Integration by Parts

1. Fig. 8 shows the curve y = f(x), where f(x) = (1 − x)e2x, with its turning point P.

i. Write down the coordinates of the intercepts of y = f(x) with the x- and y-axes.

[2]

ii. Find the exact coordinates of the turning point P.

[6]

iii. Show that the exact area of the region enclosed by the curve and the x- and y-axes is
.

[5]

The function g(x) is defined by

iv. Express g(x) in terms of x.

Sketch the curve y = g(x) on the copy of Fig. 8, indicating the coordinates of its
intercepts with the x- and y-axes and of its turning point.

[4]

v. Write down the exact area of the region enclosed by the curve y = g(x) and the x- and
y-axes.

[1]

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 Integration by Parts

2. Fig. 9 shows the curve y = xe−2x together with the straight line y = mx, where m is a constant,
with 0 < m < 1. The curve and the line meet at O and P. The dashed line is the tangent at P.

i. Show that the x–coordinate of P is .

[3]

ii. Find, in terms of m, the gradient of the tangent to the curve at P.

[4]

You are given that OP and this tangent are equally inclined to the x-axis.

iii. Show that m = e−2, and find the exact coordinates of P.

[4]

iv. Find the exact area of the shaded region between the line OP and the curve.

[7]

3.

Find the exact value of ln x dx.

[5]

4.

Find ln x dx, giving your answer in an exact form.

[5]

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 Integration by Parts
5. Find ∫ x e
2 2x
dx . [7]

6. Find ∫ 4x2 sin 2xdx. [6]

7. Using the substitution x = eu , find ∫(ln x)2 dx. [6]

8. Fig. 10 shows the graph of y = (k – x)ln x where k is a constant (k > 1).

Fig. 10

Find, in terms of k, the area of the finite region between the curve and the x-axis. [8]

9. In this question you must show detailed reasoning.

Fig. 15 shows the graph of y = 5xe−2x. Find the exact value of the area of the shaded
region between the curve, the x-axis and the line parallel to the y-axis through the
maximum point on the curve. [9]

Fig. 15

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 Integration by Parts
10. In this question you must show detailed reasoning.

The curve y = ln x passes through the point (a, b), where a > 1.

The area A is bounded by the x-axis, the line x = a and the curve y = ln x.

The area B is bounded by the x-axis, the y-axis, the line y = b and the curve y = ln x.

The area A is equal in magnitude to the area B.

(a) Show that a satisfies the equation pa ln a + qa + r = 0, where p, q and r are

constants to be determined.
[7]

The value of a is found using the Newton-Raphson method on a spreadsheet. The output is
shown in Fig. 15.

Fig. 15
Heidi states that the value of a is 4.921554 correct to 6 decimal places.
(b) Determine whether she is correct. [2]

END OF QUESTION paper

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Mark scheme Integration by Parts

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Part marks and guidance

x = 0, y = 1; y = 0, x = 1

Examiner's Comments
1 i (1, 0) and (0, 1) B1B1
The points of intersection were a write-down
for many candidates. Weaker attempts failed
to solve (1 – x) e2x = 0 convincingly.

ii f′(x) = 2(1 − x)e2x − e2x B1 d/dx(e2x) = 2e2x

ii M1 product rule consistent with their derivatives

correct expression, so (1 − x)e2x − e2x is

ii = e2x (1 − 2x) A1
B0M1A0

ii f′(x) = 0 when x = ½ M1dep setting their derivative to 0 dep 1st M1

ii A1cao x=½

allow ½ e1 isw

Examiner's Comments

This proved to be an accessible 6 marks for

candidates. The derivative of e2x and the
ii y=½e B1
product rule were generally correct, and
deriving x = ½ and y = e1/2 was
straightforward, though many did not simplify
the derivative to e2x – 2xe2x immediately. Some
candidates approximated for e1/2 and lost a
mark.

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 Integration by Parts
correct integral and limits; condone no dx
iii B1
(limits may be seen later)

u, u′, v′, v, all correct; or if split up u = x, u′ =

iii M1
1, v′= e2x, v = ½ e2x

condone incorrect limits; or, from above,

iii
A1

iii A1 o.e. if integral split up; condone incorrect limits

NB AG

Examiner's Comments

iii
Most candidates applied integration by parts to
A1cao
either ∫(1 – x) e2xdx or ∫x e2xdx, using
appropriate u, v’, u’ and v. Sign and/or bracket
errors sometimes meant they failed to derive
the correct result, but many were fully correct.

iv g(x) = 3f(½ x) = 3(1 − ½ x) ex B1 o.e; mark final answer

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 Integration by Parts

through (2,0) and (0,3) – condone errors in

writing coordinates (e.g. (0,2)).

reasonable shape, dep previous B1

B1

TP at (1, 3e/2) or (1, 4.1) (or better).

(Must be evidence that x = 1, y = 4.1 is indeed
iv
B1dep the TP – appearing in a table of values is not
enough on its own.)

Examiner's Comments

B1 This part proved to be quite demanding.

Deriving the formula for g(x) was rarely
correctly done. Common errors were an extra
factor of 3 and an incorrect exponent. Most
graphs showed the correct points of
intersection (0, 3) and (2, 0), but the turning
point was quite often incorrect or missing, and
the shape failed to convince.

o.e. mark final answer

Examiner's Comments

v 6 × ¼ (e2 − 3) [= 3(e2 − 3)/2] B1

Those, of the relatively few candidates, who
got this correct just wrote down 2 x 3 x ¼ (e2 –
3). Some tried to integrate g(x), with little
success.

Total 18

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 Integration by Parts
2 i xe−2x = mx M1 may be implied from 2nd line

o.e. e.g. [ln x]− 2x = ln m + [ln x] or factorising:

i ⇒ e−2x = m M1 dividing by x, or subtracting ln x
x(e−2x –m) = 0

i ⇒ − 2x = lnm

i ⇒ x = − ½ ln m* A1 NB AG

i or

i If x = − ½ ln m, y = − ½ ln m × eln m M1 substituting correctly

i = − ½ ln m × m A1

Examiner's Comments
i so P lies on y = mx A1

This was well answered, even by weaker

candidates.

ii let u = x, u′ = 1, v = e−2x, v′ = − 2e−2x M1* product rule consistent with their derivs

ii dy/dx = e−2x– 2xe−2x A1 o.e. correct expression

ii M1dep subst x = − ½ ln m into their deriv dep M1*

condone e1nmnot simplified

Examiner's Comments

ii = elnm+ elnm ln m [ = m + m ln m] A1cao but not − 2(− ½ ln m), but mark final ans
The product rule here was generally well done,
followed by substituting x = - ½ ln m, where
some sign errors occurred. Some left the eln
m terms unresolved, which was condoned

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 Integration by Parts
here. The main error was to get a derivative of
-2xe-2x.

iii m + m1n m = −m M1 their gradient from (ii) = −m

iii ⇒ ln m = − 2

iii ⇒ m = e−2* A1 NB AG

iii or

y + ½mlnm = m(1 + lnm)(x + ½ lnm) x = − lnm, y = 0 ⇒ ½mlnm = m(1 + lnm)(−½ lnm) for fully correct methods finding xintercept of
iii B2
⇒ 1 + ln m = − 1, ln m = − 2, m = e−2 equation of tangent and equating to − ln m

iii At P, x = 1 B1

isw approximations

Examiner's Comments

The first two marks here were the least

successfully answered, because most
iii ⇒ y = e−2 B1 not e−2 × 1
candidates were not familiar with the fact that
lines equally inclined to the x-axis have
gradients m and –m. Only the best candidates
found the result successfully. However, many
recovered to find the coordinates of P
correctly.

iv
Area under curve

parts, condone v = k e−2x, provided it is used

iv u = x, u ′ = 1, v ′ = e−2x, v = − ½ e−2x M1 ignore limits until 3rd A1
consistently in their parts formula

iv A1ft ft their v

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 Integration by Parts

iv A1

iv A1 correct expression need not be simplified

iv Area of triangle = ½ base × height M1 ft their 1, e−2 or [e−2x2/2] o.e. using isosceles triangle

iv = ½ × 1 × e−2 A1 M1 may be implied from 0.067 …

o.e. must be exact, two terms only

Examiner's Comments

This question tested the more able

candidates. The integration by parts required
iv So area enclosed = ¼ − 5e /4−2
A1cao careful control of negative signs and accurate isw
work; the area of the triangle (or integral of the
line) were quite often discernable from the
working, which was often scrambled and
incoherent – perhaps because some
candidates were rushing to complete the
paper!

Total 18

3 let u = ln x, dv/dx = x3, du/dx = 1/x, v = ¼ x4 M1 u, u′, v′, v all correct

A1 ignore limits

M1dep simplifying x4/x = x3 in second term (soi) dep 1st M1

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 Integration by Parts

A1cao

o.e. must be exact, but can isw

Examiner's Comments

There was a pleasing response to this

question. Integration by parts was well
= 4ln 2 − 15/16 A1cao must evaluate ln 1 = 0 and combine − 1 + 1/16
understood by the majority of candidates,
many of whom gained full marks. Very
occasionally, uand v' were allocated to the
wrong parts, and the other most common
error was failing to simplify v u' before
integrating this.

Total 5

4 let u = ln x, u′ = 1/x, v′ = x−1/2, v = k x1/2 M1 soi (k ≠ 0)

A1

M1 x1/2 / x = x−1/2 or 1/x1/2 seen

A1 2x1/2 ln x − 4x1/2 may be integrated separately

= 4 ln 4 − 8 − (2ln 1 − 4)

mark final answer

Examiner's Comments
= 4 ln 4 − 4 A1cao oe (eg ln 256 − 4) but must evaluate ln 1 = 0
Integration by parts was well understood, with
just under half candidates scoring full marks for
this question. Very occasionally, candidates

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 Integration by Parts
took u = x−1/2 and v′ = ln x, and were unable to
score any marks. With u and v correct, the next
hurdle is to simplify the 2x1/2.1/x integrand, and
some failed at this stage, and attempted to
integrate the product term by term. Having
negotiated this successfully, most got full
marks, though very occasionally the final
answer was spoiled by using 4ln4 = ln16.

Total 5

let u = x2, u′ = 2x , v′ = e2x, M1A1(AO1.1a

1.2)

A1(AO1.1)

M1(AO1.1a)

5
let u = x, u′ = 1 , v′ = e2x, A1(AO1.1)

A1(AO1.1)

A1(AO2.5)

[7]

Do not

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 Integration by Parts
award if no
‘+ c ’

Total 7

Integration
by parts,
allow sign
M1(AO3.1a) errors only
for M1

A1(AO1.1b)
all correct

M1(AO2.1)

Integration
by parts,
A1(AO1.1b) allow sign
6
errors only
for M1
M1(AO2.1)

A1(AO1.1b)

convincing
attempt,
[6] allow sign
–2x2cos 2x + 2x sin 2x + cos 2x + c error and/or
omission of
+ c at this

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 Integration by Parts
stage

all correct
AG

Total 6

Using
substitution
including dx

Simplifying
correctly
M1(AO1.1b)

A1(AO1.1b)
First use of
integration
M1(AO3.1a) by parts
Use integration by parts

A1(AO1.1b) First stage

7 all correct
M1(AO1.1a)

Second use
of
= u2eu − 2(ueu − ∫ u2eu du)
integration
A1(AO1.1b)
by parts
= u2eu − 2ueu + 2eu + c [6]

= x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x + c
Must be in
terms of x
for final
mark

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 Integration by Parts
Total 6

Curve crosses the x-axis when y = 0

M1 (AO 3.1a)

y = (k – x)ln x = 0
Attempt to
solve
Either k – x = 0 or ln x = 0 y=0

x = k or 1 A1 (AO 1.1b)

EITHER Both roots

required

M1 (AO 2.1)
8 Let

A1
(AO 1.1b) Using
integration by
M1 (AO 3.1a)
parts with
A1 (AO 1.1b)
u=
ln x,
M1dep (AO clearly argued
1.1a)

Allow without
limits
A1 (AO 1.1b)

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 Integration by Parts

[8]

Simplifying the
integrand

Second part
correct
OR Integral split into two separate integrals
Using limits.
M1 Dependendent
on M mark for
integration by
parts

Cao

Let

M1

Using
M1dep
integration by
parts with u =
ln x,

or u =
ln x,
(k2 ln k – k2) – (k ln 1 – k) = k2 ln k – k2 + k

clearly
And

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 Integration by Parts

A1
argued

Let Simplifying the

integrand

A1

Substituition of
limits seen in at
A1 least one
integral.
Dependendent
on M mark for
integration by
parts

Both integrals
correct at this
stage Allow
without limits

Both integrals
fully correct
Allow without
limits

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 Integration by Parts

Cao

Examiner’s Comments

This is an exemplar of a question requiring an

extended answer – there are 4 method marks
in the scheme. Candidates had to structure
their answer. Had a value for k been given, the
definite integral would have been possible on
many calculators and the question may have
become a “detailed reasoning” question.

Successful candidates generally used

integration by .
parts with It

needed much more work to expand the

bracket and split the integral in two. Some
candidates lost the final mark, as they did not
tidy up their answer so had too many terms.

AfL In an unstructured
question like this one, do not give up or leave it
blank because you do not know how to
calculate the limits. Find the indefinite integral
to make sure of 4 out of 8 marks. Using

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 Integration by Parts
incorrect limits could also have been credited a
method mark.

Total 8

For use of
M1 (AO 3.1a) product rule

A1 (AO 1.1)
For correct
(unsimplified)
derivative
M1 (AO 1.1a)
e−2x(−10x + 5) = 0
For equating
derivative to
A1 (AO 1.1) zero and
attempting
to solve for x
M1 (AO 3.1a)

oe
9

Limits 0 and
M1 (AO 1.1a)
(their)
A1 (AO 1.1) must be
seen at
some stage
A1 (AO 1.1)
for this
mark to be
awarded
A1 (AO 1.1)

[9]
For

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 Integration by Parts
integration
by parts with
u = 5x and
v′ = e−2x
First stage
all correct;
ignore limits Not e.g.
for this mark 0.3303…

Integration
completed
correctly

oe, but must

be exact
simplified
form

Total 9

ln a = b B1 (AO 1.1)

Area B: M1(AO 3.1a)

A1(AO 1.1)

M1(AO 2.1)
10 a
=a−1

A1(AO 1.1)
or a × b −
M1(AO 3.1a)
their
Area A: A1(AO 1.1)
alna − a + 1

[7]

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 Integration by Parts
= alna − a + 1

Their a − 1 = their alna − a + 1

alna − 2a + 2 = 0

M1 (AO 2.1)
Evaluation of their f(4.921554 − δ) and their f(4.921554 + δ)
δ ≤0.000 000
b A1(AO 2.2a)
eg − 0.000000079882 and 0.000000513742 seen to 2 or more sf plus correct conclusion: sign 5
change, so Heidi is correct
[2]

Total 9

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