SWBAT differentiate prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells,as well as explain

how systems within an organism
interact at different levels to carry
out functions necessary for life
 Unit # 1 Lesson 1
Organisms:
Cells to Body Systems
 Cell Theory
● Robert Hooke
○ Viewed a cork under a microscope ( he created)
○ He named them small hollow holes “cells”after small rooms
in the monastery.
● Principles of Cell Theory:
○ All organisms are made of cells
○ All existing cells are made by other living things
○ The cell is the most basic unit of life
 The Cell System
● The most basic level of organization in living things is the cell.
● Organisms can be made of 1 (unicellular) or many (multicellular)
cells.
● Cells in multicellular organisms are specialized to perform
different functions.
● However, the cells in your body share many characteristics with one
another and the cells of other organisms.
 Cell Structure
● Cell Membrane-flexible enclosure that controls the movement
of materials into and out of the cell.
● Inside-filled with cytoplasm-gel like substance that
contains dissolved materials such as proteins and
sugars (used to build cell structure and broken down to
release energy)
● Some cells have organelles, most organelles are
surrounded by a membrane. The largest most visible
organelle is the nucleus.
Animal Cells ● Eukaryotic cells are organized
structures.
○ Surrounded by cell membrane
○ Have organelles-each with a
specialized function
○ Certain organelles and molecules
are anchored at specific sites,
depending on the cell type
 Nucleus
● It is the storehouse for most of the DNA
in your cells.
● Consists of:
○ Chromatin-spread throughout, except when it is ready to
divide
○ Nucleolus-small region that contains the ribosome
precursors and rRNA
○ Nuclear membrane-has pores to allow molecules to pass
between the nucleus and cytoplasm
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes
● Fills a large part of most Eukaryotic cells
● Interconnected network of thin, folded membranes
○ Rough ER-Ribosomes embedded in the ER-proteins
made here are incorporated into the cell
membrane or secreted.
○ Not all ribosomes are embedded- some are
suspended in the cytoplasm-proteins made here
are used in chemical reactions occurring within
the cytoplasm
○ Smooth ER-breaks down drugs and alcohol
 Golgi Apparatus
● Protein made in the ER pinchers off to form a vesicle and
travels to the Golgi
● The Golgi apparatus consist of stacks of membrane
enclosed spaces that :
○ Process-enzymes in the Golgi make additional changes
to proteins.
○ Sort-Proteins are packaged and sorted. Some are
stored within the Golgi for later use.
○ Deliver proteins-Some are delivered to other
organelles or to be secreted outside of the cell
 Mitochondria ( plural)
● Mitochondrion ( singular)-supplies energy to the
cell
● Bean shaped ,and has two membranes
○ Inner membrane-ETC converts molecules
from food to usable energy through Cellular
respiration
● Has its own ribosomes and DNA-Suggests that at
some point, it was a free-living prokaryote that
has been taken in by a larger cell
Plant Cells ● Eukaryotic cells and have many of the
same organelles as animals
● Have organelles-each with a specialized
function.
○ Have structures to help them
capture light energy from the sun
○ Have structures to provide rigid
support
 Cell Wall
● Plants, algae and fungi and most bacteria
have a cell wall that surrounds the cell
membrane
● It is a rigid layer that provides protection,
support and shape to the cell.
● They adhere to each other to help support
the entire organism.
 Chloroplast
● Carries out photosynthesis
● High compartmentalized
● Thylakoids in chloroplast are organised to
maximize light absorption
● Has an outer and inner membrane
● Have their own ribosomes and DNA
 Vacuole
● Fluid filled sack used to store materials
needed by the cell.
● Animal cells have small vacuoles
● Central vacuole is unique to plants
○ Filled with watery fluid that
strengthens the cell and helps to
support the entire plant
○ May contain toxins to keep predators
away, waste products or pigments
 Cell Membrane
● Forms flexible a boundary to separate the organelles within the
cell from the outside environment of the cell.
● Controls passage of materials into and out of a cell to maintain
stable conditions
 Cell Membrane Structure
● Consists of a double layer of phospholipids
○ Phospholipids have a hydrophilic (water loving) head and a
hydrophobic ( water fearing) tail.
○ Carbon based molecules that are non-polar and insoluble in
water
■ Fatty acids are the simplest form
 Cell Membrane Structure
● Phospholipids arrange themselves into two layers when placed
in water
● The hydrophilic heads face the watery environment on both
sides of the membrane ( inside and outside), while the
hydrophobic tails face the inside of the membrane
● The cell membrane contains carbohydrates, proteins and
cholesterol
● Proteins:
○ embedded in the phospholipid bilayer transport materials across the
membrane.
○ In the form of enzymes, speed up chemical reactions that take place
on the membrane
○ Act as receptors for specific molecules
● Carbohydrates:
○ Identification tags that allows cells to distinguish from one type to
another
○ Bonding between cells
● Cholesterol
○ Gives cell strength by limiting movement of the phospholipid and
protects cell at low temperatures
 Passive Transport
● Passive Transport refers to the process in which substances diffuse across
membranes WITHOUT using energy.
○ Diffusion
■ Movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration
○ Osmosis
■ diffusion of water across a selectively permeable from an area of
higher concentration of water to an area of lower concentration of
water.
■ The more solutes in a solution, the lower the amount of water
present
● Facilitated Diffusion molecules that cannot diffuse on their own move
across a membrane through transport proteins.
 Active Transport
● Active Transport -Requires ENERGY to help move particles across
the membrane against a force (concentration gradient)
○ Drives molecules across the membrane from an area of lower
concentration to a region of higher concentration.
○ Energy input is necessary to overcome the natural tendency of
substances
○ ATP often provides energy for active transport
● Endocytosis -Moving large particles or substances across the cell
membrane using vesicles
●
● Exocytosis -Release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a
vesicle with the membrane
●
Interacting Systems in Organisms
 Organ Systems and Organs
● Organ Systems -two or more
organs that work together to
perform body functions
● Organ systems interact to help the
organism maintain internal stability
(homeostasis)
● Organ -a group of tissues that carry
out a specialized function of the body
Tissues -a group of similar
cells that work together to
perform a specialized
function, usually a part of an
organ.
● 4 types of tissues
○ Epithelial
○ Connective
○ Muscle
○ Nervous
Cells
● Most basic unit of life
● Cell differentiation-cells become
specialized in both structure and
function
○ Allows cells to have different
functions
Neurons
● The nervous system is a network of nerves and sensory organs that work together
to process information and respond to the environment.
● Neuron-Basic unit of the nervous system
○ 3 TYPES:
■ Sensory Neurons-Detect stimuli and send signals to the brain and the
spinal cord
■ Interneurons-In the brain and spinal cord receive and process the
information from sensory neurons and send response back through the
Motor Neurons
■ Motor Neurons-Act on the signals from interneurons and stimulate
muscle to contract
Neurons
● Have 3 Main Parts:
○ Cell Body-
○ Dendrites (one or more)
○ Axon
Muscle Cells
● Muscles consists of bundles of muscle cells.
● They contract when stimulated by the nervous system
○ When muscles contract, they shorten, causing the bone or
tissue attached to the muscle to move
○ Some muscle movement is voluntary (Skeletal muscle) others
are involuntary (smooth muscle in internal organs and cardiac
muscles)
 Muscle Cells
● Skeletal Muscles -long cylindrical bundles
containing muscle fibers
○ Muscle fibers-bundles of myofibrils (
made of sarcomeres, the contractile
unit of the muscle)
○ Sarcomeres- contain thin filaments
made of action and thick filaments
made of myosin.
Cell Differentiation
● Cell differentiation-The process of developing specialized cells in
multicellular organisms.
○ The location of the cell in an embryo helps determine how it will
differentiate