Details

Campus Ahmedabad Session 2024 - 25

Topic Structure of an Atom Exercise Answers

Class 9 Subject Science

Name Date 08/12/2024

Exercise Questions
1. Compare the properties of electrons, protons and neutrons.

Solution:

Property Electrons Protons Neutrons

Charge Negatively charged Positively charged No charge.

Location Located outside the Located within the Located inside the
nucleus nucleus nucleus of an atom

Weight Mass is negligible 1 a.m.u 1 a.m.u

Affinity Attracted towards Attracted towards Do not get attracted to

positively charged negatively charged any ch

2. What are the limitations of J.J.Thomson’s model of the atom?

Solution: The following are the limitations of J.J. Thomson’s model of an atom:

●​ The model failed to explain the outcome of alpha particle scattering, which was conducted by
Rutherford. The model failed to depict why the majority of these alpha particles pass through
 the gold foil, while some diverted through small and big angles, while some others rebound
completely, returning on their path.
●​ It did not provide any experimental evidence and was established on imagination.

3. What are the limitations of Rutherford’s model of the atom?

Solution: The following are the limitations of Rutherford’s model of the atom:

●​ There is no expected stability in the revolution of the electron in a circular orbit.

●​ Charged particles radiate energy when accelerated, thus causing the revolving electrons to
lose energy and would fall into the nucleus.
●​ Hence, atoms must be highly unstable. The matter would not exist in its known form, which
clearly is an assumption as atoms are highly stable.

4. Describe Bohr’s model of the atom.

Solution:

●​ An atom holds the nucleus at the centre.

●​ Negatively charged electrons revolve around the nucleus.
●​ The atoms in it contain distinct orbits of electrons.
●​ Electrons do not radiate energy when they are in their orbits.
●​ The distinct orbits are named K, L, M, and N orbits. Numbers used to denote them are n=1,
2, 3, 4
5. Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter.

Solution:

Thomson Rutherford Bohr

● Sphere is positively ● The nucleus is at the centre ● Nucleus is present at the

charged. and is positively charged, centre and is positively
holding the entire mass. charged
● Electrons are negatively
● Electrons are negatively ● Electrons are negatively
charged and scattered all
charged, revolving in a charged, revolving around
through the inside of the
well-defined path but do not radiate energy.
sphere.

● In comparison with the ● The distinct orbits are

● Positively charged =
nucleus, the size of the labelled as K, L, M, and N
negatively charged
atom is very large.

● The net charge in the

● Force of attraction of the
atom is zero.
electrons towards the
nucleus is balanced by
centrifugal force acting
away from it. As a result,
electrons are not drawn
close to the nucleus.
6. Thomson’s Model of Atom.

7. Rutherford’s Model of Atoms.

8. Bohr’s model of the atom.

Summarise the rules for the writing of the distribution of electrons in various
shells for the first eighteen elements.

Solution:

●​ The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a shell is given

by the formula: 2n2, where n= 1, 2, 3…
●​ The maximum number of electrons in different shells are:

K shell – n=1 ; 2n2 = 2(1)2 = 2

L shell – n=2 ; 2n2 = 2(2)2 = 8

M shell – n=3 ; 2n2 = 2(3)2 = 18

N shell- n=4 ; 2n2 = 2(4)2 = 32

●​ The outermost orbit can be accommodated with 8 electrons at the maximum.

●​ The electrons are not taken in unless the inner shells are filled, which are filled
step-wise; hence, the highest element has K-2; L-8; M-8 distribution of electrons.

9. Define valency by taking examples of silicon and oxygen.

Solution: The definite combining capacity of the atoms of each element, wherein
electrons are lost, gained or shared to make the octet of electrons present in the
outermost shell, is defined as valency. To measure valency, we can figure out the
number of electrons that are required to complete the shell in which it is contained or
losing excess electrons, if present, once the filling is complete.

Example: To find the valency of silicon,

The atomic number of silicon is 14.

The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in silicon, i.e., 14.

The distribution of electrons in silicon atoms is K – 2, L – 8, M – 4

Hence, from the distribution of silicon, it is clearly evident that to fill the M shell, 4
electrons are required. Therefore, its valency is 8-4=4

To find the valency of oxygen,

The atomic number of oxygen is 8.

The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in oxygen, i.e., 8.

The distribution of electrons in oxygen atom is K – 2, L – 6

Hence, from the distribution of oxygen, it is clearly evident that to fill the M shell, 6 more
electrons are required. Therefore, its valency is 8-6=2

10. Explain with examples

(i) Atomic number​ (ii) Mass number​ (iii) Isotopes and​ (iv) Isobars.

Give any two uses of isotopes.

Solution: (i) The number of positively charged protons present in the nucleus of an atom
is defined as the atomic number and is denoted by Z. Example: Hydrogen has one
proton in its nucleus; hence, its atomic number is one.

(ii) The total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is
known as the mass number. It is denoted by A. 20Ca40 . The mass number is 40. The
atomic number is 20.

(iii) The atoms which have the same number of protons but a different number of
neutrons are referred to as isotopes. Hence, the mass number varies.

Example: The most simple example is the Carbon molecule which exists as 6C12 and
14
6C

(iv) Isobars: Isobars are atoms which have the same mass number but differ in atomic
number.

Examples are, 20Ca40and 18Ar40

Uses of isotopes

●​ The isotope of the Iodine atom is used to treat goitre, an iodine-deficient disease.
●​ In the treatment of cancer, an isotope of cobalt is used.
●​ Fuel for nuclear reactors is derived from the isotopes of the Uranium atom.

11. Na+ has completely filled K and L shells. Explain.

Solution: The atomic number of sodium is 11. It has 11 electrons in its orbitals, wherein
the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Hence, its electronic
configuration is K-2 ; L-8 ; M-1 ; The one electron in the M shell is lost, and it obtains a
positive charge since it has one more proton than electrons and obtains a positive
charge, Na+ . The new electronic configuration is K-1; L-8, which is the filled state.
Hence, it is very difficult to eliminate the electron from a filled state as it is very stable.
 79
12. If the bromine atom is available in the form of, say, two isotopes 35Br
(49.7%) and 35Br81 (50.3%), calculate the average atomic mass of the Bromine
atom.

Solution: The atomic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of that element.
Average atomic mass takes into account the isotopic abundance.

Isotope of bromine with atomic mass 79 u = 49.7%

Therefore, Contribution of 35Br79 to atomic mass = (79 × 49.7)/100 ⇒ 39.26 u

Isotope of bromine with atomic mass 81 u = 50.3%

Contribution of 35Br81 to the atomic mass of bromine = (81 × 50.3)/100 ⇒ 40.64u

Hence, the average atomic mass of the bromine atom = 39.26 + 40.64 u = 79.9u

13. The average atomic mass of a sample of element X is 16.2 u. What are the
percentages of isotopes 8X16 and 8X18 in the sample?

Solution: Let the percentage of 8X16 be ‘a’ and that of 8X18 be ‘100-a’.

As per the given data,

16.2u = 16 a / 100 + 18 (100-a) /100

1620 = 16a + 1800 – 18a

1620 = 1800 – 2a

a = 90%

Hence, the percentage of the isotope in the sample 8X16 is 90% and that of

18
8X = 100-a = 100- 90=10%

14. If Z=3, what would be the valency of the element? Also, name the element.

Solution: Given: Atomic number, Z = 3

The electronic configuration of the element = K-2; L-1, hence its valency = 1

The element with atomic number 3 is Lithium.

15. Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species, X and Y, are given as under

​ XY

Protons = 6 6 ​ Neutrons = 6 8

Give the mass numbers of X and Y. What is the relation between the two species?

Solution: Mass number of X: Protons + neutrons = 6+6 = 12

Mass number of Y: Protons + neutrons = 6+8 = 14

They are the same element, and their atomic numbers are the same.

They are isotopes, as they differ in the number of neutrons and hence their mass
numbers.

16. For the following statements, write T for true and F for false.

(a) J.J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains only nucleons.

(b) A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton combining together. Therefore, it is

neutral.

(c) The mass of an electron is about 1/2000 times that of a proton.

(d) An isotope of iodine is used for making tincture iodine, which is used as a medicine.

Solution:

(a) The statement is False.​ (b) The statement is False.

(c) The statement is True.​ (d) The statement is False.

17. Put a tick(✓) against the correct choice and cross(x) against the wrong choice
in questions 15, 16 and 17.

Rutherford’s alpha–particle scattering experiment was responsible for the

discovery of

(a) Atomic nucleus​ (b) Electron​ (c) Proton​ (d) Neutron

Solution: (a) Atomic nucleus

Isotopes of an element have

(a) The same physical properties​ (b) Different chemical properties

(c) Different number of neutrons​ (d) Different atomic numbers

Solution: (c) Different number of neutrons

18. Number of valence electrons in Cl– ion are

(a) 16​ (b) 8​ (c) 17​ (d) 18

Solution: (b) 8

The electronic distribution of Cl is K-2, L-8, M-7. Valence electrons are 7; hence,
chlorine gains one electron for the formation of Cl–. Therefore, its valency is 8.

19. Which one of the following is a correct electronic configuration of Sodium?

(a) 2, 8​ (b) 8, 2, 1​ (c) 2, 1, 8​ (d) 2, 8, 1

Solution: (d) 2, 8, 1

Complete the following table.

Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of Name of the

Number Number Neutrons Protons Electrons Atomic
Species

9 – 10 – – –

16 32 – – – Sulphur

– 24 – 12 – –

– 2 – 1 – –

– 1 0 1 0 –
Solution: The following table depicts the missing data:

Atomic number(Z) = Number of protons

Mass number = Number of neutrons + atomic number

(or)

Mass number(A) = Number of neutrons + number of neutrons

Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of Name of the

Number Number Neutrons Protons Electrons Atomic
Species

9 19 10 9 9

16 32 16 16

12 24 12 12

1 2 1 1

1 1 0 1

*******