SECONDARY SCHOOL

IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME
(SSIP) 2022

GEOGRAPHY

TERM 3

CLIMATE AND WEATHER

REVISION:

MARKING GUIDELINE
Marking Guidelines

Mid Latitude cyclones

Prelim 2022 - NW

1.3 1.3.1 Mid-latitude cyclone (1)

Cold front (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.2 Heavy rains (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.3 Winter (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.4 The air behind the cold front is cold. (2)

The cold front passes by. (2) (2 x 2) (4)

1.3.5 The three day rainfall will be heavy rainfall. (2)

Heavy rain will cause flooding. (2)
Flooding will wash away top soil. (2)
Rains will cause erosion of the landscape. (2)
Flooding will damage the ecosystem. (2)
Biodiversity of Cape Town will be negatively affected. (2)
Dams will be heavily silted. (2)
The landscape will be damaged/LANDSLIDES. (2)
This will influence vegetation/animals negatively. (2)
DAMS WILL BE FILLED WITH WATER (2)
WATER TABLE WILL RISE (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

Prelim 2022 - FS

1.
1 1.1.1 West to east/eastwards (1)
1.1.2 Westerly (1)
1.1.3 Winter (1)
1.1.4 Cold (1)
1.1.5 Cumulonimbus (1)
1.1.6 Rise (1)
1.1.7 Warm sector (depression) (1)
1.1.8 D/warm (1)
(8 x 1) (8)

Prelim 2022 - KZN

1.1.

1 A - cold front. (1)
B - warm front 
(1)
1.1.
2 C - west to east / eastwards  (1)
1.1.
3 D - nimbostratus.  (1)
1.1. E - cold sector 
4 (1)

F - warm sector
(1)
1.1.

5 G – warm (1)
Tropical Cyclones

Prelim 2022 NW

1.1 1.1.1 C (1)

1.1.2 B (1)

1.1.3 D (1)

1.1.4 B (1)

1.1.5 C (1)

1.1.6 D (1)

1.1.7 C (1)

1.1.8 C (1)
(8 x 1) (8)

Prelim 2022 - FS

1.
3 1.3.1 It is a small, intensely developed low-pressure system in tropical
regions.
[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.2 4 (four) (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.3 Driven by the easterlies (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.4 A warm sea surface, with a temperature of 27° C and over (2)
Unstable atmospheric conditions (substantial uplift of moist air) (2)
Light wind (2)
Upper air divergence (2)
Latent heat forms when condensation takes place (2)
No friction on the sea surface (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.3.5 The system has developed into a deadly storm (2)

Pressure gradient is steep, resulting in winds of up to 300 km/h (2)
Tight band of tall cumulonimbus clouds occurs (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.6 Monitor the path of the cyclone using remote sensors (2)
Give warnings to the people through weather forecast (2)
Prepare evacuation plans for people in low-lying areas (2)
The rescue teams must be in place to rescue people from floods (2)
Build strong shelters for people before the storm (2)
Do not build on low lying areas (move to higher areas) (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
Prelim 2022 - KZN

1.3
1.3. 5  (1 x 1)
1 (1)
1.3.
2 Cyclones are named alphabetically from A in the season of
occurrence. 
The name Emnati starts with letter E which is the fifth alphabet (1 x 2) (2)

1.3. (1 x 1)

3 Wind gusts as high as 200 km per hour. (1)

(1 x 1)

1.3.4 Southwest/Southwesterly. (1)
(1 x 2)

1.3.5 Presence of the eye (2)
1.3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Flooding of low-lying coastal areas 

Coastal erosion
Saline intrusion of low-lying coastal land 
Ecosystems are disrupted
Food chains and food webs will be destroyed 
Silting of dams
Estuaries and riverine ecosystems will be disrupted 
Storm surges will cause extensive damage to coastal features 
Water table will rise 
Cleans the ecosystem
Revitalizes the river system
Increases ground water supplies
Water pollution will result to waterborne diseases 
Mass wasting will occur - (accept examples: landslide, mudflow and
rock fall)
(4 x 2)
[ANY FOUR] (8)
Coastal Low and Berg Winds

Prelim 2022 - NW

1.2 1.2.1 On-shore (1)

1.2.2 4 hPa (1)

1.2.3 Fog (1)

1.2.4 Clockwise (1)

1.2.5 Kalahari High (1)

1.2.6 Decrease (1)

1.2.7 Berg (1)

(7 x 1) (7)

Prelim 2022 NW

1.4 1.4.1 sinking (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.4.2 South Indian High pressure cell (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.4.3 Found along the east coast of Southern Africa (2)

Located over the south Indian ocean (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.4 Impact on climate

Responsible for the moist conditions on the east coast (2)
Brings in warm conditions (from the warm MOZAMBIQUE current)
(2) (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.5 a) Off-shore winds (1) (1 x 1) (1)

b) Hot dry winds that blow down the escarpment (2)

[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)

c) Damage the natural vegetation because of veld fires (2)

The land will be without vegetation cover and exposed to
erosion (2)
The ecosystem will be disrupted (2)
Veld fires will reduce biodiversity (2)
Higher temperature will lead to more evaporation (2)
Micro organisms will be burnt (2)
The berg winds dry out the vegetation. (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
Prelim 2022 - FS

(1
1.4 1.4.1 Kalahari High pressure cell )

1.4.2 Situated over the interior of the country

It dominates air movement over the land
It shrinks or weakens in summer
(2 x 1)
Southwards displacement during summer (2)
[ANY TWO]
(1 x 1)
1.4.3 A (1)

1.4.4 The inversion layer is above the escarpment

Low pressure
Heat low pressure/Westerlies shift more south of South Africa
(1 x 2)
[ANY ONE] (2)

1.4.5 In summer the surface of the land is heated causing warm air to rise (2)
(2
The inversion layer rises above the level of the escarpment )
(2
Moist tropical air masses move in over the interior )
(2
This results in summer rain over the interior )
(2
The Kalahari high pressure cell is displaced higher )
(2
In winter air is subsiding in the Kalahari pressure cell )
(2
The sinks down the inversion layer below the escarpment )
This prevents moist air from rising above the escarpment and
reaching the (2
interior )
(2
As a result, no or very little rain occurs over the interior in winter )
[ANY FOUR] The answer should cover both summer and winter
(4 x 2)
(8)

Prelim 2022 - KZN

1.
4
Kalahari High  and coastal Low 
1.4.1 (2 x 1) (2)
(1 x 1)
1.4.2 Winter  (1)
1.4.3 Clear skies/no clouds  and low temperatures  (2 x 1)
 (2)

1.4.4 Air is compressed and warms adiabatically/air heats up because

of friction  (1 x 2)
(2)
Destruction of ecosystems / wildlife due to veld fires
1.4.5
Soil erosion due to reduced natural vegetation 
Destruction of pasturage/grazing land due to veld fires 
Water sources dry up due to high temperatures/
high evaporation rate
Reduction in underground water sources due to high temperatures/
high evaporation rate
(2 x 2)
[ANY TWO] (4)

1.4.6 Create fire breakers 

Erect look out towers 
Build farm dams 
Create public awareness on fires 
Keep natural vegetation moist 
(2 x 2)
[ANY TWO] (4)
Valley Climates

Prelim 2022 - MP

1.
4
(
1
1.4.1 Cold air descends down on the valley slope (1) (1 x 1) )

1.4.2 A katabatic wind originates from radiation cooling of air on top of a

(
2
plateau (2) (1 x 2) )

1.4.3 Thermal inversions occur during the evening, when the land begins to
cool. (2)
The earth's surface no longer radiates as much heat, enabling air near
the surface to cool faster than the air above creating an inversion. (2)
Katabatic wind causes the slope to cool during the night. (2)
(
4
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) )

1.4.4 They bring cold air down into the valley floor (2)
The descending cold air displaces the warm air and moves it
upwards (2)
Katabatic wind causes the valley to be dry. (2)
(
4
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) )

1.4.5 katabatic wind events have been responsible for the explosive
growth of many wildfires that destruct human activities. (2)
Air pollution produced by the factory gets trapped within the valley at
night causing accidences. (2)
The air pollution can cause people living there to develop health
problems. (2)
(
4
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) )
Prelim 2022 FS

1.5 1.5.1 A = anabatic

(2 x 1)
B = katabatic (2)
(1 x 2)
1.5.2 Frost (2)

1.5.3 A = the slopes are heated, and the warm air in contact with the
slope also heats up and rises along the slope

B = the valley slopes cool through earth radiation, and the air in
(2 x 2)
contact with the slope also cools and sinks (4)

1.5.4 Cold, dense air drains down the slopes to the valley bottom and
forces warm light air to rise
The warm air is above the cold air on the valley floor
As a result, of an increase in altitude, the temperatures also increase
(2 x 2)
[ANY TWO] (4)

1.5.5 It forms when the nights are cold, clear and cloudless (2)
Air in contact with the earth’s surface cools rapidly (2)
Cold air sinks to the base of the valley on a clear winter night (2)
The dew point temperature is above freezing point (2)
The water vapour in his layer condenses to form water droplets (2)
These droplets of water are in suspended air in the air to form
Radiation fog (2)
(2 x 2)
[ANY TWO] (4)

Prelim 2022 - KZN

1.2
1.2.1 B 

1.2.2 A 

1.2.3 B 

1.2.4 B 

1.2.5 C 

1.2.6 D 

1.2.7 B 

1.2.8 E  (8 x 1) (8)
Urban Climates

Prelim 2022 - NW

1.5 1.5.1 B (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.5.2 Area of higher temperatures (over a city) surrounded by

lower (rural) temperatures) (2)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.3 Diagram B
There are more dust particles and smoke over the city.
(2)
Buildings are made of glass (2)
Buildings are dense (2)
Artificial surface materials (2)
Buildings are tall (2) (1 x 2) (2)
[ANY ONE]

1.5.4 URBAN
Artificial surface materials like concrete in urban areas
warm faster than natural surfaces in rural. (2)
Human-made materials used in urban landscapes such
as pavements reflect less solar energy than natural
surfaces in rural. (2)
The urban landscape has fewer vegetation and trees
which provides less shade and moisture than natural
surfaces in rural. (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.5.5 City planners will create the green lungs, parks

(vegetated areas) (2)
Plan for special lanes for bicycles and buses. (2)
City planners will plan for the use of light coloured
concrete or paint and bright roofs. (2)
He will also plan green roofs (roof gardens) (2)
Reserve areas for planting trees along the roads. (2)
Plan for park and ride facilities (2)
Plan for the use of cobble stones instead of tar. (2)
Develop specifications for the use of green energy
(renewable) (2)
Develop specifications for the natural building materials. (3 x 2) (6)
(2)
[ANY THREE]
[60]
Prelim 2022 - MP

1.
5
(
1
1.5.1 4°C (1 x 1) )

1.5.2 Buildings creates friction and acts as wind breaks. (2)

Greater turbulences because wind is channelled between buildings.
(2)
(
2
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) )

1.5.3 Primarily because of decrease runoff of precipitation (2)

There is more of evapotranspiration from vegetation in rural areas (2)
(
2
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) )

1.5.4 Respiratory problems (2)

Asthma (2)
lung cancer (2)
Skin problems (2)
(
4
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) )

1.5.5 Warmer due to lack of vegetation and transpiration. (2)

More artificial heating, air conditioning, vehicle emission. (2)
More artificial surfaces, tar, concrete that absorb heat. (2)
More dust and pollution prevent heat from escaping. (2)
(
6
[ANY THREE] (3 x 2) )
Prelim 2022 - KZN

1.5
1.5.
1 Mass of polluted air that extends over a city trapped by warm air
(inversion layer)
(Concept) 
(1 x 2) (2)
1.5. Motor vehicle exhaust fumes 

2
Factories emit visible and invisible pollutants
Mountains trap in cooler air
Warmer air traps cooler air underneath 
Still air
[Any TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

1.5.
3 Smog  (1 x 1) (1)
1.5.
4 The inversion layer occurs at a lower level over the city during
winter
Due to a greater subsidence of colder air higher up over the city
during winter. 
Stable atmospheric conditions are more prevalent during winter
than summer
Greater amount of cooler air blows in from the sea during winter 
[Any TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.5.5 Build higher chimneys. 

Vehicles use unleaded petrol/use of hybrid cars. 
Make greater use of solar energy. 
Plant more trees. 
Decentralisation of industries. 
Establish green belts around the city
Introduce legislations to control air pollution/air quality act
Introduce roof gardens/greening of the city
Introduce more efficient public transport system
Build more water features 
Replace tar and concrete pathways with cobble stones. 
Reduce building height 
Reduce building density 
Impose fines to industries that emit toxic fumes 
[Any THREE] (3 x 2) (6)