CE3040 Environmental Engineering

Tutorial 2

1.​ Design a suitable rectangular sedimentation tank (provided with mechanical cleaning
equipment) for treating the sewage from a city, provided with an assured public water
supply system, with a maximum daily demand of 15 million litres per day. Assume
suitable values of detention period and velocity of flow in the tank. Make any other
assumptions wherever needed.
Solution:
Given data, Maximum daily demand = 15 MLD (Million Litres per Day) = 15,000
m³/day
Assuming that 80% of water supplied to the city becomes sewage, we have the
quantity of sewage required to be treated per day (i. e, max daily)
= 0.8 x 15,000 m³/day
= 12,000 m³/day
Assume Detention time as 2 hours (standard range: 1.5 to 3 hours)
The quantity of sewage to be treated in 2 hours, i.e., the capacity of the tank required

Volume of the Tank

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 × 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)​
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 24

​ = 12, 000 𝑋 2 / 24
= 1000 m3
Assume Depth as 3 m (standard range: 2 to 5 m)

Surface Area of the Tank

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒​
Surface area = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ​

1000​
​ = 3​

​ = 340 m2
Assume L/B = 3, L = 3B
3B2 = 340
B = 6.14 m
L = 3 X 6.14 = 18.14 m
 12,000 𝑚3/𝑑
Surface overflow rate = Discharge/surface area = 340 𝑚2
=35.29 m3/d/m2 (S.O.R
is within the range of 30-50 m3/d/m2. Hence, Ok.
Since, the tank is provided with mechanical cleaning arrangement, no extra space at
the bottom is required for sludge zone.
Now, assuming a freeboard of 0.5 m, we have
The overall depth of the tank = 3+0.5 =3.5m
Hence a rectangular sedimentation tank with an overall size rounded off to 18.2 m
x 6.2 m x 3.5 m can be used.
2. In a wastewater treatment plant, primary circular sedimentation tank designed at an
overflow rate of 32.5 m3/day/m2 of dia 16 m. What is the weir loading rate (in m3/day/m)

Solution:

Given Data:

Surface Overflow rate (SOR) = 32.5 m³/day/m²

Diameter of the circular sedimentation tank = 16 m

Weir length = Circumference of the tank = πD

Perimeter = π x 16
32.5 𝑋 π 𝑥 (16)2
Q =SOR x Area = 4
= 6534.5 m³/day
𝑄
Weir Loading Rate = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

6534.5
​ ​ ​ = π 𝑋 16

​ ​ ​ = 130 m³/day/m

3. Design a circular secondary sedimentation tank for treatment of 12 MLD effluent coming
from conventional ASP. If the surface overflow rate is 20 m3/m2.day. Provide detention time
of 2 h. calculate volume, area and depth of tank.
Solution:

Given Data:
Flow rate (Q) = 12 MLD = 12,000 m³/day
Surface Overflow Rate (SOR) = 20 m³/m²/day
Detention Time (DT) = 2 hours

Compute the Surface Area of the Tank

 𝑄
Surface Area ​ = 𝑆𝑂𝑅

12,000 𝑚³/𝑑𝑎𝑦
​ ​ = 20 𝑚³/𝑚²/𝑑𝑎𝑦

​ ​ = 600 m2
Compute the Volume of the Tank
Volume = 𝑄 𝑋 𝐷𝑇
12,000 𝑋 2
​ = 24

= 1000 m³
Compute Diameter of the Tank
π 𝑥 𝐷2
Area = 4

D² = 4 A / π = 4 X 600 / 3.14
Diameter = 27.6 m
Compute Depth of the Tank
Depth = volume/area
= 1000/600
= 1.67 m

Considering Additional sludge storage and freeboard, take depth, H = 3 m

Final Design Dimensions:

Diameter = 28 m
Surface Area = 600 m²
Volume = 1,000 m³
Depth = 3.0 m

4. Design secondary sedimentation tank for treatment of 10 MLD effluent coming from
conventional ASP. The MLSS in aeration tank is 3000 mg/L and peak flow factor is 2.0.
Adopt surface loading rate of 15 m3 / m2 .d at average flow.
Solution:

Given Data:
Flow rate (Q) = 10 MLD = 10,000 m³/day
Peak flow factor = 2.0
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) = 3000 mg/L
Surface Overflow Rate (SOR) at average flow = 15 m³/m²/day
Compute Surface Area of the Tank
𝑄
Surface Area ​ = 𝑆𝑂𝑅

10,000 𝑚³/𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 15 𝑚³/𝑚²/𝑑𝑎𝑦

​ = 667 m²
Compute Peak Flow and Check SOR at Peak Flow
Qpeak​ =Peak
​ Flow Factor × Q
=2.0×10,000
=20,000 𝑚³/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘
SORpeak ​= 𝐴

20,000
= 667

= 30 𝑚³/𝑚²/𝑑𝑎𝑦
Since 30 m³/m²/day is within the acceptable range for peak SOR (typically 25-35 m³/m²/day
for secondary clarifiers), the surface area is adequate.
Compute Diameter of the Tank
π 𝑥 𝐷2
Area = 4

D² = 4 A / π = 4 X 667 / 3.14
Diameter = 29.15 m
Take D = 30 m for practical design.
Compute Depth of the Tank

Provide detention time of 2 h, hence volume = 10000*2/24 = 833.33 m3

Hence depth of the tank = 833.33/666.67 = 1.25 m

Provide depth of 1.25 + 0.3 m for sludge accumulation and 0.4 m free board.
Hence total depth = 1.95 m
Check for weir loading:
Weir loading = 10000/(π * D) = 109.27 m3 /m.d, (< 250 m3 /m.d) hence safe.
5. Diameter of sewer is 45 cm, flow = 200 lit/s, n = 0.012. Find slope when flowing full.
2 1
1
Manning’s formula, v =( 𝑛
)* (𝑅) 3 *𝑠 2
i) What is the depth of the excavation if it were to flow by gravity (If the length of the sewer
in 50 km)?

Given Data:
Diameter of sewer (D) = 45 cm = 0.45 m
Flow rate (Q) = 200 L/s = 0.2 m³/s
Manning’s coefficient (n) = 0.012
Length of sewer (L) = 50 km = 50,000 m

●​ Manning’s formula:

A = 0.159 m2

v = Q/A = 0.2/0.159 = 1.258 m/s

R = D/4 = 0.45m/4
2 1
1
Mannings formula, v = ( 𝑛
)* (𝑅) *𝑠 3 2

2 1

​ ​ 1.258 = (
1
0.012
)* ( ) 0.45
4
3
*𝑠 2

S = 0.004

Slope value = 0.00419 (accurate)

i)​ S = Δh/L

Depth of excavation
At 50 km = excavation 210 m

At 10 km = 42 m
At 20km = 84m
At 30km = 126m
At 40km = 168 m
At 50km = 210
If Slope = 0.004
At 50km = excavation 200m
Slope value = 0.00419 ( accurate) Slope value = 0.004( approximate)
At 50 km 210 200
At 40 km 164 160
At 30 km 126 120
At 20 km 84 80
At 10 km 42 40

6. Design a sanitary sewer to serve a population of 5,000 people, if the average water
consumption is 400 liters per capita per day (lpcd). The slope available for the sewer to be
laid
is 1 in 625. Assume 80 % of the water supplied is entering the sewer. Use "n" value of 0.013
in the Manning's formula

Given Data:
Population (P) = 5000 people
Per capita water consumption = 400 lpcd
Percentage of water entering sewer = 80%
Available slope (S) = 1/625
Manning’s coefficient (n) = 0.013

Total wastewater generated = 5000 x 400 x 0.8 = 16,00,000 l/d

​ = 16,00,000 / (1000 x 24 x 60 x 60) ------ conversion from l/d to cu.m/s
= 0.0185 cu.m/s

Manning’s formula, v = (1/n) (R)^(2/3) (S)^(1/2)

D: Pipe diameter (m)
Q: Flow rate (m³/s)
n: Manning's roughness coefficient
S: Slope
R: hydraulic radius

R = Area of the pipe / wetted perimeter = (π D^2 / 4) / (π D) = D/4

Q = A x V = (π D^2 / 4) x (1/n) x (D/4)^(2/3) x (S)^(1/2)

D= overall power of 3/8 (Q.n.4.2^0.5) / ( π S^0.5) = 0.16 m

7. Determine the velocity of flow for the following conditions:

● Sewage flow rate (Qp) = 300 Lpm
● Sewer Material: HDPE pipe: n = 0.012
● Slope of the sewer line = 6 in 1000
● d/D ratio should not exceed 0.8 in order that the flow occurs under free surface
conditions.

Given Data:
Sewage Flow Rate (Q) = 300 Lpm = 0.005 m³/s
Sewer Material = HDPE
Manning’s coefficient (n) = 0.012
Slope (S) = 6/1000 = 0.006
d/D ratio = 0.8 (to ensure flow under free surface conditions)
Manning’s Formula: v = 1/n R⅔ S1/2
Continuity Equation: Q = Av
Q partial = 300 L/m = 0.005 m3/s
R= A/P = D/4
For HDPE, D < 630 mm. Assume D =200 mm
R= 200/4 = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Pipe flowing full, Qf = Af Vf
Substituting for Vf in Manning’s Equation,
Qf = π (0.2)2/4 X 1/0.012 X (0.2/4) ⅔ (0.006)1/2
Qf = 0.0275 m3/s
QP /Qf = 0.005/0.275 = 0.182
From the table, interpolate the value for QP /Qf and find v/V
v/V = 0.75514
Solving, vf = 0.875m/s, v= 0.66 m/s
8) A wastewater treatment plant processes 3,550 m3/day of wastewater using an aerated
lagoon system. The influent BOD5 after primary clarification is 200 mg/L. The reaction
rate coefficient at 20°C is 0.35/day, and the operating temperature in summer is 35°C.
Assume a single-cell pond system with 85% removal efficiency of soluble BOD and a
pond depth of 2.0 m. The temperature coefficient (θ) is 1.06.
Find
1. Determine the surface area required for the aerated lagoon.
2. Calculate the total oxygen demand for BOD removal and nitrification.
3. Compute the power consumption per day, assuming an oxygen transfer efficiency of 1
kg O2 per 1 kWh.

Solution:

Given Data:

●​ Flow rate (Q) = 3,550 m³/day

●​ Influent BOD₅ = 200 mg/L
●​ Reaction rate coefficient at 20°C (k20) = 0.35/day
●​ Operating temperature (T) = 35°C
●​ Temperature coefficient (θ) = 1.06
●​ BOD removal efficiency = 85%
●​ Pond depth (H) = 2.0 m
●​ Oxygen transfer efficiency = 1 kg O₂ per 1 kWh

Step 1: Determine the reaction rate coefficient at 35°C

Using the temperature correction equation:

𝑘𝑇 𝑇−20
𝑘20
= ∅

𝑘𝑇 = 0. 35 * 1.0635-20 = 0.6986 /day

Step 2: Determine the required hydraulic retention time (θ)

For a single-cell aerated lagoon, the first-order equation is:

𝑆 1 1
𝑆0
= 𝑉 = 1+𝑘θ
1+𝑘 𝑄

Given 85% removal efficiency, we get:

 𝑆
𝑆0
= 1 − 0. 85 = 0. 15

Solving for θ,

θ = 8. 12 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

Step 3: Calculate the required volume of the lagoon

V = Q *θ

V=3,550×8.12

V = 28,826.2 m3

Step 4: Determine the required surface area

A= V/ H = 14,413.1 m2

Step 5: Calculate the total oxygen demand

a) Oxygen demand for BOD removal

BOD removed:

BOD removed=0.85×200=170 mg/L

Total BOD removed per day:

Total BOD removed=Q×BOD removed =3,550×170= 603.5 kg/day

Oxygen demand for BOD removal (assuming 1 kg O₂ per 1 kg BOD):

O2=603.5 kg/day

b) Oxygen demand for nitrification

Approximate nitrogen content in wastewater = 40 mg/L​

Assuming 4.6 kg O₂/kg NH₃-N for nitrification:

O2 for nitrification=4.6×(40×3.55) = 653.2 kg/day

Total oxygen demand:

O2 total=603.5+653.2=1,256.7 kg O2/day

Step 6: Compute power consumption

Given oxygen transfer efficiency = 1 kg O₂ per 1 kWh:

Power consumption=1,256.7 kWh/day