‭(Polity)‬

‭(INTER-STATE RELATIONS)‬

‭INTER-STATE‬‭RELATIONS‬‭...........................................................................................................‬‭2‬
I‭ nter-State‬‭Water‬‭Disputes‬‭...........................................................................................................................‬‭2‬
‭Inter-State‬‭Councils‬‭......................................................................................................................................‬‭3‬
‭Establishment‬‭of‬‭Inter-State‬‭Council‬‭...........................................................................................................‬‭3‬
‭Inter-State‬‭Trade‬‭&‬‭Commerce‬‭....................................................................................................................‬‭4‬
‭Zonal‬‭Councils‬‭..............................................................................................................................................‬‭4‬
‭North-Eastern‬‭Council‬‭..................................................................................................................................‬‭5‬

“‭ All‬‭material‬‭appearing‬‭on‬‭the‬ ‭“Sarrthi‬‭IAS”‬‭("content")‬ ‭is‬‭protected‬‭by‬ ‭©‬‭copyright‬ ‭.‬‭You‬‭may‬‭not‬‭copy,‬

‭reproduce,‬ ‭distribute,‬ ‭publish,‬ ‭display,‬ ‭perform,‬ ‭modify,‬ ‭create‬ ‭derivative‬ ‭works,‬ ‭transmit,‬ ‭or‬ ‭in‬ ‭any‬‭way‬
‭exploit any such content”‬

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‭(INTER-STATE RELATIONS)‬

I‭ NTER-STATE RELATIONS‬
‭The‬‭Constitution makes the following provisions‬‭with‬‭regard to inter-state peaceful Coexistence:‬
‭●‬ ‭Adjudication of inter-state water disputes (Article 262) .‬
‭●‬ ‭Coordination through inter-state councils (Article 263).‬
‭●‬ ‭Mutual recognition of public acts, records and judicial proceedings.‬
‭●‬ ‭Freedom of inter-state trade, commerce and intercourse (Articles 301 to 307)‬
‭●‬ ‭Zonal councils - established‬‭by the Parliament‬

‭Constitutional provisions for Inter-State Water Disputes‬

‭●‬ ‭Entry 56 of the Union List‬‭- development and regulation‬‭of interstate rivers and river valleys‬
‭under the Indian Constitution.‬
‭●‬ ‭Entry 17 of the State List‬‭- issues pertaining to‬‭water, including irrigation, water supply, water‬
‭storage, drainage, embankments, canals, and water power.‬

‭●‬ ‭Article 262‬‭of the Constitution provides for the adjudication‬‭of inter-state water disputes.‬
‭○‬ P‭ arliament‬‭may‬‭by‬‭law‬‭provide‬‭for‬‭the‬‭adjudication‬‭of‬‭any‬‭dispute‬‭with‬‭respect‬‭to‬‭the‬‭use,‬
‭distribution and control of waters of any inter-state river and river valley‬
‭○‬ ‭Parliament‬‭may‬‭also‬‭provide‬‭that‬‭neither‬‭SC‬‭nor‬‭any‬‭other‬‭court‬‭is‬‭to‬‭exercise‬‭jurisdiction‬
‭in respect of any such dispute or complaint‬

‭●‬ ‭Under Article 262, the Parliament has enacted two laws‬
‭○‬ ‭The‬‭River‬‭Boards‬‭Act‬‭1956‬‭→‬ ‭By‬‭Government‬‭of‬‭India‬‭under‬‭entry‬‭56‬‭of‬‭List‬‭I‬‭(Union‬‭List)‬
o‭ f‬ ‭the‬ ‭VII‬‭th‬ ‭schedule‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭Constitution.‬ ‭The‬ ‭River‬ ‭Boards‬ ‭Act‬ ‭allows‬ ‭the‬ ‭Central‬
‭Government‬‭to‬‭set‬‭up‬‭River‬‭Boards,‬‭at‬‭the‬‭request‬‭of‬‭state‬‭governments,‬‭to‬‭advise‬‭on‬‭the‬
‭planning and development of inter-state rivers.‬
‭○‬ ‭Inter-State‬ ‭Water‬ ‭Disputes‬ ‭Act‬ ‭1956‬‭→‬ ‭The‬ ‭Government‬ ‭of‬ ‭India‬ ‭has‬ ‭enacted‬ ‭it‬ ‭for‬
‭adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers and river valleys.‬
‭■‬ ‭When‬ ‭the‬ ‭Central‬ ‭Government‬ ‭is‬ ‭satisfied‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬‭dispute‬‭cannot‬‭be‬‭settled‬‭by‬
‭negotiations,‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭referred‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬‭tribunal‬‭under‬‭the‬‭provisions‬‭of‬‭Inter‬‭State‬‭River‬
‭Water Disputes (ISRWD) Act, 1956.‬

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‭Tribunal‬ Y‭ ear of‬ ‭States Involved‬ ‭Current Status‬ ‭Awards‬

‭Formation‬

R‭ avi‬ ‭&‬ ‭Beas‬ ‭Water‬ ‭1986‬ R‭ ajasthan,‬ T‭ ribunal‬ ‭term‬ ‭Matter subjudice‬
‭Tribunal‬ ‭Haryana‬ &‭ ‬ ‭extended‬
‭Punjab‬

K‭ rishna‬ ‭Water‬ ‭2004‬ A‭ ndhra‬ ‭Pradesh,‬ T‭ ribunal‬ ‭Term‬ A‭ ward‬ ‭given‬ ‭2013.‬
‭Disputes Tribunal II‬ ‭Maharashtra,‬ ‭extended‬ ‭Some‬ ‭matters‬
‭Telangana‬ ‭&‬ ‭subjudice‬
‭Karnataka‬

‭ ahadayi‬
M ‭Water‬ ‭2010‬ K‭ arnataka,‬‭Goa‬‭&‬ ‭Tribunal Exists‬ A‭ ward‬ ‭given‬ ‭2018.‬
‭Disputes Tribunal‬ ‭Maharashtra‬ ‭Some‬ ‭matters‬
‭pending‬

V‭ ansadhara‬ ‭Water‬ ‭2010‬ ‭ disha‬‭&‬‭Andhra‬ T‭ ribunal‬‭dissolved‬ ‭Yet to be published‬

O
‭Disputes Tribunal‬ ‭Pradesh‬ ‭2022‬

‭ ahanadi‬
M ‭Water‬ ‭2018‬ C‭ hhattisgarh‬ ‭&‬ ‭Tribunal Exists‬ ‭ atter‬
M ‭under‬
‭Disputes Tribunal‬ ‭Odisha‬ ‭adjudication‬

‭Inter-State Councils‬
‭●‬ ‭Article 263 - President establishes the Inter State Council in public interest.‬
‭●‬ ‭While‬‭the‬‭president‬‭has‬‭the‬‭authority‬‭to‬‭specify‬‭the‬‭functions‬‭of‬‭an‬‭interstate‬‭council,‬‭Article‬‭263‬
‭outlines the following types of functions that can be delegated to it:‬
‭○‬ ‭Enquiring into and advising upon disputes‬‭which may‬‭arise between states;‬
‭○‬ ‭Investigate subjects‬‭in which states or Centre and‬‭the states have a common interest; and‬
‭○‬ ‭Making‬ ‭recommendations‬ ‭upon‬ ‭any‬ ‭such‬ ‭subject‬‭,‬ ‭and‬ ‭particularly‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭better‬
‭coordination of policy and action on it.‬

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‭Establishment of Inter-State Council‬

‭●‬ ‭Sarkaria‬‭Commission‬‭on‬‭Centre-State‬‭Relations‬‭strongly‬‭recommended‬ ‭the‬‭establishment‬‭of‬
‭a permanent Inter-State Council under‬‭Article 263‬‭of the Constitution‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭With‬‭Sarkaria‬‭Commission‬‭recommendations,‬‭the‬‭Janata‬‭Dal‬‭Government‬‭headed‬‭by‬‭V.‬‭P.‬‭Singh‬
‭established the Inter-State Council in 1990. It‬‭consists‬‭of:‬
‭○‬ ‭Prime Minister as Chairman‬
‭○‬ ‭Chief ministers of all the states‬
‭○‬ ‭Chief ministers of union territories having legislative assemblies‬
‭○‬ ‭Administrators of union territories not having legislative assemblies‬
‭○‬ ‭Governors of States under President’s rule‬
‭○‬ ‭Six‬‭Central‬‭cabinet‬‭ministers,‬‭including‬‭the‬‭home‬‭minister,‬‭to‬‭be‬‭nominated‬‭by‬‭the‬‭Prime‬
‭Minister.‬
‭●‬ ‭Council‬ ‭is‬ ‭recommendatory‬ ‭body‬ ‭on‬ ‭issues‬ ‭relating‬ ‭to‬ ‭interstate,‬ ‭Centre-state‬ ‭and‬
‭Centre-Union Territories relations.‬
‭●‬ ‭The Council may meet at‬‭least thrice in a year.‬
‭●‬ ‭All questions are‬‭decided by consensus.‬
‭●‬ ‭Assisted by a secretariat called the‬‭Inter-state council‬‭secretariat.‬

‭Inter-State Trade & Commerce‬

‭Article‬ ‭Description‬

‭301‬ ‭●‬ T‭ rade, commerce, intercourse throughout the country shall be free.‬
‭●‬ ‭This freedom‬‭applies to‬‭both inter-state and intra-state‬‭trade, commerce.‬

‭302‬ ‭●‬ ‭Provides for restrictions:‬

‭○‬ ‭Parliament‬ ‭can‬ ‭impose‬ ‭restrictions‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭above‬ ‭freedom‬ ‭in‬ ‭public‬
‭interest.‬
‭○‬ ‭Parliament‬ ‭cannot‬ ‭discriminate‬ ‭between‬ ‭states‬ ‭except‬ ‭in‬‭the‬‭case‬‭of‬
‭scarcity of goods in any part of India.‬

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‭303‬ ‭●‬ ‭State legislatures‬‭can impose restrictions within‬‭that state in public interest.‬
‭●‬ ‭For such a bill,‬‭previous sanction of the President‬‭is required.‬
‭●‬ ‭States cannot discriminate between states.‬

‭304‬ ‭●‬ ‭States‬ ‭can‬ ‭impose‬ ‭any‬ ‭tax‬ ‭on‬ ‭goods‬ ‭imported‬ ‭from‬ ‭another‬ ‭state‬ ‭or‬ ‭UT‬ ‭if‬
‭similar goods are manufactured in that state.‬

‭305‬ ‭●‬ ‭The freedom (under Art. 301)‬‭is subject to nationalization‬‭laws.‬

‭●‬ ‭Parliament or state law‬‭can provide a monopoly in‬‭favor of the Centre or State.‬
‭Such laws can exclude citizens or others completely or partially from carrying‬
‭such trade.‬

‭307‬ ‭●‬ ‭Parliament‬‭can‬‭appoint‬‭an‬‭appropriate‬‭authority‬‭for‬‭carrying‬‭out‬‭the‬‭purposes‬

o‭ f‬ ‭the‬ ‭above‬ ‭provisions‬ ‭relating‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭freedom‬ ‭of‬ ‭trade,‬ ‭commerce,‬ ‭and‬
‭intercourse and restrictions on it.‬

‭Zonal Councils‬
‭●‬ ‭Statutory‬ ‭(Extra-constitutional)‬ ‭body‬ ‭established‬ ‭under‬ ‭Reorganisation‬ ‭of‬ ‭States‬ ‭Act‬ ‭1956‬
‭(7th CAA 1956).‬
‭●‬ ‭The‬‭act‬‭divided‬‭the‬‭country‬‭into‬‭five‬‭zones:‬‭Northern,‬‭Central,‬‭Eastern,‬‭Western‬‭and‬‭Southern‬
‭and provided a zonal council for each zone.‬
‭●‬ ‭They are only deliberative and advisory bodies; recommendations are‬‭not binding‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭Zonal Councils should meet‬‭at least twice a year‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭Section‬‭16‬‭(1)‬‭of‬‭the‬‭States‬‭Reorganisation‬‭Act‬‭1956‬‭-‬‭Zonal‬‭Councils‬‭shall‬‭consist‬‭of‬‭the‬‭following‬
‭members:‬
‭○‬ ‭(a) A‬‭Union Minister - nominated by the President‬‭.‬
‭○‬ ‭(b)‬‭the‬‭Chief‬‭Minister‬‭of‬‭each‬‭of‬‭the‬‭States‬‭included‬‭in‬‭the‬‭zone‬‭and‬‭two‬‭other‬‭Ministers‬‭of‬
‭each‬‭such‬‭State‬‭to‬‭be‬‭nominated‬‭by‬‭the‬‭Governor‬‭and‬‭if‬‭there‬‭is‬‭no‬‭Council‬‭of‬‭Ministers‬‭in‬
‭any such State, three members from that State to be‬‭nominated by the President‬‭;‬
‭○‬ ‭(c)‬‭where‬‭any‬‭Union‬‭Territory‬‭is‬‭included‬‭in‬‭the‬‭zone,‬‭not‬‭more‬‭than‬‭two‬‭members‬‭from‬
‭each such territory to be nominated by the President;‬
‭●‬ ‭The‬ ‭Union‬‭Minister‬‭nominated‬‭by‬‭the‬‭President‬‭to‬‭a‬‭Zonal‬‭Council‬‭shall‬‭be‬‭its‬‭Chairman.‬‭The‬
‭President‬ ‭has‬ ‭nominated‬ ‭the‬ ‭Union‬ ‭Home‬ ‭Minister‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭the‬ ‭Chairman‬ ‭of‬ ‭all‬ ‭the‬ ‭Zonal‬

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‭Councils.‬
‭●‬ T‭ he‬‭Chief‬‭Ministers‬‭of‬‭the‬‭States‬‭included‬‭in‬‭each‬‭zone‬‭shall‬‭act‬‭as‬‭Vice-Chairman‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Zonal‬
‭Council for that zone by rotation, each holding office for a period of one year at a time.‬

‭Name‬ ‭Members‬ ‭Headquarters‬

1‭ .‬ ‭Northern‬ ‭Zonal‬ J‭ ammu‬ ‭and‬ ‭Kashmir,‬ ‭Himachal‬ ‭Pradesh,‬ ‭Haryana,‬ ‭New Delhi‬
‭Council‬ ‭Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, and Chandigarh‬

2‭ .‬ ‭Central‬ ‭Zonal‬ U‭ ttar‬ ‭Pradesh,‬ ‭Uttarakhand,‬ ‭Chhattisgarh,‬ ‭and‬ ‭Allahabad‬

‭Council‬ ‭Madhya Pradesh‬

3‭ .‬ ‭Eastern‬ ‭Zonal‬ ‭Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha‬ ‭Kolkata‬

‭Council‬

4‭ .‬ ‭Western‬ ‭Zonal‬ G‭ ujarat,‬‭Maharashtra,‬‭Goa,‬‭Dadra‬‭and‬‭Nagar‬‭Haveli‬ ‭Mumbai‬

‭Council‬ ‭and Daman and Diu‬

5‭ .‬ ‭Southern‬ ‭Zonal‬ A‭ ndhra‬‭Pradesh,‬‭Telangana,‬‭Karnataka,‬‭Tamil‬‭Nadu,‬ ‭Chennai‬

‭Council‬ ‭Kerala, and Puducherry‬

‭North-Eastern Council‬
‭●‬ ‭Statutory body created by separate Act -‬‭North Eastern‬‭Council Act, 1971‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭Members:‬ ‭all‬ ‭North‬ ‭Eastern‬ ‭states‬ ‭-‬‭Assam,‬‭Manipur,‬‭Mizoram,‬‭Arunachal‬‭Pradesh,‬‭Nagaland,‬
‭Meghalaya, Tripura and Sikkim.‬
‭●‬ ‭Composition:‬
‭○‬ ‭Governor of the States;‬
‭○‬ ‭Chief Ministers of the States;‬
‭○‬ ‭Three members to be nominated by the President.‬
‭●‬ ‭The President nominates the Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the Council.‬
‭●‬ ‭Generally,‬ ‭the‬ ‭Union‬ ‭Home‬ ‭Minister‬ ‭is‬ ‭appointed‬ ‭as‬ ‭Chairman‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭Minister‬ ‭DoNER‬ ‭is‬
‭appointed as Vice-Chairman of the NEC.‬

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