Scribd
Upload
4 views

Multiscale

The document discusses mathematical foundations relevant to image processing, focusing on inverse problems, convolution properties, and interpolation techniques. It outlines the inverse problem framework for reconstructing images from measurements, the translation equivariance of convolutions, and the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem for signal reconstruction. Additionally, it covers bicubic interpolation and the cubic interpolation kernel used for smooth image transitions.

Uploaded by

padahet754
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

Multiscale

The document discusses mathematical foundations relevant to image processing, focusing on inverse problems, convolution properties, and interpolation techniques. It outlines the inverse problem framework for reconstructing images from measurements, the translation equivariance of convolutions, and the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem for signal reconstruction. Additionally, it covers bicubic interpolation and the cubic interpolation kernel used for smooth image transitions.

Uploaded by

padahet754
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Mathematical Foundations of Image Processing

PS-O5
February 13, 2025

1 The Inverse Problem Framework


In many imaging tasks, we aim to reconstruct an unknown image x from observed mea-
surements y. This is typically modeled as:

y = A(x) + η, (1)
where:

• A : X → Y is a forward operator modeling the image formation process,

• η represents noise or uncertainties in the measurement.

The goal of inverse problems is to recover x from y, often through an optimization


problem:

x̂ = arg min ∥A(x) − y∥2 + λR(x), (2)


x

where R(x) is a regularization term and λ controls the trade-off between data fidelity
and regularization.

2 Translation Equivariance of Convolutions


A convolutional operator is defined as:
Z
(f ∗ g)(x) = f (x − t)g(t) dt. (3)
Rd
Convolutions exhibit translation equivariance, meaning that if Ta is a translation
operator, then:

Ta (f ∗ g) = (Ta f ) ∗ g. (4)
That is, shifting the input function f before convolution results in the same shift in
the output.

1
3 Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem
The Nyquist–Shannon theorem states that a bandlimited signal x(t) with maximum fre-
quency fmax can be perfectly reconstructed from discrete samples taken at a rate of at
least:

fs ≥ 2fmax . (5)
Reconstruction is achieved using the interpolation formula:
∞  
X t − nT
x(t) = xn sinc , (6)
n=−∞
T
sin(πx) 1
where sinc(x) = πx
and T = fs
is the sampling interval.

4 Bicubic Interpolation Formula


Bicubic interpolation extends bilinear interpolation by considering a 4 × 4 grid of neigh-
boring pixels. It is given by:
2
X 2
X
f (x, y) = cij R(x − i)R(y − j), (7)
i=−1 j=−1

where:

• cij are interpolation coefficients,

• R(x) is the cubic interpolation kernel.

5 The Cubic Interpolation Kernel


The standard cubic interpolation kernel is:

3 2
(a + 2)|x| − (a + 3)|x| + 1, 0 ≤ |x| < 1,

R(x) = a|x|3 − 5a|x|2 + 8a|x| − 4a, 1 ≤ |x| < 2, (8)

0, |x| ≥ 2.

A common choice is a = −0.5, which provides smooth results while avoiding excessive
blurring.

You might also like