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module 2 Fractal Geometry lecture

Fractals are infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar across different scales, created by repeating a simple process. The document discusses various types of fractals, including the Mandelbrot set, Koch snowflake, and Cantor set, along with their mathematical properties and applications in fields like biology and astrophysics. It also includes a practice problem for creating a box fractal and calculating its dimension.

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129 views34 pages

module 2 Fractal Geometry lecture

Fractals are infinitely complex patterns that are self-similar across different scales, created by repeating a simple process. The document discusses various types of fractals, including the Mandelbrot set, Koch snowflake, and Cantor set, along with their mathematical properties and applications in fields like biology and astrophysics. It also includes a practice problem for creating a box fractal and calculating its dimension.

Uploaded by

lessgamez2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FRACTALS GEOMETRY

Assignment
Bring the following item next meeting (individual):

1. Ruler
2. Pencil (sharpened)
My soul is spiraling frozen FRACTALS all around
What are fractals?
What are fractals?
Consider the fern on the left.
What property do the blade, the pinnae,
and the pinnules share?

They are similar in shape.


What are fractals?
Fractals are never-ending patterns, and are infinitely complex patterns that
are self-similar across different scales. They are created by repeating a
simple process over and over in a ongoing feedback loop.

The word “fractal” was coined in 1980 by


Belgian mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot
(1924-2010). Mandelbrot chose the name
fractal because it reminds him of the word
“fraction”. This was after he realized that these
self-similar shapes have the property of not
being one-dimensional, or two-dimensional, or
even three-dimensional, but instead, of
fractional dimension.
Where are fractals?

Ice crystals

Pinecone

Romanesco Broccoli
Where are fractals?

20 times magnification of Running electricity between two nails sunk in


dendritic copper crystals a piece of wet pine
forming
Where are fractals?

Leaves

Tree branches Bubbles


Fractal Dimension
Given a line segment, to have a length ½ (s = ½) of the
original, the line segment must be divided into two equal
parts (n = 2). To achieve s = 1/3, the segment must be
divided into 3 equal parts (n = 3).

Reduction in size
Dimensions
s=1 s = 1/2 s = 1/3
1 n=1 n=2 n=3
2
3
Fractal Dimension
To achieve squares with lengths ½ of the original (s = ½),
4 squares must be generated. Similarly, s = 1/3 requires
9 squares.

Reduction in size
Dimensions
s=1 s = 1/2 s = 1/3
1 n=1 n=2 n=3
2 n=1 n=4 n=9
3
Fractal Dimension
To achieve cubes with lengths ½ of the original (s = ½), 8
cubes must be generated. Similarly, s = 1/3 requires 27
cubes.

Reduction in size
Dimensions
s=1 s = 1/2 s = 1/3
1 n=1 n=2 n=3
2 n=1 n=4 n=9
3 n=1 n=8 n = 27
Fractal Dimension
Reduction in size
Dimensions
s=1 s = 1/2 s = 1/3
1 n=1 n=2 n=3
2 n=1 n=4 n=9
3 n=1 n=8 n = 27
Mandelbrot Set
The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of fractal sets
and to a particular instance of such a set. In general, a Mandelbrot set marks
the set of points in the complex plane.
Mandelbrot Set
Mandelbrot Set
The region of the set centered around – 0.75 + 0.1i is sometimes known as
the sea horse valley because the spiral shapes appearing in it resemble sea
horse tails (Giffin, Munafo).
SEA HORSE VALLEY
Mandelbrot Set
Similarly, the portion of the Mandelbrot set centered around 0.3 + 0i with
size approximately 0.1 + 0.1i is know as elephant valley.
ELEPHANT VALLEY
Mandelbrot Set
Mandelbrot Set
Mandelbrot Set
Koch Snowflake
The Koch Snowflake was created by the
Swedish Mathematician Niels Fabian Helge
von Koch. In his paper entitled “Sur une
courbe continue sans tangente, obtenue par
une construction geometrique elementaire”
he used the Koch Snowflske to show that it is
possible to have figures that are continuous
everywhere but differentiable nowhere.
Koch Edge

Start with a line segment. Divide the line segment into 3 equal parts (s = 1/3),
with middle part replaced with two linear segments at angles 60 0 and 1200,
producing a figure with 4 line segments (n = 4).
Repeat the steps to each line segment.
Koch Edge
Koch Snowflake
Cantor Set
Georg Cantor (1845 – 1918) was the founder of set theory. He is also noted for
studying one of the first fractal shapes. The Cantor set is formed by following the
algorithm: (1) start with a line segment; (2) divide the line segment into thirds; (3)
remove the middle third line segment, (4) iterate further.
Sierpinski Triangle
Named after Polish mathematician Waclaw Sierpinski, the triangle is one of the
simplest fractal shapes in existence.
Fractal Applications

Astrophysicists believe that the key


to finding out how stars were
formed is the fractal nature of
interstellar gas, like smoke trail or
clouds in the sky. Both are shaped
by turbulence, giving them an
irregular but repetitive pattern that
would not be possible to describe
without the help of fractals.
Fractal Applications
Biology – some systems are best described using fractals

Self-similarity in Cerebral arteriovenous


chromosomes & DNA malformation, 3D CT Scan
Fractal Applications
Fractal based devices

Computer chip cooling Space-filling fractal devices for


circuit high precision fluid mixing
Practice Problem
Using the base and motif, create a box fractal following the following steps.
After which, solve for the fractal’s dimension.

Creating the box fractal using the method of successive removals.


1. Draw a square.
2. For each side, divide them into three equal parts.
3. Remove the middle thirds, and replace it with 3 line segment, as
indicated in the motif.
4. Repeat steps 2 – 3 for all line segments.

base motif

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