GENERAL PHYSICS I classical branch of physics

Midterm Exam Reviewer with Updated Practice Items MECHANICS

- dealing with the study of motion
nature & scope of physics T H E R M O DY N A M I C S
etymology and definition - concerned with heat and temperature and
- Greek “physis” (nature) their relation to energy and work
- natural philosophy -> love for wisdom ACOUSTICS
- love of knowing the natural world - deals with the study of all mechanical waves
- natural science in gases, liquids, and solids including topics
such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and
scie nce infrasound
- “Scire” - to know OPTICS
- process of inquiry - involves the behaviour and properties of
- systematic process of gathering knowledge light, including its interactions with matter
and the construction of instruments that
phys ic s use or detect it
- knowledge of nature ELECTROMAGNETISM
- Greek “physis” which means nature - deals with the electromagnetic force that
- the study of the interaction and transformation occurs between electrically charged
between matter and energy particles
- natural science that studies matter and its
motion and behavior through space and time MEASUREMENTS
and that studies the related entities of energy measurement
and force - process of comparing an unknown quantity
- deals with the structure of matter and the with a standard unit
interactions between the fundamental - numerical value + unit
constituents of the observable universe base SI units
Length Meter (m)
scie nce : a giving tree o f knowledge
Roots: Curiosity, Needs, Problems Mass Kilogram (kg)
Trunk: Science amount of substance Mole (mol)
time Second (s)
Social Applied Natural
temperature Kelvin (K)
Biological Physical
Electric Current Ampere (A)
Chemistry Physics
Luminous Intensity Candela (cd)
derived SI inits
Physics Area m2

Classical Modern Volume m3

•Mechanics •Atomic/Nuclear N
Pressure
•Thermodynamics •Quantum Pa =
m2
•Acoustics •Relativity
•Optics •Condensed Matter Density kg/m3
•Electromagnetism •Plasma Force m
Newton (N) = k g
•Low Temperature s2
Energy Joule (J) = newton meter

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unit conversions always look for the following when measuring:
metric to US customary systems - precision of the instrument
1 mi = 1 609 m = 1.609 km - precision of the measurement
1 m = 39.37 in. = 3.281 ft 1
- uncertainty (± of the precision)
2
1 ft = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm - measurement reading
1 in. = 0.0254 m = 2.54 cm
measurement of mass
SI prefixes - kilogram (kg) as the SI unit
Factor Prefix Numerical Value - measures the resistance to a change in the
1018 E Exa 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 motion of an object

1015 P Peta 1 000 000 000 000 000 measurement of time

1012 T Tera 1000000000000 - seconds (s) as the SI unit

109 G Giga 1000000000

dimensional analysis
106 M Mega 1000000 - dimension denotes the physical nature of a
103 k Kilo 1000 quantity
- makes use of the fact that dimensions can be
102 h Hecto 100
treated as algebraic quantities
101 da Deca 10 - quantities can be added or subtracted only if
10-1 d Deci 0.1 they have the same dimensions
- however, correctness can’t be guaranteed on
10-2 c Centi 0.01 the basis of dimensions alone
10-3 m Milli 0.001 - has value as a partial check of an equation and
develops insights into the relationships
10-6 μ Micro 0.000001
between physical quantities
10-9 n Nano 0.000000001
VERNIER CALIPER
10-12 p Pico 0.000000000001
10-15 f Femto 0.000000000000001

10-18 a Atto 0.000000000000000001

scientific notation
- Coefficient x 10exponent
- Exponent = number of times the decimal point parts of a vernier caliper
is moved External Jaws - measures external diameter
- Multiplying = add exponents Internal Jaws - measures internal diameter
- Dividing = subtract exponents Depth Rod - used to measure depths of an object/
measurement of length hole
- Meter (m) as the SI unit Main Scale (Metric) - millimeter measurements
- Related to the distance travelled by light in a Main Scale (Imperial) - inch measurements
vacuum during a time interval Vernier Scale - gives interpolated measurements
- Numerical value = how much there is to 0.1mm or better
- Unit = how much of the standard we are Locking Screw - holds the scale in place and
comparing prevents it from moving

ex. 8.25 cm how to read measurements with a vernier caliper

• Exact digits 1. To obtain the main scale measurement
• Doubtful figure reading, locate zero on the vernier scale, which
• unit is the closest value on the main scale to the
left.

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2. Find a line at the vernier scale (lower measure) error
that is directly aligned with the main scale. - difference between an estimated or measured
3. Divide lower measure by ten. value and its true value
4. Add the lower measure and the main scale accuracy
measure. - measurements being close to the true value
5. Uncertainty for a vernier caliper is ± 0.025 mm. - correctness
precision
instruments for length - measured values being close to each other
TA P E M E A S U R E - reliability & consistency
Precision of the instrument 0.1 cm error in measurement
Tenths
- correct but not exact, cannot be avoided
Precision of the measurement
mistake in measurement
Uncertainty ±0.05 cm
- can be avoided
Measurement Reading _.xx cm
FOOT RULER Absolute Error
Precision of the instrument 1 mm - equal to the actual value minus the measured
(experimental) value
Precision of the measurement Units
Uncertainty ±0.5 mm
eq = | X − X′| = | Er r or | = | VT − VA |
Measurement Reading _.x mm Where VT is the actual value and VA is the experimental value
VERNIER CALIPER
Precision of the instrument 0.05 mm - measure of how far off the measured value is
to the actual/true value
Precision of the measurement Hundredths
Uncertainty ±0.025 mm Relative Error
Measurement Reading _.xxx mm
a bsolu te A V − VA
MICROMETER SCREW = E = T
Precision of the instrument 0.01 mm
k nown VT VT

Precision of the measurement Hundredths m ea s ur ed − a ccepted

=| |
Uncertainty ±0.005 mm a ccepted
Measurement Reading _.xxx mm
- expresses how large the absolute error is to
the actual size of the object (known value)
significant figures
- reliably known digits
Pe r c e n t a g e E r r o r
- adding & subtracting follows the least precise
- relative error x (100)
rule
- multiplying & dividing follows the least VT − VE
number of significant figures | | × 100
VT

making errors in measurement types of errors

least count gross errors (mistakes)
- smallest value that can be measured by the - caused by mistake in using instruments,
instrument calculating measurements and recording data
- related to the precision of the instrument results
- due to the person’s habit of not properly
- measurements are never exact since any remembering data at the time of taking down
measurement includes an estimated digit reading, writing, and calculating, and then
- the number of meaningful digits written down presenting the wrong data
implies the uncertainty - a person reads 1.01 as 1.10

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blunders P R O PA G AT I O N O F E R R O R S
- final source of errors (output error) adding or subtracting measurements
- outright mistake - sum of the uncertainties in the original
- a person may record a wrong value, misread a measurements
scale, forget a digit when reading a scale or
recording a measurement, or make a similar Δz = Δx + Δy + Δw + . . .
blunder
- blunders should not be included in the Generally,
analysis of data
Δz = (Δx)2 + (Δy)2 + (Δw)2 + . . .
systematic errors (determinate)
instrument
Or simply put, when adding or subtracting
- defective measuring instruments
measurements, their uncertainties add.
- loading effect and misuse
environmental errors
example 1
- external conditions
observational errors
(3.04 ± 0.04)m + (10.30 ± 0.01)m
- due to wrong observations or reading in the = (3.04 + 10.30)m ± (0.04 + 0.01)m
instruments due to parallax = (7.76 ± 0.05)m
- parallax is a displacement or difference in the
apparent position of an object viewed along example 2
different lines of sight (10.30 ± 0.01)m − (3.04 ± 0.04)m
- read measurements at eye level = (10.30 − 3.04)m ± (0.01 + 0.04)m
theoretical (conceptual) = (7.76 ± 0.05)m
- simplification of the model system
multiplying/dividing measurements
random errors - sum of the percentage uncertainties of the
- statistical fluctuations (in their direction) in the original measurements and then multiplying
measured data due to the precision limitations the sum by the product of the measured
of the measurement device values
- usually result from the experimenter’s inability
to take the same measurement in exactly the (Δx)(Δy)
Δz =
same way to get exactly the same number (Δw)
- caused by unknown and unpredictable
changes in the experiment Δz Δx 2 Δy 2 Δx 2
≈ ( ) +( ) +( ) + ...
- random errors often have a Gaussian normal z x y x
distribution
example 1
Systematic Random length = (1.50 ± 0.02)m
• Not easy to detect • Easy to detect width = (20 ± 1)c m
• Cannot be eliminated • Minimized by
by repeating repeating
measurements measurements Ar ea = l e ngth × wi d th
• Minimization • Statistical analysis = (1.50 ± 0.02)m × (20 ± 1)c m
increases accuracy required 0.02 0.01 2
• Affected by • mean, variance, range = (1.50 × 0.20)[1 ± ( + )m
1.50 0.20
calibration
= 0.300[1 ± (0.0133 + 0.0500)]m 2
• Characterization not
necessary = 0.300[1 ± 0.0633]m 2
= (0.300 ± 0.0190)m 2
≈ (0.30 ± 0.02)m 2

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spread of values from outcomes of random
experiments Scalar Vector
- use the standard error of the sample for
distance displacement
repeated trials
speed velocity
1
σ = Σ(Xi − μ)2 Force
N−1 mass
Weight
statistical treatment work Torque (also related to
sample mean force)
Σni=1 Xi
μx = density Magnetic field
n
Temperature Acceleration
sample standard deviation position vector
Σni=1(Xi − μx )2 vector with the starting point at the origin
s=
n −1 unit vector
vector that has a magnitude of 1 with no units
standard error of the mean REPRESENTING VECTORS
s
= SEux
n Initial Terminal

uncertainty of a function dependent on a variable Magnitude (length)

(with known uncertainty)
Origin (tail) Direction (arrowhead)
- For a function f (x) and the quantity x has a
value of xo, and the uncertainty of f is given by cardinal directions
df - N, S, E, W
Δ f = Δx direction is measured in terms of the angle θ (with
dx
xo
minutes, seconds)
- Recall (derivative of a function): a n = n × a n−1
- Ray - used to represent a vector

ORDER OF MAGNITUDE NAMING VECTORS

- method for describing the approximated value - magnitude + direction
or size of measures in terms of powers of 10 - the direction can be described in several ways
- use SI units when comparing orders of - ex. 100 N, 140º
magnitude OR use the same units =100 N, 40º N of W
- the order of magnitude of a quantity is =100 N, 50º W of N
denoted by the exponent of the base (10) of =100 N, W 40º N
the measurement expressed in Scientific =100 N, N 50º W
Notation =100 N, -220º
COMPONENT FORM
VECTORS - <x, y>
SCALAR
L I N E A R C O M B I N AT I O N F O R M
- has magnitude, but not direction ̂
- x i + yj ̂
VECTOR
- i ̂ refers to the x-axis
- characterized by having both a magnitude and
- ŷ refers to the y-axis
a direction
- denoted by a boldface type with an arrow on - k̂ refers to the z-axis
- these are used to distinguish a unit vector from
top of the letter
- v ⃗ - velocity ordinary vectors

a ⃗ - acceleration
P O L A R C O O R D I N AT E F O R M
-
- [r, θ ]
- ex. [5 units, 30º]

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 VECTOR ADDITION mathematical method
- added vectors must carry the same units
- can be added geometrically or algebraically opposite
sin θ = sine
Resultant h ypoten u se
- result of adding 2 vectors
Equilibrant a d ja cen t
cos θ = cosine
- same magnitude as resultant but in the h ypoten u se
opposite direction
Re s o l u t i o n o f Ve c t o r s opposite
tan θ = tangent
- a single vector to two vectors (its components) a d ja cen t
Co m p o s i t i o n o f Ve c t o r s
- process of adding two vectors to form one a2 + b2 = c2 pythagorean thm
vector
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2a b cos C cosine law
graphical method
PA R A L L E LO G R A M M E T H O D sin A sin B sin C
= = sine law
*use for position vectors a b c
1. Draw A ⃗ (and all other vectors) to some
specified scale (ex. 1cm=1m) according to the component method
given magnitude and direction. - a vector can be decomposed into two different
2. Draw B ⃗ such that its tail meets the tail of A .⃗ vectors
3. Take these two vectors to be the first two R ⃗ = R x⃗ + R y⃗
adjacent sides of a parallelogram. R x⃗ sum of all x components
4. Draw the remaining two sides to complete the R y⃗ sum of all y components
parallelogram. R= Rx2 + R y2 to find the resultant
5. The resultant extends from the tails of A ⃗ and
B ⃗ across the diagonal to the opposite corner opposite Ry
tan θ = =
of the parallelogram. a d ja c e n t Rx
P O LY G O N M E T H O D
Ry
( T i p - t o -Ta i l ) θ = tan−1( ) to find the direction
1. ⃗
Draw A (and all other vectors) to some Rx
specified scale (ex. 1cm=1m) according to the
given magnitude and direction. Direction Ax Ay
2. Draw B ⃗ with the tail of B ⃗ starting at the tip of
A .⃗
S of E
S of W
Vector B ⃗ must be drawn along the direction
A cos θ A sin θ
3. N of E
that makes the proper angle relative vector A .⃗ N of W
4. The resultant vector R ⃗ = A ⃗ + B ⃗ is drawn from
the tail of A ⃗ to the tip of B .⃗
E of S
E of N
A sin θ A cos θ
- note: More vectors could be added. Just make W of S
sure to follow steps 2-3 for any additional W of N
vectors. To get the resultant R ,⃗ draw from the - components must be in 2 decimal places
tail of A ⃗ to the tip of the last vector. - significant figures for resultant R ⃗ should be
- note: vector sum is independent of order based on given measurements, not the given
(Commutative Property) angles
STEPS
adding a negative vector (vector subtraction) 1. Find individual x and y components for each
- draw the negative vector in the opposite vector (refer to the table).
direction 2. Find the sum of all x components to find R x⃗ .
3. Find the sum of all y components to find R y⃗ .

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4. Use R = Rx2 + R y2 to find the resultant. average & instantaneous velocity
Ry instantaneous velocity
5. Use θ = tan−1( ) to find the direction
Rx Δx
(change to DMS). v = lim
Δt→0 Δt
MOTION average velocity
motion is relative
Δx x f − xi
v⃗=
frame of reference
=
- choice of coordinate axes that defines the Δt tf − ti
starting point for measuring any quantity xf = final velocity
mechanics xi = initial velocity
- deals with force and motion tf = final time
kinematics ti = initial time
- describing the motion of bodies (words, constant motion
numbers, graphs, diagrams, equations) constant speed - travels the same distance in
- HOW the body is moving equal periods of time
dynamics - uniform motion
- explanation of the causes of motion acceleration
(effects of forces on the motion of - vector
objects) - rate at which an object changes its velocity
- WHY the body is moving - object accelerates if it is changing its velocity
Δv vf − vi
average acceleration = a ⃗ = =
distance & displacement Δt tf − ti
distance - length of path
displacement - change of position U A M K I N E M AT I C E Q U AT I O N S
(Big 5)
speed & velocity Given constant acceleration,
speed - how fast an object is moving
1
d i s t a n ce s 1. Δs = (vo + v)t no a
s p eed = =v = 2
time t
1 2
2. Δs = vo t + at no v
velocity - rate at which an object changes its 2
position
1 2
3. Δs = v t − at no vo
d i s pl a ce m e n t x 2
vel o cit y = = v⃗=
time t
4. v = vo + a t no Δs
average & instantaneous speed
instantaneous speed 5. v 2 = vo2 + 2aΔs no t
- measured by speedometer
- speed at any given instant in time where
average speed Δs - displacement
- distance over time vo - initial velocity
- average of all instantaneous speeds; found v - velocity (final)
simply by a distance/time ratio t - time
path length a - acceleration
- elapsed time m
- use −9.8 for acceleration due to gravity
s2
(free fall)

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 K I N E M AT I C S w / G R A P H S Acceleration vs. Time Graph
- Slope = none
- Area = change in velocity
when describing the graph:
- give velocity and acceleration

- 0 velocity = at rest (for describing the graph)

- jerking (acceleration is not constant)

F R E E FA L L
aristotle vs. galileo
aristotle - force is needed to have a constant
motion
galileo - force is not needed to have a constant
motion
(both are correct)
g a l i l e o ’s e x p e r i m e n t

- if friction could be eliminated

- concept of inertia
- steep angle = small distance to original height
- reduced slope = more distance to original
height

time it takes for objects to fall

*time always at x-axis different mass
*velocity/position/acceleration - y-axis - 5 books vs 2 books = same time to fall
different areas
Po s i t i o n v s . T i m e G r a p h - flat paper vs crumpled paper = crumpled
- Slope = velocity paper fell first
- Area Under the Curve = none
when describing the graph: air resistance
- give velocity and position - force that opposes the motion of objects
through air
Ve l o c i t y v s . Ti m e G ra p h - depends on the size, shape, and speed of an
- Slope = acceleration object
- Area = displacement - air friction vs. negligible air friction (in space/
when describing the graph: vacuum)
- give velocity and acceleration - a falling object with greater area will
experience more air resistance

terminal velocity

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- acceleration is equal to zero C O N S TA N T A C C E L E R AT I O N
- balances of forces is attained the the object no - acceleration depends on force and mass
longer accelerates (F=ma)
- heavier object will result to a greater force of
F R E E FA L L gravity but will be harder to accelerate
- motion of bungee jumper F
- a=
- motion of skydivers (not in eagle position) m
- free fall is the motion of a body when only the - therefore, objects fall at the same rate because
force of gravity os acting upon it of constant acceleration
- no air resistance in space or in a vacuum
- does not mean that the object is falling down m a g n i t u d e o f “g ”
only (can be objects thrown upwards) - acceleration of gravity inversely proportional
- free fall is a projectile motion to the distance from the earth’s core
satellites
- continuously falling - g = 9.78 m/s2 at the equator
- escape velocity (from the pull of the earth) - g = 9.83 m/s2 at the poles
- orbiting satellite rate of free fall is equal to the - the earth is an oblate spheroid
rate of the earth’s surface falling away from a - flatter at the poles and bulges at the equator
straight line path
floating astronauts free fall: how fast
- no gravitational pull direct square relationship = t and v
- free fall (orbiting objects) (as t increases, v increases squarely)
1 2
y= gt
G R A V I T Y & A C C E L E R AT I O N
2
- in the absence of air resistance, falling objects effects of air resistance
will accelerate at a constant rate of 9.8 m/s2 - acceleration becomes zero (terminal velocity)
- increasing speed = increasing air resistance
F R E E FA L L E Q U AT I O N S - object attains terminal velocity = force of
( f ro m t h e b i g 5 k i n e m at i c e q ’s ) acceleration equals force of gravity
(can also be used for projectile motion)
1. vf = vi + gt no y
1 PROJECTILE MOTION
2. y = yo + (v + vo )t no g - path of projectile = trajectory
2
1 - factors that affect trajectory - inertia and gravity
3. y = yo + vo t + gt 2 no v
2 - horizontal motion = constant
4. v 2 = vo2 + 2g(y − yo ) no t - vertical motion = accelerating
1
5. y = yo + v t − gt 2 no vo
2 free fall vs. projectile
where g = -9.8m/s2 falls at the same rate since the vertical motion is
(for the equations above, the negative 9.8 m/s2 accelerating by 9.8 m/s2
convention must be used) PROJECTILE
- any object which, once projected, continues in
important notes
motion by its own inertia and is influenced
1
y = yo + vi t + gt 2 only by the downward force of gravity
2
- thrown upwards will have a given vi - a projectile often moves horizontally as it
moves upwards and/or downwards
- thrown downwards will have vi = 0
projectile motion
- horizontal and vertical motions are completely
- velocity increases as the ball falls
independent of each other
- velocity decreases as the ball rises
- note that horizontal velocity is constant
- square relationship between distance and time

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case 1: horizontally launched projectile horizontal position at a given time
horizontal velocity vx = vi
initial vertical velocity viy = 0 x = vi cos θ × t
horizontal distance x = vx t final vertical velocity at a given time
vertical distance and time 1 2
y= gt
2 vy = vo sin θ − gt
2d y
t =
g (minus g implies that g=9.8 m/s2)
(positive 9.8 m/s2 convention must be used)
final vertical velocity
vy = gt final velocity vector
at a given time

final velocity vector v= vx2 + vy2

vy
v= vx2 + vy2 θ = tan−1( )
vx
vy
θ = tan−1( )
vx or

case 2: projectile at an angle v = (vi cos θ )2 + (vi sin θ − g t )2

horizontal velocity vix = vi cos θ
PRACTICE ITEMS
initial vertical velocity viy = vi sin θ
easy peasy zzZZZz
time of flight - Thomas accidentally dropped his car keys
from the balcony of his home. How much
vy = vi sin θ − gtup
distance will it cover in 3 s?
vy = 0 at the peak

vi sin θ - We have measured a displacement of x =

tup = 5.1+-0.4 m during a time of t = 0.4+-0.1 s.
g
What is the average velocity and the error in
2vi sin θ the average velocity?
t total =
g
- A toy car runs off the edge of the table that is
maximum height
1 2 1.225 meters high. The car lands 0.400 m from
d y = viy t + gt the base of the table. How long did it take the
2
vi sin θ 1 vi sin θ 2 car to fall? How fast was the car going on the
d y = vi sin θ + g( )
2g 2 g table?

(vi sin θ )2 - A bird flies a distance d = 120 ± 3 m during a

ymax = d y =
2g time t = 20.0 ± 1.2 s. The average speed of the
maximum range bird is v = d/t = 6 m/s. What is the uncertainty
R = dx of v?
2g vi sin θ
R = vi cos θ ×
g - A quarterback throws a football at 24 m/s at a
2vi2 sin θ cos θ 45º angle. If it takes the ball 3.0 s to reach the
=
g top of its path and the ball is caught at the
vi2 sin 2θ same height at which it is thrown, how long is it
xmax = range =
g in the air?
- Suppose you measure the height H of a door
and get 2.00 ± 0.03 m. This means that
H=2.00m and ∆H=0.03m. The door has a knob
which is a height h=0.88±0.04m from the

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 bottom of the door. Then the distance from the its original position. How far is the ship from its
doorknob to the top of the door is Q = H − h = destination? In what direction must it travel to
1.12 m. What is the uncertainty in Q? reach its destination?

- An airplane traveling 1001 m above the ocean - Alfredo leaves camp and, using a compass,
at 125 km/h is going to drop a box of supplies walks 4 km E, then 6 km S, 3 km E, 5 km N, 10
to the shipwrecked victims below. How many km W, 8 km N, and finally, 3 km S. At the end of
seconds before the plane is directly overhead three days, he is lost. By drawing a diagram,
should the box be dropped? What is the compute how far Alfredo is from camp and
horizontal distance between the plane and the which direction he should take to get back to
victims when the box is dropped? camp.

- Taking air resistance as a negligible factor, an - Two horizontal ropes are attached to a post
aircraft drops a box of relief goods at a height that is stuck in the ground. The ropes pull the
of 122.5 m to the Syrian refugees. How much post producing the vector forces
time will it take for the relief good to reach the A ⃗ = 70N i ̂ + 20N j ̂ and B ⃗ = − 30N i ̂ + 40N j .̂
ground? ind the direction and magnitude of the
horizontal component of a third force on the
- A BMX biker moving at a speed of 35 m/s post that will make the vector sum of forces on
jumps off the ramp with an angle of 45º above the post equal to zero. ( i ̂ refers to x-axis and j ̂
the horizontal. Determine his vertical and refers to y-axis)
horizontal initial velocities.
- A coast guard ship is located 35 km away from
- A basketball player is trying to make a half- a checkpoint in a direction 42º north of west. A
court jump shot and releases the ball at the distressed sailboat located in still water 20 km
height of the basket. Assuming that the ball is from the same checkpoint in a direction 36º
launched at 51.0º, 14.0 m from the basket, south of east is about to sink. Draw a diagram
what speed must the player give the ball indicating the position of both ships. In what
direction and how far must the coast guard
- Kinematics: Mari, a middle distance runner, ship travel to reach the sailboat?
can cover 800 m in 100 s. In such a run, he
starts from rest and accelerates at a steady rate - A laser beam is aimed 15.95º above the
for the first 10 s of the race, then continues at horizontal at a mirror 11, 648 m away. It
constant velocity for the next 600 m, and finally glances off the mirror and continues for an
accelerates again in the last 10 s of the race. additional 8570. m at 11.44º above the horizon
a. Construct a velocity-time graph for his until it hits its target. What is the resultant
motion. displacement of the beam to the target?
b. Determine his instantaneous velocity when anek?!?!
he crosses the finish line. - Projectile Motion: A missile is fired at an angle
25º above the horizontal on a level surface
- Vector Addition: CJ found the directions to the with an initial velocity of 500 m/s. After 10
horcrux that Lord Voldemort buried in the seconds, another missile was fired at a velocity
Cemetery of Heroes. The instructions say, of 5000 m/s at such an angle so as to hit the
“From the gate, head 5 km, south, and another previous missile. Calculate the angle at which
5 km in an unknown direction to get to the the second missile was fired and locate the
buried horcrux. Walk 45º north of west to go point where it hits the missile fired earlier.
back to the origin.” How far is the horcrux from important items:
the gate? - Integration: A ballistic missile (BM) was
mistakenly fired with an initial velocity of 396
- A ship at sea is due into a port 500.0 km due m/s at an angle of 30.0º above the horizontal.
south in two days. However, a severe storm
comes in and blows it 100.0 km due east from
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 c. Where should an anti-ballistic missile Building. At that very instant, the Man of Steel
(ABM) be stationed so that it can be fired starts upward at a constant acceleration to
straight up with a velocity of 725 m/s and attempt a midair rescue of Lois. Assuming she
intercept the BM at the highest point in the was dropped from a height of 300 m and that
BM’s flight? Superman can accelerate straight upward at
d. How long after the BM is fired should the 15.0 m/s/s, determine
ABM be released so that the two will meet a. how far Lois falls before he catches her,
at the highest point in the BM’s flight? b. how long Superman takes to reach her,
and
- Projectile Motion: In a football match, Brian c. their speeds at the instant he reaches her.
kicks the ball with a velocity of 15.0 m/s at an Comment on whether these speeds might
angle of 20.0º above the horizontal. The goal is be a danger to Lois, who, being a mere
11.0 m away and has a height of 2.44 m. The mortal, might get hurt running into the
goal net extends 3.00 m from the front. impervious Man of Steel if the speeds are
a. Will the ball possibly go in? too great.
b. Cedric, the goalkeeper, is 6.00 m away
from the goal when Brian kicked the ball.
As soon as the ball leaves the ground, he
runs toward the goal to intercept the ball.
What must be his minimum velocity to get
to the goal before the ball does?

- Jeremy is driving his car with a velocity, v0,

when he sees the lights of a barrier 50.0 m
ahead. If Jeremy has a reaction time of 0.500 s,
and the brakes of his car can produce a
maximum deceleration of 10.0 m/s2, what
maximum value of v0 will allow him to stop just
before he hits the barrier?

- Joaquin accidentally drops a pokeball into a

well. He hears the splash of the water 1.50 s
later. The frog princess in the well will return
the pokeball to Joaquin only if he can tell her
the depth of the well. If the speed of sound is
constant and has a value of 340 m/s at
ambient temperature, how deep is the well?
(The time it took the pokeball to hit the water
is not the same as the time it took the sound
waves to reach Joaquin’s ears.)

- A man pushing a mop across a floor causes it

to undergo two displacements. The first has a
magnitude of 150 cm and makes an angle of
130º with the positive x-axis. The resultant
displacement has a magnitude of 136 cm and
is directed at an angle of 40.0ª to the positive
x-axis. Find the magnitude and direction of the
second displacement.
- From street level, Superman spots Lois Lane in
trouble—the evil villain, Lex Luthor, is dropping
her from near the top of the Empire State
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