Central Philippine University

Jaro, Iloilo City, 5000 Iloilo

College of Arts and Sciences

INVERTEBRATES AND BIRDS DEC. 27, 2022

GROUP BACTERIA

I. INTRODUCTION

In contrast to cartilaginous or bony vertebrates, any animal without a vertebral column, or

backbone, is referred to as an invertebrate. Invertebrates make up more than 90% of all species of
living animals. They range in species from sea stars to sea urchins, earthworms to sponges,
jellyfish to lobsters, crabs, insects, spiders, snails, clams, and squid, and they are found all over
the world. Particularly significant are invertebrates as agricultural pests, parasites, or carriers of
parasitic illnesses that affect humans and other vertebrates. Humans consume invertebrates as
food, they are essential components of the food webs that support fish, birds, and many other
vertebrate species, and they are crucial for pollinating plants. Even though they perform
significant environmental functions, invertebrates frequently take a back seat to studies that
concentrate on large vertebrates in the field of wildlife research and conservation.

The class Aves of warm-blooded vertebrates includes birds, which are distinguished by
their feathers, toothless beaked jaws, hard-shelled eggs, high metabolic rates, four chambered
hearts, and robust yet light skeletons. Birds were given the ability to fly by developing wings,
which are modified forelimbs. However, subsequent evolution has caused some birds, such as
ratites, penguins, and numerous endemic island species, to lose their ability to fly. Birds'
respiratory and digestive systems are also well designed for flight.

II. MICROGRAPGH OF SPECIES

INVERTEBRATES

Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Vine weevil)

This is a fairly large species of weevil and adults
are around 1cm in length. Adults weevils are
distinguished by their long rostrum and elbowed
antennae. Vine weevils have a dark, matt
appearance and orange tufts of hair on the wing
cases (elytra). They are nocturnal creatures and
have fused wing cases which make them flightless
beetles. Their presence is often indicated by notch
shaped cuts left in vegetation. It is able to attack a
broad range of host plants, including popular
herbaceous shrubs such as rhododendrons and
hydrangeas.
 Gasteracantha cancriformis
(Spinybacked orbweaver)
This species can be easily distinguished from all other
spiders in Florida. Females may be 5 to nearly 9 mm in
length, but 10 to 13 mm wide. They have six pointed
abdominal projections frequently referred to as "spines."
The carapace, legs, and venter are black, with some white
spots on the underside of the abdomen. The dorsum of the
abdomen is, typically for Florida specimens, white with
black spots and red spines. Specimens from other areas may
have the abdominal dorsum yellow instead of white, may
have black spines instead of red, or may be almost entirely
black dorsally and ventrally. Males are much smaller than
females, 2 to 3 mm long, and slightly longer than wide.
Color is similar to the female, except the abdomen is gray
with white spots. The large abdominal spines are lacking,
although there are four or five posterior small humps.

Rhagonycha fulva (Red soldier beetle)

The species is diurnal, becoming active in bright
sun; they fly in search of flowers where they
predate small insects but they also feed on pollen
and nectar. Head orange, shiny, finely punctured
and pubescent. Antennae inserted between the front
margins of the eyes; black with the first and the
base of the second segment orange. Eyes prominent
and round. Temples rounded and gradually
narrowed towards the pronotum. Pronotum
quadrate, orange and shiny. Light brown to
yellowish with the apical area darkened to black.
Shiny, without striae and with pale yellow,
recumbent pubescence. Femora and tibiae orange.
Tarsi black with the third segment simple. Claws
smooth and divided apically.
Pingasa chlora (White looper moth)
Pingasa chlora, the white looper moth or flower-
eating caterpillar, is a species of moth of the family
Geometridae. It is found Sundaland, the
Philippines, Sulawesi and from the Moluccas to
Queensland. The adult moths have mottled pale
green or grey wings, with two dark zig-zag lines
across each forewing, and one across each
hindwing. The moths rest with the forewings linked
to the hindwings, as they would be in flight, unlike
the moths of other species in the genus Pingasa,
which unlink the wings and hold the forewings over
the head when at rest.
BIRDS

Haliastur indus (Brahminy Kite)

The brahminy kite (Haliastur indus), formerly

known as the red-backed sea-eagle in Australia, is a
medium-sized bird of prey. They are found mainly
on the coast and in inland wetlands, where they
feed on dead fish and other prey. Adults have a
reddish-brown body plumage contrasting with their
white head and breast which make them easy to
distinguish from other birds of prey. The brahminy
kite is distinctive and contrastingly coloured, with
chestnut plumage except for the white head and
breast and black wing tips. The juveniles are
browner, but can be distinguished from both the
resident and migratory races of black kites in Asia
by the paler appearance, shorter wings, and
rounded tail. The pale patch on the underwing
carpal region is of a squarish shape and separated
from Buteo buzzards.
Buceros mindanensis semigaleatus
(Mindanao Rufous Hornbill)
Large hornbill with dark rufous head and neck; has
red casque, basal half of upper mandible red with
corrugation, lower mandible less red but anterior
part of the bill is yellowish white. Iris varies from
yellowish grey, blue grey to pale green, orbital skin
black. Sexes similarly coloured, with black
underparts, brown back and wings, all-white tail.
Female is smaller than male, casque is smaller as
well, orbital skin yellow and iris red. This species
overlaps with Writhed Hornbill on Mindanao, but
can be easily recognised by its large orange head.

Eos semilaruata (Blue-Eared Lory)

The Ceram Lories or Blue-eared Lories (Eos

semilarvata) are also known as Ceram Lories, Half-
masked Lories or Seram Lories. The Blue-eared
Lory averages 24 cm or 9.4 inches in length. The
plumage is mainly red, with blue cheeks, chin and
ear-coverts (feathers covering the ears), purple-blue
abdomen and undertail coverts, and black streaked
wings. Adult Ceram Lories have an orange beak,
while the beak of juveniles is pinkish. It feeds on
flowering trees. They are usually found in small
flocks. This is a common species in its limited
range.
 Probosciger aterrimus (Black Palm Cockatoo)
The palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus), also
known as the goliath cockatoo or great black
cockatoo, is a large smoky-grey or black parrot of
the cockatoo family native to New Guinea. It is a
distinctive bird with a large crest and has one of the
largest bills of any parrot (only the hyacinth
macaw's is larger). This powerful bill enables palm
cockatoos not only to eat very hard nuts and seeds,
but also enables males to break off thick (about 1
in) sticks from live trees to use for a drumming
display. The male has a larger beak than the female.
The beak is unusual, as the lower and upper
mandibles do not meet for much of its length,
allowing the tongue to hold a nut against the top
mandible while the lower mandible works to open
it. The palm cockatoo also has a distinctive red
cheek patch that changes colour when the bird is
alarmed or excited.

III. TAXONOMIC RANK

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Otiorhynchus
Eukarya Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae Otiorhynchus
sulcatus
Gasteracantha
Eukarya Animalia Arthropoda Euchelicerata Araneae Araneidea Gasteracantha
cancriformis
Rhagonycha
Eukarya Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Cantharidae Rhagonycha
fulva

Eukarya Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Lepidoptera Geometridae Pingasa Pingasa chlora

Eukarya Animalia Chordata Aves Accipitriformes Accipitridae Haliastur Haliastur indus

Buceros
Eukarya Animalia Chordata Aves Bucerotiformes Bucerotidae Buceros mindanensis
semigaleatus

Eukarya Animalia Chordata Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Eos Eos semilaruata

Probosciger
Eukarya Animalia Chordata Aves Psittaciformes Psittacidae Probosciger
aterrimus
IV. DICHOTOMOUS KEY

1. Covered with feathers -------------- go to 2

Absence of feathers ------------- go to 3
2. Broad wings ------------- go to 4
Small wings ------------- Eos semilaruata
3. Presence of antenna ------------- go to 5
Absence of antenna ------------- Gasteracantha cancriformis
4. Presence of erectile crest ------------- Probosciger aterrimus
Absence of erectile crest ------------- go to 6
5. Presence of exoskeleton ------------- go to 7
Absence of exoskeleton ------------- Pingasa chlora
6. Casque on the beak -------------- Buceros mindanensis semigaleatus
Hooked beak -------------- Haliastur indus
7. Elytra type of cover wing --------------- Rhagonycha fulva
Fused cover wing --------------- Otiorhynchus sulcatus

V. CLADOGRAM

Two sets Covered Found Presence of

Egg Eliptical
Species Winged of with mainly on Erectile
laying wings
antenna feathers rainforest crest

Gasteracantha
cancriformis
Otiorhynchus
sulcatus
Rhagonycha
fulva
Pingasa
chlora
Haliastur
indus
Eos
semilaruata

Buceros
mindanensis
semigaleatus

Probosciger
aterrimus
 Buceros mindanensis
Eos semilaruata semigaleatus
Haliastur indus Probosciger
Rhagonycha aterrimus
Gasteracantha Pingasa fulva
cancriformis chlora
diurnal Otiorhynchus erectile crest
sulcatus
eliptical wings
four wings flightless
mainly on rainforest
six legs
two antennae
feathered

winged
VI. DISCUSSION

VI. DISCUSSION

One of the six basic groups of animals—alongside reptiles, mammals, amphibians, fish,
and protozoans—birds are characterized by their feather coats and (in most species) the ability to
fly. Everything about the anatomy of a bird reflects its ability to fly. The wings, for example, are
shaped to create lift. The leading edge is thicker than the back edge, and they are covered in
feathers that narrow to a point. Airplane wings are modeled after bird wings. Somewhat
surprisingly, for those of us proud of our mammalian heritage, there are twice as many species of
birds as there are of mammals—about 10,000 and 5,000, respectively, around the world.

On the other hand, the insect is any member of the largest class of the phylum
Arthropoda, which is itself the largest of the animal phyla. Insects have segmented bodies, jointed
legs, and external skeletons (exoskeletons). Insects are distinguished from other arthropods by
their body, which is divided into three major regions: (1) head which bears the mouthparts, eyes,
and a pair of antennae, (2) the three-segmented thorax, which usually has three pairs of legs in
adults and usually one or two pairs of wings, and (3) the many-segmented abdomen, which
contains the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs.

A. Dichotomous Key

In this laboratory activity, we used the written and graphic forms of the
dichotomous key to classify the different species of insects and birds. We first listed
down the different characteristics of the species that was captured by the group in
Guintubdan, La Carlota City. Next, we organized these characteristics in order to allow
for more efficient classification. After organizing these characteristics, we divide the
different specimens according to characteristics. Then, we draw and organize the
dichotomous key. We identified the following: (1) winged, (2) feathered, (3) mainly on
rainforest, (4) elliptical wings, (5) presence of erectile crest.

In dichotomous key, it shows that the Probosciger aterrimus has a presence of

erectile crest compared to other species. Unlike the Buceros mindanensis semigaleatus
that has casque on the beak, the Haliasdtur indus has hooked beak. It also shows that the
Otiorhynchus salcatus has fused cover wing.

B. Cladogram

In this laboratory activity, we show the relationships between each specimen of

insects and birds that was captured by our group in Guintubdan, La Carlota City. There
are several aspects that are shared. The common characteristics of the insects and birds
are: (1) egg laying, (2) winged, (3) two sets of antennae, (4) covered with feathers, (5)
found mainly on rainforest, (6) elliptical wings, and (7) presence of erectile crest.

The Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Rhagonycha fulva, and Pingasa chlora have similar
characteristics. The three species are egg laying and winged. The three species have two
sets of antennae. The Buceros mindanensis semigaleatus and Probosciger aterrimus also
have 5 similar characteristics. They both lay eggs and has two sets of antennae. They are
both covered with feathers, found mainly on rainforest, and has elliptical wings. The
Gasteracantha canciformis has the least similar among these species.