topics to be addressed are two
advantages of which of the following data gathering methods?
a. interviews
b. focus groups
c. surveys/questionnaires
Instructor Resource
Anderson, Organization Development
SAGE Publishing, 2017
d. unobtrusive measures
Ans: C
AACSB: Statistics/quantitative methods
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Table 7.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
29. High validity and can provide triangulation are two advantages of which of the following data gathering
methods?
a. focus groups
b. surveys/questionnaires
c. observations
d. unobtrusive measures
Ans: D
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Table 7.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. Which of the following criteria when selecting a data gathering method relates to potential cost in
terms of money and time?
a. investment required
b. access
c. relevance to problem
d. accuracy
Ans: A
AACSB: Making sound decisions
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Creating a Data Gathering Strategy and Proposing an Approach
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. Which of the following criteria when selecting a data gathering method discusses prone to bias?
a. access
b. relevance to the problem
c. accuracy
d. flexibility
Ans: C
AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Creating a Data Gathering Strategy and Proposing an Approach
Difficulty Level:
32. Difficulty in following up in depth on a single issue and the potential for a low response rate are two
disadvantages to which data gathering method?
a. interviews
b. unobtrusive measures
c. focus groups
d. surveys/questionnaires
Ans: D
AACSB: Statistics/quantitative methods
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Table 7.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
33. For example, a survey cannot be altered in design once it has been administered, which relates to
which criteria when selecting data gathering methods?
Instructor Resource
Anderson, Organization Development
SAGE Publishing, 2017
a. access
b. flexibility
c. investment required
d. relevance to the problem
Ans: B
AACSB: Making sound decisions
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Creating a Data Gathering Strategy and Proposing an Approach
Difficulty Level: Medium
34. When a practitioner discloses who made a particular comment during an interview even after pledging
to the respondent that comments would remain anonymous is an example of which ethical issue?
a. collusion
b. misuse of data
c. informed consent
d. data protection
Ans: B
AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Ethical Issues With Data Gathering
Difficulty Level: Hard
35. Secure locations, using pseudonyms, and destroying audio/video after transcription are examples of
items to consider under which ethical issue?
a. collusion
b. misuse of data
c. informed consent
d. data protection
Ans: D
AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Ethical Issues with Data Gathering
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. Architecture, break room area, and uniforms are all examples of which of the following unobtrusive
measures?
a. historical data
b. online environment
c. formal physical environment
d. personal physical environment
Ans: C
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Unobtrusive Measures
Difficulty Level: Medium
37. Employee bulletin boards and desk decorations are examples of which of the following unobtrusive
measures?
a. official documents
b. historical data
c. formal physical environment
d. personal physical environment
Ans: D
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Cognitive Domain: Application
Instructor Resource
Anderson, Organization Development
SAGE Publishing, 2017
38. A few members dominating the discussion is a critical disadvantage of which data gathering method?
a. interviews
b. focus groups
c. observations
d. unobtrusive measures
Ans: B
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Table 7.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. Potential for little preparation and the opportunity to be “in the moment” are advantages to which data
gathering method?
a. interviews
b. focus groups
c. surveys/questionnaires
d. observations
Ans: D
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Table 7.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. According to Argyris, ______ information is necessary for the client to learn and for the interventionist
to help.
a. Useful
b. Specific
c. Valid
d. Detailed
Ans: C
AACSB: Written and oral communication
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Importance of Data Gathering
Difficulty Level: Hard
True/False
1. Interventions designed to address presenting problems but that do not address underlying problems
are likely to still produce long-term results.
Ans: F
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Presenting Problems and Underlying Problems
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. Without greater detail and multiple perspectives regarding the nature and extent of the problem, the
chosen interventions may target the wrong areas.
Ans: T
AACSB: Making sound decisions
Instructor Resource
Anderson, Organization Development
SAGE Publishing, 2017
3. Interviews are probably the most common method of data collection in OD.
Ans: T
AACSB: Application of knowledge
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Interviews
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Focus groups are typically deemed appropriate for very sensitive issues.
Ans: F
AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Focus Groups
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. When conducting focus groups, a process is utilized that is very similar to interviewing.
Ans: T
AACSB: Reflective thinking
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Focus Groups
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. An organizational survey that appears to promise change will only deepen or increase cynicism among
members if nothing is done with the results.
Ans: T
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Surveys/Questionnaires
Difficulty Level: Hard
7. Having a background in statistical analysis is not useful when working with surveys/questionnaires.
Ans: F
AACSB: Statistics/quantitative methods
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Surveys/questionnaires
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. Observations are extremely useful for studying unusual problems or infrequent interactions.
Ans: F
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Observations
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Organizational policies that restrict use of personnel files is an example of an access criteria when
selecting data gathering methods.
Ans: T
AACSB: Analytical thinking
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Creating a Data Gathering Strategy and Proposing an Approach
Difficulty Level: Easy
Instructor Resource
Anderson, Organization Development
SAGE Publishing, 2017
10. OD practitioners should treat their own research practices and research practices with an organization
differently with regard to informed consent.
Ans: F
Ethical understanding and reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Ethical Issues With Data Gathering
Difficulty Level: Hard
Essay
1. What are three reasons that data gathering should be taken seriously?
Ans: Responses may vary, however, these items would be appropriate starting points: (1) good data
collection generates information about organizational functioning, effectiveness, and health; (2) data
collection can be a force that can spark interest in change; (3) practitioners who do data collection well
can continue fostering the relationship among all involved.
AACSB: Making sound decisions
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: The Importance of Data Gathering
Difficulty Level: Medium
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