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PHY CM Thermal Physics GasLaws

The document covers key concepts in thermal physics, including specific heat capacity, specific latent heat, and gas laws. It explains how specific heat capacity quantifies the heat needed to change the temperature of a substance, while specific latent heat relates to phase changes. Additionally, it outlines Boyle's, Charles's, and Gay-Lussac's laws, along with the ideal gas law and the kinetic molecular theory of gases.

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thannitinuke
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3 views17 pages

PHY CM Thermal Physics GasLaws

The document covers key concepts in thermal physics, including specific heat capacity, specific latent heat, and gas laws. It explains how specific heat capacity quantifies the heat needed to change the temperature of a substance, while specific latent heat relates to phase changes. Additionally, it outlines Boyle's, Charles's, and Gay-Lussac's laws, along with the ideal gas law and the kinetic molecular theory of gases.

Uploaded by

thannitinuke
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHY-CM-Thermal Physics

Thermodynamics-gas Laws
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
• If you need to boil a kettle of water, you will need to heat the kettle filled with water.
Heat will be absorbed by the water to increase its temperature. To increase the
temperature of 1kg of water by 10C, a certain amount of heat must be absorbed by
the water. This heat is called the specific heat capacity.
• Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a
mass of 1kg by 10C.
•Specific heat capacity is expressed with units Jkg-10C or Jkg-1K-1. The specific heat
capacity of water is 4200 Jkg-10C-1, while iron is 452Jkg-10C-1. This means that
4200J of heat is required to increase the temperature of 1kg of water by 1oC while
452J of heat is required to raise temperature of 1kg blocks of iron through 10C.
• This shows that it is easier for an iron to get hot compared with water as iron has a
lower specific heat capacity.
• Specific heat capacity (c) can be calculated from the amount of heat supplied (Q) to
the mass (m) of the substance and the increase in the temperature, θ. Thus, specific
heat capacity: c = Q/mθ
SPECIFIC LATENT
HEAT
•Certain substances may exist in many phases, for example, water can exist as
solid, liquid or gas. The amount of heat required to change the phase of a
substance depends on the mass and the type of material that makes up the
substance. A small ice cube melts quickly but a large block of ice melts very
slowly. 100J of heat energy can melt a large amount of wax, but the same
amount of heat can only melt a small amount of another substance say, copper.
• The specific latent heat of a substance is the amount of heat that is required to
change the phase of 1kg of the substance at a constant temperature.
• Specific latent heat can be represented as, L = Q/m
• where Q = latent heat absorbed or released by the substance and m = mass of
the substance. The SI unit for specific latent heat is J/kg or Jkg-1.
• The latent heat absorbed or released when a substance of mass, m
changes from one phase to another is represented by:
• Specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is the amount of heat
required to change 1kg of the substance from the solid phase to its
liquid phase without a change in temperature.
• Specific latent heat of vaporization of substance is defined as the
amount of heat required to change 1kg of the substance from the
liquid phase to the gaseous phase without a change in temperature.
• Specific latent heat can be written as Q = ml
• The specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is usually smaller
than the specific latent heat of vaporization. This is due to the extra
work done against atmospheric pressure during the change of phase
from liquid to gas.
GAS LAWS
we are going to examine three types of gas laws which are Boyle’s Law,
Charles’s Law and Pressure Law.

Factors that effect a Gas


1. The quantity of a gas, n, in moles
2. The temperature of a gas, T, in Kelvin (Celsius degrees + 273)
3. The pressure of a gas, P, in pascals
4. The volume of a gas, V, in cubic meters
Boyle’s
Law
• Boyle’s Law states that if the temperature remains constant, the volume of a given mass
of gas is inversely proportional to the absolute pressure. P1V1 = P2V2
• From Boyle’s Law, at constant temperature pressure in a closed container,
• pressure will decrease when the volume increases
Example
• The volume of the lungs is measured by the volume of air exhaled or inhaled.
If the volume is 2,400 litres during exhalation and the pressure is 101.7kPa,
and the pressure during inhalation is 101.01kPa, what is the volume of the
lungs during inhalation?
• Solution:
Consider the volume during inhalation as V1, volume during exhalation as V2
and the pressure during inhalation as P1 and pressure during exhalation as P2.
Charles’s
Law
• Charles’s Law states that if the pressure remains constant, the volume
of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature.
Example
• A 30cm3 balloon is heated from 270C to 1270C. If the pressure remains
constant, what is the final volume of the balloon?
• Solution:
• From the information given:
• Initial volume of the balloon is V1 =30cm3;Final volume V2 = ?
• the temperature must be in the Kelvin scale. Convert to the Kelvin scale (K) by
adding 273 to the temperature in the Celsius scale.

The final volume of the balloon is 40cm3.


Pressure
Law
• The relationship between temperature and pressure was investigated by the
French chemist, Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) and for that, Pressure Law is
also known as Gay-Lussac’s Law.
• Pressure Law states that if the volume remains constant, the pressure of a
given mass of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
• Example
• The pressure of a car tyre is 22kPa at 300C. After a long journey, the pressure
has increased to 25kPa. What is the final temperature of air in the tyre after
the journey, assuming the volume of the tyre remained unchanged?
• Solution:
• From the information given:
• Initial pressure, P1 = 22kPa; Final pressure, P2 = 25kPa
• Initial temperature, T1 = 30kPa = (30 + 273)K = 303K; Final temperature, T2 = ?

The final temperature of the air inside the tyre is


335.23- 273 = 71.320C
The Combined Gas Law
PoVo To → PoVo = kTo
You basically take Boyle’s Charles’ and
Gay-Lussac’s Law and combine them k = PoVo
together. To
• Moles are constant
PV
k=
T
PoVo PV
=
To T
Example

• Pure helium gas is admitted into a leak proof cylinder containing a


movable piston. The initial volume, pressure, and temperature of the
gas are 15 L, 2.0 atm, and 300 K. If the volume is decreased to 12 L and
the pressure increased to 3.5 atm, find the final temperature of the
gas.

•PoVo PV (12)(3.5)(300)
To PV To T
=T = → T = = 420 K
PoVo (15)(2)
– The IDEAL Gas Law
All factors contribute! In the previous examples, the constant, k,
represented a specific factor(s) that were constant. That is NOT the
case here, so we need a NEW constant. This is called, R, the
universal gas constant.

PV  nT
R = constant of proportionality
J
R = Universal Gas Constant = 8.31
mol • K
PV = nRT
Example
A helium party balloon, assumed to be a perfect sphere, has a radius
of 18.0 cm. At room temperature, (20 C), its internal pressure is 1.05
atm. Find the number of moles of helium in the balloon and the
mass of helium needed to inflate the balloon to these values.

4 4
Vsphere = r 3 →  (0.18) 3 = 0.0244 m3
3 3
T = 20 + 273 = 293 K
P = 1.05atm = 1.05x105 Pa

PV (1.05x105 )(0.0244)
PV = nRT → n = n= = 1.052 moles
RT (8.31)(293)
Kinetic Molecular Theory of
Gases
• 1.A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from each other by
distances far greater than their own dimensions. The molecules can be
considered to be points; that is, they possess mass but have negligible volume.
• 2.Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions, and they
frequently collide with one another. Collisions among molecules are perfectly
elastic.
• 3.Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces on one another.
• 4.The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
temperature of the gas in kelvins. Any two gases at the same temperature will
have the same average kinetic energy, KE = ½ mu2
Summary of kinetic-molecular theory of gases

The kinetic-molecular theory of gases assumes that ideal gas molecules


(1) are constantly moving
(2) have negligible volume
(3) have negligible intermolecular forces
(4) undergo perfectly elastic collisions
(5)have an average kinetic energy proportional to the ideal gas's
absolute temperature.

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