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physicsproject-210316160224

The document is an acknowledgment and project report on logic gates, expressing gratitude to the school principal and physics teacher for their support. It provides an introduction to logic gates, their principles, and details on various types such as OR, AND, NOT, NOR, and NAND gates, including their Boolean expressions and truth tables. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of logic gates in electronics and their applications.

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7 views15 pages

physicsproject-210316160224

The document is an acknowledgment and project report on logic gates, expressing gratitude to the school principal and physics teacher for their support. It provides an introduction to logic gates, their principles, and details on various types such as OR, AND, NOT, NOR, and NAND gates, including their Boolean expressions and truth tables. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of logic gates in electronics and their applications.

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cqcswthhxx
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and


sincere thanks to the school Principal, Mr.
Shyam babu shukla for his encouragement and
provided facilities for this school project. I
sincerely appreciate his generosity by taking
me into his fold for which I shall remain
indebted to him. I extent my appreciation to Ms.
Archana ma’am, our physics teacher who
guided me to the successful competition of this
project. I take this opportunity to express my
deep sense of gratitude to her invaluable
guidance, ongoing encouragement, enormous
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at
all the stages of project development.
CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• THEORY
• BASIC GATES
o OR gate
o AND gate
o NOT gate
• NOR gate
• NAND gate
• CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
GATE :-
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which
follows some logical relation ship between the
input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit
which either allows a signal to pass through or
stop the signal.
TRUTH TABLE :-
A logic gate may have one or more than one
inputs, But it has only one output.The
relationship between the possible values of
input and output voltages are expressed in the
form of a table called Truth table
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA:-
The algebra which is based on binary nature of
logic gates.
BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS:-
They are logical statement which are followed by
logical statement.
PRINCIPLE OF LOGIC GATES
In this digital world of electronics, the
information is stored in the form of bits
(Binary). Certain arithmetical operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division are to be performed on these
bits. The combination of ‘Arithmetic
Operation’ with certain ‘logic’ using binary
numbers was established by Leibniz. Further,
the electrical circuits of switching based on
vacuum tubes were designed. The invention
of relays replaced the ‘vacuum tubes’ in
switching circuits. Finally, all the inventions
lead to the destination of the logic gate.
As there was a step by step revolutions in
digital electronics, Konrad Zuse is the man
who was behind the development and the
design of ‘Electrochemical Logic Gate’. The
‘Boolean Algebra’ and the switching operation
from then on were carried out by the logic
gates.
Basic Gates
The OR Gate: -
It is a device that combines A and B to give Y as the
result. The OR gate has two or more inputs and one
output . In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+), is
referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.

TRUTH TABLE
The AND Gate: -
It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the
result. The AND gate has two or more inputs and one
output . In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign is referred
as the AND.
The Boolean expression: A.B=Y o r A X B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A and B.

TRUTH TABLE
The NOT Gate: -
It is a device that inverts the inputs.The NOT has one input
and has one output . In Boolean algebra, bar symbol is
referred as the NOT.
The Boolean expression: Z=A’
This indicates that Z is not equal to A.

TRUTH TABLE
The NOR Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE
NOR GATE CIRCUIT.

Component:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
An ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:


If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the
input of a NOT gate, then the gate obtained is the
NOR gate. The output Y is voltage at C with
respect to earth.

In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed


as:
The following inference can be easily drawn
from the working of electrical circuit:

(i) If the switch A and B is kept open (A=0,


B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1.

(ii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept


open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb glows,
Hence Y=0.

(iii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept


closed (A=0, B=1) then the bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.

(iv) If the both switch A and B are kept closed


(A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence
Y=0.
The NAND Gate
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NAND
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2)
A resistance R
An ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:


If we connect the output Y’ of the AND gate to
the input of a NOT gate then the gate obtained
is the NAND gate. The output Y is voltage at C
with respect to earth.
In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as:
The following inference can be easily drawn
from the working of circuit:

(i) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=0,


B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1.

(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept


closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb glows, hence
Y=1

(iii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept


open (A=1, B=0), then bulb glows, hence
Y=1

(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed


(A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence
Y=0.
CONCLUSION

IN ELECTRONICS, A LOGIC GATE IS AN IDEALIZED


OVER PHYSICAL DEVICE IMPLEMENTING A
BOOLEAN FUNCTION,THAT IS , IT PERFORMS A
LOGICAL OPERATION ON ONE OR MORE LOGICAL
INPUTS AND PRODUCES A SINGLE LOGICAL
OUTPUT,DEPENDING ON THE CONTEXT THE TERM
MAY REFER TO AN IDEAL LOGIC GATE OR IT MAY
REFER TO A NON-IDEAL PHYSICAL DEVICE.
WHENEVER THE OCCURRENCE OF ONE OR MORE
THAN ONE EVENT IS NEEDED TO BE DECTED OR
SOME ACTIONS ARE TO BE TAKEN AFTER THEIR
OCCURRENCE,IN ALL THOSE CASES OR GATE
CAN BE USED.THERE ARE MAINLY TWO
APPLICATIONS OF AND GATE AS ENABLE GATE
AND INHIBIT GATE.NOT GATE INVERT THE
OUTPUT GIVEN TO THEM AND SHOW THE
REVERSE RESULT.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WWW.GOOGLE.COM
HELP FORM MY TEACHERS
WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
I HAVE TAKEN HELP FORM SOME BOOKS

THANK
YOU
BIBLIOGRAPHY

WWW.GOOGLE.COM
HELP FORM MY TEACHERS
WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

THANK
YOU

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