TISSUE AND TISSUE SYSTEM

Important 2m, 3m & 5 Marks

Asha mam
PREVIOUS YEAR II MID TERM
What are Brachysclereids ?

● Isodiametric sclereids, with hard cell wall.

● It is found in bark, pith cortex, hard
endosperm and fleshy portion of some fruits.
● Example: Pulp of Pyrus.
Differentiate between the cross section of
Dicot & Monocot Stem.
Difference between tracheids and fibres
Draw and label the structure of Dicot Leaf
PREVIOUS YEAR PUBLIC EXAM
Distinguish the anatomy of Dicot Root and
Monocot Root. (Mar 2023)
Draw a neat labelled diagram of open
vascular bundle. (May 2022)
Draw a neat labelled diagram of open
vascular bundle. (May 2022)
List out any three functions of Epidermal
Tissue System. (May 2022)

● This system in the shoot checks excessive loss

of water due to the presence of cuticle.

● Epidermis protects the underlying tissues.

● Stomata is involved in transpiration and

gaseous exchange.

● Trichomes are also helpful in the dispersal of

seeds and fruits, and provide protection

against animals.
● Prickles also provide protection against

animals and they also check excessive

transpiration

● In some rose plants they also help in climbing.

● Glandular hairs repel herbivorous animals.

Other Book Back Questions
Why the cells of sclerenchyma and tracheids
become dead?

(i) Sclerenchyma and tracheids are cells which

have nucleus initially but it soon degenerates.

They become dead cells

(ii) Sclerenchyma functions to give mechanical

strength to the plant. Tracheids are a part of

xylem and help to conduct water

(iii) They have different functions in spite of

being dead cells

Explain sclereids with their types

● Sclereids are dead cells, usually these are

isodiametric but some are elongated too.

● The cell wall is very thick due to lignification.

Lumen is very much reduced

(iii) The pits may be simple or branched

(iv) Sclereids are mechanical in function. They

give hard texture to the seed coats.

Endosperms, etc.,
Types of sclereids

(a) Brachysclereids or Stone cells : isodiametric

sclereids, with hard cell wall. It is found in bark,

pith, cortex, hard endosperm and fleshy portion

of some fruits.

Ex : Pulp of Pyrus
(b) Macrosclereids : Elongated and rod shaped

cells, found in outer seed coat of leguminous

plants.

Ex : Crotalaria and Pisum sativum

(c) Osteosclereids (Bone cells): Rod shaped with

dilated ends, They occur in leaves and seed coats.

Ex: Seed coat of Pisum & Hakea

(d) Astrosclereids : Star cells with lobes or arms

diverging from a central body. They occur in

petioles & leaves

Ex: Tea, Nymphaea & Trochodendron

(e) Trichosclereids : Hair like thin walled sclereids.

Numerous small angular crystals are embedded

in the wall of these sclereids, present in stems

and leaves of hydrophytes.

Ex : Nymphaea leaf & Aerial roots of

Monstera
What are sieve tubes ? Explain.

(i) Sieve tubes are long tube like conducting

elements in the phloem. These are formed from a

series of cells called sieve tube elements

(ii) The sieve tubes elements are arranged one

above the other and form vertical sieve tube.

(iii) The end wall contains a number of pores and

it looks like a sieve. So, it is called as sieve plate

(iv) The sieve elements show numerous

thickenings on their lateral walls

(v) They may possess simple or compound sieve

plates

(vi) The function of sieve tubes are believed to be

controlled by companion cells

(vii) In mature sieve tube, nucleus is absent. It

contains a lining layer of cytoplasm. A special

protein (P. Protein = Phloem Protein) called slime

body is seen in it.

(viii) In mature sieve tube, pores in the sieve

plates are blocked by a substance called callose

(callose plug). The conduction of food material

takes place through cytoplasmic strands. Sieve

tubes occur only in Angiosperms

10.SECONDARY GROWTH
IMPORTANT 2m & 3m
II Mid Term
1.What is Tyloses

● In many dicot plants, the lumen of the xylem

vessels is blocked by many balloon- like
ingrowths from the neighbouring
parenchymatous cells.
● These balloon-like structures are called tyloses
2.Differentiate between interfascicular and
intrafascicular cambium
3.Differentiate - Heart & Sap wood
4.Differentiate between spring wood and autumn
wood
5. D/B Porous wood and Non-porous wood
6.Explain Annual Ring.

● The annual ring denotes the combination of

early wood and late wood and the ring
becomes evident to our eye due to the high
density of late wood.
● Sometimes annual rings are called growth
rings but it should be remembered all the
growth rings are not annual.
● In some trees more than one growth ring is
formed with in a year due to climatic changes.
7.In which season the vessels of angiosperms are
larger in size ? Why ?

● Spring is a season with favourable climatic

conditions, such as Optimum temperature,
light intensity, good soil water source, which
facilitate growth.
● So to optimize photosynthesis and internal
growth, cambium is very active producing
large number of xylary elements such as
vessels and tracheids with wide lumen -
(spring wood) thus increases uptake of water
and minerals to large scale.
8.What is sap wood ?

In any tree the outer part of the wood, which is

paler in colour, is called sap wood or alburnum.
Public Exam
1. D/B Porous wood and Non-porous wood
2.Differentiate - dendrochronology and
dendroclimatology.
 Dendrochronology Dendroclimatology
The determination of the age Dendroclimatology is
of a tree by counting the concerned with
annual rings is called constructing records of
dendrochronology. past climates and climatic
events by analysis of tree
growth characteristics,
especially growth rings.
Each annual ring corresponds It is a branch of
to one year’s growth and on dendrochronology
the basis of these rings, the
age of a particular plant can
easily be calculated.
 11th BOTANY
CHAPTER - 11
IMPORTANT 2m & 3m Marks
What is Imbibition ? Give its significance.

Colloidal systems such as gum, starch,

proteins, cellulose, agar, gelatin when placed
in water, will absorb a large volume of water
and swell up. These substances are called
imbibants and the phenomenon is imbibition.
What is guttation ?

● During high humidity in the atmosphere,

the rate of transpiration is much reduced.
● When plants absorb water in such a condition
root pressure is developed due to excess
water within the plant.
● Thus excess water exudates as liquid from
the edges of the leaves and is called
guttation.
What are the parameters which control water
potential ?

Water potential (Ψ) can be determined by,

1. Solute concentration or Solute potential (ΨS)
2. Pressure potential (ΨP)
By correlating two factors, water potential is
written as,
Differentiate - Passive and Active transport

PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Passive transport utilizes physical Active transport is a biological process

forces like gravity and concentration and it runs based on the energy
obtained from respiration.

No energy expenditure is required Energy is required

It is a downhill process It is an uphill process.

Define transpiration and write their types

The loss of excess of water in the form of

vapour from various aerial parts of the plant is
called transpiration
Transpiration is of following three types :

1.Stomatal transpiration

2.Lenticular transpiration

3.Cuticular transpiration
Explain the types of transpiration

Transpiration is of following three types :

1.Stomatal transpiration

2.Lenticular transpiration

3.Cuticular transpiration
1.Stomatal transpiration

● Stomata - high number on the lower epidermis

of leaves.

● Most dominant form of transpiration 90 - 95%

of water loss in plants

2. Lenticular transpiration

● lens-shaped raised spots are present on the

surface of stem

● The loss of water from lenticels is very

insignificant as it amounts to only 0.1 % of

total
3. Cuticular transpiration

● The cuticle is a waxy or resinous layer of cutin,

a fatty substance covering the epidermis of

leaves and other parts of plant.

● 5 - 10% of total transpiration

● Thickness of cuticle increases in xerophytes

What is diffusion ? Significance of diffusion in
plants

When we expose a lightened incense stick

or mosquito coil or open a perfume bottle
in a closed room, we can smell the odour
everywhere in the room.
This is due to the even distribution of perfume
molecules throughout the room. This process is
called diffusion.
Significance of Diffusion
i. Gaseous exchange of O2 and CO2 between the
atmosphere and stomata of leaves takes place
by the process of diffusion. O2 is absorbed during
respiration and CO2 is absorbed during
photosynthesis.
ii. In transpiration, water vapour from intercellular
spaces diffuses into atmosphere through stomata
by the process of diffusion.
iii. The transport of ions in mineral salts
during passive absorption also takes place
by this process.
Explain Apoplast and Symplast.

In the apoplast pathway, water moves

exclusively through the cell wall or the non-living
part of the plant without crossing any
membrane. The apoplast is a continuous system.
The symplast consists of the entire mass of
cytosol of all the living cells in a plant, as well as
the plasmodesmata.
List out the Non-photosynthetic part of plant
that need supply of sucrose.

Roots, tubers, developing fruits and immature

leaves
What is Lenticel ?

Some pores which looks like lens-shaped raised

spots are present on the surface of the stem
called Lenticels. It aids in gaseous exchange
between living cell and the atmosphere.
What is Aquaporin ?

Aquaporin is a water channel protein embedded

in the plasma membrane. It regulates the
massive amount of water transport across the
membrane.
MINERAL NUTRITION
IMPORTANT 2 & 3
MARKS
What are the minerals deficient & cause
Whiptail disease and little leaf disease ?

● Whiptail disease - Molybdenum is deficient

● Little leaf disease - Zinc is deficient
Micronutrients, macronutrients and unclassified
minerals - compare.
Huge amount of nitrogen is present in the
atmosphere, but higher plants fail to utilize it.
Why ?

● Plants absorb minerals from the soil along

with water with the help of roots. Minerals
are also absorbed as salts
● Nitrogen is present in large quantities in
atmosphere in gaseous form. Th egaseous
nitrogen must be fixed in the form of nitrate
salts in the soil to facilitate absorption by
plant roots
Nitrogen fixation :
● Non-biological means - industrial process
and lightning
● Biological means - Bacteria / cyanobacteria
/ fungi
Why is that in certain plants deficiency
symptoms appear first in young parts of the
parts, while in others they do so in mature
organs ?

When deficiency symptoms appear first, we can

notice the differences in old and younger
leaves. It is mainly due to mobility of minerals.
Based on this, they are classified into
1. Actively mobile minerals and
2. Relatively immobile minerals
a) Actively mobile minerals: Nitrogen,
Phosphorus. Potassium, Magnesium, Chlorine,
Sodium, Zinc and Molybdenum.
Deficiency symptoms first appear on old and
senescent leaves due to active movement of
minerals to younger leaves, than the older
leaves.
b) Relatively immobile minerals: Calcium,
Sulphur, Iron, Boron and Copper. Here,
deficiency symptoms first appear on young
leaves due to the immobile nature of minerals.
Short note on Nepenthes

Plants which are growing in nitrogen deficient

areas develop insectivorous habit to resolve
nitrogen deficiency.
Nepenthes (Pitcher plant): Pitcher is a
modified leaf and contains digestive enzymes.
Rim of the pitcher is provided with nectar
glands and acts as an attractive lid. When insect
is trapped, proteolytic enzymes will digest the
insect.
Write note on Insectivorous mode of Nutrition

Plants which are growing in nitrogen deficient

areas develop insectivorous habit to resolve
nitrogen deficiency.
a. Nepenthes (Pitcher plant):

Pitcher is a modified leaf and contains digestive

enzymes. Rim of the pitcher is provided with nectar

glands and acts as an attractive lid. When insect is

trapped, proteolytic enzymes will digest the insect.

b. Drosera (Sundew) :

It consists of long club shaped leaves with tentacles

that secrete sticky digestive fluid which looks like a

sundew and attracts insects

c. Utricularia (Bladderwort):

Submerged plant in which leaf is modified into a

bladder to collect insect in water.

d. Dionaea (Venus fly trap):

Leaf of this plant modified into a colourful trap. Two

folds of lamina consist of sensitive trigger hairs and

when insects touch the hairs it will close and traps

the insects
Role of nitrogenase enzyme in nitrogen
fixation.

● Nitrogen fixation is the first step in Nitrogen

cycle, during which gaseous nitrogen from
the atmosphere is fixed.
● It required nitrogenase enzyme complex
nitrogenase is active only in anaerobic
condition.
● To create this anaerobic condition, a pigment
known as leghaemoglobin is synthesized in
the nodules which acts as oxygen scavenger
and removes oxygen.
Write any 2 deficiency of Boron.

● Death of root and shoot tips

● premature fall of flowers and fruits
● brown heart of beetroot
● internal cork of apple and
● fruit cracks
1.Describe Emerson’s enhancement effect

Emerson found that the monochromatic light of longer

wavelength (far red light) when supplemented with
shorter wavelength of light (red light) enhanced
photosynthetic yield and recovered red drop
This enhancement of photosynthetic yield is referred
to as Emerson’s Enhancement Effect
2.A tree is believed to be releasing oxygen
during night time. Do you believe truthfulness
of this statement ? Justify your answer by
giving reasons.

There is a belief that certain trees, like aloe vera,

peepal trees, and certain types of palms grown
indoors, release oxygen at night.
● This is not supported by any scientific data. Thus,
it is incorrect.
● This is due to the fact that oxygen is only
produced during light reaction of photosynthesis.
● This reaction can only take place in a bright
environment. Therefore, at night, oxygen cannot be
released.
3. Differentiate between Cyclic and Non Cyclic
photophosphorylation
Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Photosystem
3. Differentiate between Cyclic and Non Cyclic
photophosphorylation
4.Write the overall equation of photosynthesis
5.Plant photosynthesis & bacterial photosynthesis -
Differentiate.
 6. What are Quantasomes ?

● Quantasomes are the morphological expression of

physiological photosynthetic units, located on the
inner membrane of thylakoid lamellae.
● Each quantasome measures about 180 A o × 160 A
o and 100 A o thickness.
 7. Write short note on Photolysis of water.

● The process of Photolysis is associated with

Oxygen Evolving Complex (OEC) or water splitting
complex in pigment system II.
● It is catalysed by the presence of Mn++ and Cl– .
● When the pigment system II is active it receives
light and the water molecule splits into OH– ions
and H+ ions.
● The OH– ions unite to form water molecules again
and release O2 and electrons
Two groups (A & B) of bean plants of
similar size and same leaf area were placed in
identical conditions. Group A was exposed to
light of wavelength 400-450 nm & Group B to
light of wavelength of 500-550 nm. Compare
the photosynthetic rate of the 2 groups giving
reasons.
● ‘A’ Group of plants exposed to light of 400 - 450
nm.
● The greatest absorption peak of chlorophyll a
may be seen at 450 nm (blue region). Thus,
there was a high rate of photosynthesis.
● ‘B’ group of plants exposed to light of 500 - 550
nm.
● The green region of the spectrum is represented
by this wavelength.
● Instead of absorbing light in the green area,
chlorophyll reflects it.
● So, though plants look green, their rate of
photosynthesis was very low.
Grasses have an adaptive mechanism to
compensate photorespiratory losses-Name
and describe the mechanism.

Physiological adaptation allows certain grasses to

balance photorespiration losses. Photosynthesis
takes place in bundle sheath cells and mesophyll
cells.
Mesophyll cells:
a) Initially CO2 is taken up by Phosphoenol pyruvate
(PEPA) (3C) and changed to oxaloacetate (4C) in the
presence of PEP carboxylase.
b) Oxaloacetate is reduced to Malate/Aspartate. The
product formed reaches the bundle sheath.
Bundle Sheath:
a) The oxidation of Malate and Aspartate occurs
with release of carbon dioxide & formation of
Pyruvate (3C)
b) Due to increased CO2 concentration RUBISCO,
functions as carboxylase and not as Oxygenase.
c) The photosynthetic losses are prevented.
d) RUBP operates now under the calvin cycle and
pyruvate transported back to Mesophyll cells is
changed into Phosphoenol pyruvate to keep the
cycle going.
14. RESPIRATION
Important 2m & 3m
IMPORTANT 2 Marks
1.Define respiratory quotient

● The ratio of volume of carbon dioxide given out

and volume of oxygen taken in during respiration
is called Respiratory Quotient or Respiratory
ratio.
● RQ value depends upon respiratory substrates
and their oxidation
1.Define respiratory quotient
2.Krebs cycle is amphibolic. Give reasons

● Krebs cycle is primarily a catabolic pathway, but

it provides precursors for various biosynthetic
pathways there by an anabolic pathway too.
● Hence, it is called amphibolic pathway
3.Give the overall equation of respiration.
4.What is substrate phosphorylation

Direct transfer of phosphate moiety from substrate

molecule to ADP and is converted into ATP is called
substrate phosphorylation or direct phosphorylation
or trans phosphorylation
Enzymes involved in Phosphorylation and
dephosphorylation in EMP pathway.

Enzymes involved in Phosphorylation :

1.Hexokinase
2.Phosphofructokinase
6.Glyceraldehyde - 3- Phosphate dehydrogenase
Enzymes involved in Dephosphorylation :
7. Phosphoglycerate kinase
10.Pyruvate kinase
IMPORTANT 3 Marks
Respiratory quotient is zero in succulent
plants. Why ?

Respiratory quotient is zero in succulent plants like

opuntia, Bryophyllum carbohydrates are partially
oxidised to organic to acid, particularly malic acid
without corresponding release of CO2 but O2 is
consumed hence the RQ value will be zero
OTHER POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
1.How alcoholic beverages like beer and wine
are made?

● The conversion of pyruvate to ethanol takes

place in malted barley and grapes through
fermentation.
● Yeast Carryout this process under anaerobic
conditions and this conversion increases ethanol
concentration.
● If the concentration increases Its toxic effect
kills yeast cells and the left out is called beer and
wine respectively.
2.Name some High energy compounds
present in a cell

● ATP → Adenosine Triphosphate

● GTP → Guanosine Triphosphate
● UTP → Uridine Triphosphate
3.What is compensation point ?

The point at which CO2 released in respiration is

exactly compensated by CO2 fixed in photosynthesis
that means no net gaseous exchange takes place, it
is called the compensation point.
4.Write down any two significance of the
pentose phosphate pathway.

Two significance of pentose phosphate pathway:

1. HMP shunt is associated with the generation of
two important products.
2. Coenzyme NADPH generated is used for reductive
biosynthesis and counter damaging the effects of
oxygen-free radicals.
15. PLANT GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Important 2m & 3m
1. What are the applications of Vernalization ?
(HY 2022) (Pg.287)

● Vernalization shortens the vegetative period and

induces the plant to flower earlier.
● It increases the cold resistance of the plants
● It increases the resistance of plants to fungal
disease.
● Plant breeding can be accelerated
2. What is Richmond Lang Effect ?
(HY 2023) (Pg.283)

Application of cytokinin delays the process of aging

by nutrient mobilization. It is known as Richmond
Lang effect.
3. Define Apical Dominance. (HY 2022) (Pg.281)

Suppression of growth in lateral bud by apical bud

due to auxin produced by apical bud is termed as
apical dominance.
4. Write the Physiological effects of cytokinin.
(HY 2022) (Pg.283)

● Cytokinin promotes cell division in the presence

of auxin (IAA).
● Cytokinin can break the dormancy of certain
light-sensitive seeds like tobacco and induces
seed germination
● Cytokinin promotes the growth of lateral bud in
the presence of apical bud.
● Application of cytokinin delays the process of
aging by nutrient mobilization. It is known as
Richmond Lang effect.
● Cytokinin (i) increases rate protein synthesis (ii)
induces the formation of interfascicular
cambium (iii) overcomes apical dominance (iv)
induces formation of new leaves, chloroplast and
lateral shoots.
● Plants accumulate solutes very actively with the
help of cytokinins.
6. Define Bolting. (HY 2022) (Pg.282)

Rosette plants (genetic dwarfism) exhibit excessive

internodal growth when they are treated with
gibberellins. This sudden elongation of stem
followed by flowering by the application of
gibberellin is called bolting
7. What are Long Day Plants ? (HY 2023) (Pg.285)

● The plants that require long critical day length

for flowering are called long day plants or short
night plants.
● Example: Pea, Barley and Oats.
8. Explain the types of Seed Germination
(HY 2022) (Pg.287)

There are two methods of seed germination.

Epigeal and hypogeal.
i. Epigeal seed germination
During epigeal germination cotyledons are pushed
out of the soil. This happens due to the elongation
of the hypocotyl.
Example: Castor and Bean.
ii. Hypogeal seed germination
During hypogeal germination cotyledons remain
below the soil due to rapid elongation of epicotyls
Example: Maize, Pea.
9. State any 3 characteristic features of
phytohormones. (Pg.280)

● Usually produced in tips of roots, stems and

leaves.
● They are required in trace quantities.
● All hormones are organic in nature
10. What is Grand period of growth ? (Pg.277)

● The total period from initial to the final stage of

growth is called the grand period of growth.
● The total growth is plotted against time and ‘S’
shaped sigmoid curve (Grand period curve) is
obtained
● It consists of four phases.
● They are:
i. Lag phase ii. Log phase
iii. Decelerating phase iv. Maturation phase