Année : 2024/2025 Calcule d’intégral Classe: 2 Bac SVT & PC

Pr: M.KHOURICHEF École: Ajil EL JADID

I Intégrale d’une fonction continue sur un segment

Définition 1.1: Définition :

Soit f une fonction continue sur un segment [a, b] et F une primitive de f sur [a, b].
Le nombre F (b) − F (a) est appelé intégrale de f de a à b et on écrit :
Z b
f (x)dx = [F (x)]ba = F (b) − F (a).
a

Exemple 1.1
R1√
Calculons l’intégrale
√ suivante 0
x + 1dx.
La fonction x 7→ x + 1 est continue sur [0; 1].

Application 1.1
Calculer les intégrales suivantes :
R2 Rπ
1. 0
(4 + x)dx 4. 0
cos(2x)dx
Re 1
2. 1 x
dx
R e4 ln(x) R1 ex
3. e2 x dx 5. 0 ex +1
dx

Remarque 1.1: Remarque :

Rb
Dans l’écriture a
f (x)dx, on peut remplacer la variable x par n’importe quelle autre variable :
Z b Z b Z b
f (x)dx = f (y)dy = f (t)dt = ...
a a a

Exemple 1.2
Calculer les intégrales suivantes :
R1 Rπ
• I1 = (2x3 − 5x2 + 2)dx
−1
• I6 = 0
6 cos x · sin5 xdx
R2 R2
• I2 = 1 x12 − x23 dx • I7 =

x−1
1 x2 −x+2
dx
R1 
• I3 = 0 1 − x+1
1 R1 2
dx • I8 = 0
(1 − x)ex −2x+3
dx
R5 √ R2
• I4 = 4
x 1 + x2 dx • I9 = √ 1
e x 1+ln x
dx

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COURS: Calcule d’intégral 1 Pr: K.MOUAD

 Propriété 1.1: Conséquences :
Soit f une fonction continue sur un intervalle I. Pour tous a, b, c et d dans I, on a :
Z a
• f (x)dx = 0.
a
Z b Z a
• f (x)dx = − f (x)dx.
a b
Z b Z c Z b
• f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx (Relation de Chasles).
a a c

Exemple 1.3: Exemple :

R2
Calculons l’intégrale suivante −3
|x|dx :
Z 2 Z 0 Z 2
|x|dx = |x|dx + |x|dx
−3 −3 0
Z 0 Z 2
= −xdx + xdx
−3 0
 2 0  2 2
x x
= − +
2 −3 2 0
13
=
2

Application 1.2
Calculer les intégrales suivantes :
Z 1
2|x|
(a) dx
−1 x2 + 1

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Propriété 1.2
Soient f et g deux fonctions continues sur l’intervalle [a, b] et k ∈ R.
Z b Z b Z b
1. (f (x) + g(x))dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx.
a a a
Z b Z b
2. kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx.
a a

COURS: Calcule d’intégral 2 Pr: K.MOUAD

 Application 1.3
π π
On considère les intégrales I = cos(3x) cos(x)dx et J =
R R
4
0 0
4
sin(3x) sin(x)dx.

1. Vérifier que cos(3x) cos(x) + sin(3x) sin(x) = cos(2x) pour tout x ∈ R.

2. Vérifier que cos(3x) cos(x) − sin(3x) sin(x) = cos(4x) pour tout x ∈ R.

3. Calculer I + J et I − J puis en déduire I et J.

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II Intégrale et ordre – la valeur moyenne

1 Intégrale et ordre

Propriété 2.1: Propriété :

Soient f et g deux fonctions continues sur l’intervalle [a, b] (a ≤ b).
Rb
• Si ∀x ∈ [a, b], f (x) ≥ 0, alors f (x)dx ≥ 0.
a
Rb Rb
• Si ∀x ∈ [a, b], f (x) ≤ g(x), alors a f (x)dx ≤ a g(x)dx.

COURS: Calcule d’intégral 3 Pr: K.MOUAD

 Conséquence 2.1
Rb
• Si a < b et f est une fonction continue et strictement négative sur [a; b], alors : a
f (x)dx < 0.
Rb
• Si a > b et f est une fonction continue et strictement négative sur [a; b], alors : a
f (x)dx > 0.
Rb
• Si a > b et f est une fonction continue et strictement positive sur [a; b], alors : a
f (x)dx < 0.
Rb
• Si a < b et f et g sont deux fonctions continues sur [a; b] telles que : (∀x ∈ [a; b], g(x) < f (x)), alors : a
g(x)dx <
Rb
a
f (x)dx.
• Si a < b, f, g et h sont des fonctions continues sur [a; b] telles que : (∀x ∈ [a; b], g(x) ≤ f (x) ≤ h(x)), alors :
Rb Rb Rb
a
g(x)dx ≤ a f (x)dx ≤ a h(x)dx.
Rb Rb
• Si a < b et f est une fonction continue sur [a; b], alors : a
f (x)dx ≤ a
|f (x)|dx.

Application 2.1
R2
1. Montrer que : ln(x2 + 1)dx ≥ 0.
1
R2
2. Montrer que : − 12 ≤ 1 sin(x)
x2 dx ≤ 2 .
1

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2 Valeur moyenne d’une fonction continue sur un segment

Définition 2.1: Définition :

Soit f une fonction continue sur un segment [a, b] (a ≤ b).
Il existe au moins un réel c ∈ [a, b] tel que :
Z b
1
f (c) = f (x)dx.
b−a a
Rb
Le nombre 1
b−a a
f (x)dx est appelé valeur moyenne de la fonction f sur l’intervalle [a, b].

Exemple 2.1
La valeur moyenne de la fonction x 7→ 2x
1+x2 sur l’intervalle [1, 3] est
1 3 2x
R
2 1 1+x2 dx.
C’est-à-dire :

3
1
= ln(5)
 2
2 ln x + 1 1 2 .

Application 2.2
ln2 (x)+x
Calculer la valeur moyenne de la fonction x 7→ x sur l’intervalle [1, e].

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COURS: Calcule d’intégral 4 Pr: K.MOUAD

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III Techniques de calcul d’intégrales

1 Décomposition des fractions rationnelles en une somme de fractions rationnelles :

Application 3.1
Soit f la fonction définie sur R \ {1} par :
x2 − 6x + 4
f (x) = .
x−1
1. Déterminer les nombres réels a, b, et c pour que l’on ait pour tout x ∈ R \ {1} :
c
f (x) = ax + b + .
x−1

2. En déduire la valeur de l’intégrale : Z 3

f (x)dx.
2

2 Intégration par parties :

Soit u et v deux fonctions dérivables sur un intervalle [a, b] telles que u′ et v ′ continues sur [a, b].
On a : (∀x ∈ [a, b]), (u(x)v(x))′ = u′ (x)v(x) + u(x)v ′ (x).
Rb Rb Rb
Alors : a (u(x)v(x))′ dx = a u′ (x)v(x)dx + a u(x)v ′ (x)dx.
Rb Rb
D’où : a u′ (x)v(x)dx = [u(x)v(x)]ba − a u(x)v ′ (x)dx.

Propriété 3.1: Propriété :

Soient u et v deux fonctions dérivables sur un intervalle I telles que ses dérivées u′ et v ′ sont continues sur I.
Rb Rb
Pour tout (a, b) ∈ I 2 , on a : a u′ (x)v(x)dx = [u(x)v(x)]ba − a u(x)v ′ (x)dx.

Exemple 3.1: Exemple :

R1
Calculons l’intégrale I = 0 xex dx.
Posons : u′ (x) = ex , u(x) = ex , v(x) = x, v ′ (x) = 1.
R1
Il s’ensuit : I = [xex ]10 − 0 ex dx,
= [xex ]10 − [ex ]10 = e − e + 1 = 1.

Remarque 3.1: Remarque :

Le choix des fonctions u′ et v n’est pas arbitraire. Leur bonne sélection joue un rôle clé dans cette technique.

Application 3.2
En utilisant
R e 2 la formule d’intégration
R1 par parties, Rcalculer les intégrales suivantes :
−x e Rπ 2
I1 = 1 x ln x dx ; I2 = 1 (2x − 1)e dx ; I3 = 2 ln(x + 2)dx et I4 = 0 x cos x dx.
2
2

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COURS: Calcule d’intégral 5 Pr: K.MOUAD

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IV Calcul d’aires et de volumes

1 Calcul des aires :

Propriété 4.1: Propriété :

Soit f une fonction continue sur un segment [a, b] (a < b) et (Cf ) sa courbe représentative dans un repère orthogonal.
L’aire du domaine délimité par (Cf ), l’axe des abscisses et les droites d’équations x = a et x = b est égale à :
Z b
|f (x)|dx (en unité d’aire).
a

Application 4.1
Soit f la fonction définie sur ]0; e[∪]e; +∞[ par :
1
f (x) =
x(1 − ln x)

et (Cf ) la courbe de la fonction f dans un repère orthonormé (O;⃗i; ⃗j) tel que ∥⃗i∥ = 2cm.

COURS: Calcule d’intégral 6 Pr: K.MOUAD

 1. Montrer que √
Z e
1
dx = ln 2.
1 x(1 − ln x)
(Remarquer que 1
x(1−ln x) = 1
x × (1−ln x) ).
1

2. Calculer,
√ en cm2 , l’aire du domaine plan délimité par (Cf ), l’axe des abscisses et les droites d’équations x = 1 et
x = e.

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Propriété 4.2
Soient f et g deux fonctions continues sur un segment [a, b], (Cf ) et (Cg ) les courbes représentatives de f et g dans un
repère orthogonal.
Soit (∆) le domaine délimité par les courbes (Cf ) et (Cg ) et les droites d’équations x = a et x = b.
L’aire du domaine (∆) en unités d’aire est donnée par :
Z b
A(∆) = |f (x) − g(x)|dx.
a

COURS: Calcule d’intégral 7 Pr: K.MOUAD

 Application 4.2
Soit f la fonction numérique définie sur R par :

f (x) = x + 1 − (x2 + 1)ex .

Et (Cf ) la courbe de la fonction f dans un repère orthonormé (O;⃗i; ⃗j) tel que ∥⃗i∥ = 2cm.

1. Montrer que H : x 7→ (x − 1)ex est une fonction primitive de la fonction h : x 7→ xex sur R, puis en déduire que :
Z 0
2
xex dx = − 1.
−1 e

2. En utilisant une intégration par parties, montrer que :

Z 0  
2 x 2
(x + 1)e dx = 3 1 − .
−1 e

3. Calculer en cm2 , l’aire du domaine plan délimité par (Cf ), la droite (D) d’équation y = x + 1 et les droites
d’équations : x = −1 et x = 0.

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2 Calcul des volumes :

Propriété 4.3: Propriété :

L’espace est rapporté à un repère orthonormé (O,⃗i, ⃗j, ⃗k). Soit (a, b) ∈ R2 tel que a < b.
Soit (Σ) un solide limité par deux plans z = a et z = b et soit S(t) l’aire de l’intersection du solide (S) avec le plan z = t
(a ≤ t ≤ b).
Le volume de ce solide est (en unités de volume) :
Z b
v(s) = S(t)dt.
a

Exemple 4.1
Volume V d’un cylindre de rayon R et de hauteur h.
L’intersection du plan z = t avec le cylindre est un disque d’aire

S(t) = πR2 .

COURS: Calcule d’intégral 8 Pr: K.MOUAD

 Puisque t 7→ S(t) est continue sur [0, h], alors le volume du cylindre est :
Z h Z h Z h
V = S(t)dt = πR2 dt = πR2 dt = πR2 h cm3 .
0 0 0

Propriété 4.4
Soit f une fonction continue sur un segment [a, b] (a < b) et (Cf ) sa courbe représentative. Le volume du solide engendré
Rb
par la rotation de la courbe (Cf ) autour de l’axe des abscisses un tour complet est donné par la formule : V = π a (f (x))2 dx
(en unités de volume).

Exemple 4.2
Le volume du solide engendré par la rotation de la courbe de la fonction x 7→ ex sur [0, 1] autour de l’axe des abscisses
un tour complet est donné par :
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
V =π (f (x))2 dx = π (ex )2 dx = π e2x dx.
0 0 0

2
π  2x 1 π(e − 1)
V = e 0= u.a
2 2

COURS: Calcule d’intégral 9 Pr: K.MOUAD