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class9 chapter SOUND

The document discusses sound as a form of energy produced by vibrating objects, which travels in waves through various media. It explains the concepts of compression and rarefaction, the necessity of a medium for sound propagation, and the characteristics of sound waves including wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and their effects on pitch and loudness. Additionally, it differentiates between longitudinal and transverse waves, emphasizing that sound waves are mechanical and require a medium to travel.

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kritagya86
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8 views

class9 chapter SOUND

The document discusses sound as a form of energy produced by vibrating objects, which travels in waves through various media. It explains the concepts of compression and rarefaction, the necessity of a medium for sound propagation, and the characteristics of sound waves including wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and their effects on pitch and loudness. Additionally, it differentiates between longitudinal and transverse waves, emphasizing that sound waves are mechanical and require a medium to travel.

Uploaded by

kritagya86
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 9 –Chapter – Sound

Introduction
→ The sensation felt by our ears is called sound.
→ Sound is a form of energy which makes us hear.
→ Law of conservation of energy is also applicable to
sound.Sound travels in form of wave.
Production of Sound
→ Sound is produced when object vibrates or sound is
produced by vibrating objects.
→ The energy required to make an object vibrate and
produce sound is provided by some outside source (like
our hand, wind etc.).
→ Example: Sound of our voice is produced by vibration
of two vocal cords in our throat.Sound of a drum or tabla
is produced by vibration of its membrane
when struck.
→ In laboratory experiments, sound is produced by
vibrating tuning fork. The vibrations of tuning fork can be
shown by touching a small suspended pith ball (cork ball)
with a prong of the sounding tuning fork. The pith ball is
pushed away with a great force. Sound can be
produced by following method

(i) By vibrating string (sitar)


(ii) By vibrating air (flute)
(iii) By vibrating membrane (tabla, drum)
(iv) By vibrating plates (bicycle bell)
(v) By friction in objects
(vi) By scratching or scrubbing the objects etc.
Propogation of Sound
→ The substance through which sound travels is called a
medium.
→ The medium may be solid, liquid or gas.
→ When an object vibrates, then the air particles around
it also start vibrating in exactly the same way and
displaced from their stable position.
→ These vibrating air particles exert a force on nearby air
particles so they are also displaced from their rest
position and start to vibrate.
→ This process is continued in the medium till sound
reaches our ears.
→ The disturbance produced by sound travels through the
medium (not the particles of the medium).
→ Wave is a disturbance which travels through a medium
and carries energy.
→ So sound travels in wave form known as mechanical
waves.
Compression :-
When a body vibrates then it compresses the air
surrounding it and form a area of high density
called compression (C).
→ Compression is the part of wave in which particles of
the medium are closer to one another forming high
pressure.
→ This compression move away from the vibrating body.
Rarefraction:-
• When vibrating body vibrates back a area of low
pressure is formed called rarefaction (R).
→ Rarefaction is the area of wave in which particles of the
medium are further apart from one another forming a low
pressure or low density area.
→ When body vibrates back and forth, a series of
compression and rarefaction is formed in air resulting in
sound wave.
→ Propogation of sound wave is propogation of density
change.

Sound needs Medium for Propogation:-


• Sound waves are mechanical waves.
→ It needs material medium for propogation like air,
water, steel etc.
→ It cannot travel in vacuum.
→ An electric bell is suspended in airtight bell jar
connected with vacuum pump.
→ When bell jar is full of air, we hear the sound but when
air is pumped out from the bell jar by vacuum pump and
we ring the bell, no sound is heard.
→ So, medium is necessary for propagation of sound.

Sound Waves as Longitudinal Waves


• A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate
back and forth in the same direction in which the wave is
moving, is called a longitudinal wave.
When we push and pull the slinky compression (number
of turns are more or closer) and rarefaction (number of
turns are less or farther) are formed.
→ When a wave travels along with slinky, its each turn
moves back and forth by only a small distance in the
direction of wave. So the wave is longitudinal.
→ The direction of vibrations of the particles is parallel to
the direction of wave.
Transverse wave:-
When one end of a slinky is moved up and down rapidly
whose other end is fixed, it produces transverse wave.
→ This wave possess along the slinky in horizontal
direction, while turns of slinky (particles) vibrate up and
down at right angle to the direction of wave.
→ Thus in transverse wave particles of the medium
vibrate up and down at right angles to the direction of
wave.
→ Light waves are transverse waves but they don’t need
a material
medium for propagation.

Characteristics of Sound Wave


• The characteristics of sound waves are : wavelength,
frequency, amplitude, time period and velocity.
→ When a wave travel in air the density and pressure of
air changes from their mean position.
→ Compression is shown by crest while rarefaction is
shown by trough.
→ Compression is the region of maximum density or
pressure.
→ Rarefaction is the region of minimum density or
pressure.

Wavelength:-
→ In sound waves the combined length of a compression
and an adjacent rarefaction is called its wavelength.
→ The distance between the centres of two consecutive
compressions or two consecutive rarefactions is also
called its wavelength.
→ It is denoted by the Greek letter lamda (λ). Its SI unit is
metre.

Frequency
→ No. of complete waves produced in one second or
number of vibrations per second is called frequency.
→ Number of compressions or rarefactions passed in one
second is also frequency.
→ Frequency of wave is same as the frequency of the
vibrating body which produces the wave.
• The SI unit of frequency is hertz (Hz). The symbol of
frequency is v (nu).
• 1 Hertz: One Hz is equal to 1 vibration per second.
• Bigger unit of frequency is kilohertz kHz = 1000 Hz.
Time Period
→ Time taken to complete one vibration is called time
period.
→ Time required to pass two consecutive compressions or
rarefactions through a point is called time period.
• SI unit of time period is second (s). Time period is
denoted by T.
• The frequency of a wave is the reciprocal of the time
period.
• v = 1/T
Amplitude
→ The maximum displacement of the particle of the
medium from their original undisturbed position is called
amplitude of the wave.
• Amplitude is denoted by A and its SI unit is metre (m).
→ Sound have characteristics like pitch and loudness and
timbre.
• Pitch: The pitch of sound depends on the frequency of
sound (vibration).
→ It is directly proportional to its frequency. Greater the
frequency, higher is the pitch and lesser the frequency,
lower is the pitch.
→ A woman’s voice is shrill having a high pitch while a
man’s voice is flat having low pitch.
→ High pitch sound has large number of compressions
and rarefactions passing a fixed point per unit time.
Loudness: The loudness depends on the amplitude of
the sound wave.
→ Loudness is the measure of the sound energy reaching
the ear per sec.
→ Greater the amplitude of sound wave, greater is the
energy, louder the sound; short is the amplitude, less is
the energy, soft is the sound.
→ Loudness is measured in decibel ‘dB’

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