Lab Report 11

RLC Stimulated Circuit

Course: Electrical Engineering (EE-103)

Muhammad Abdullah 460901

Muhammad Aman Raza 465416
Muhammad Asim Shah 470574
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All figures, Most figures, tables contain
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tables are correctly
Results: data, correctly drawn, OK, some still constructed, have
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figures, graphs, but missing some missing.
numbered, and
tables, etc. some have minor important or titles, captions or
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discussed; partial
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Conclusion been clearly made; been drawn, could but many.
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References
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Table of Contents
Lab Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Series RLC Circuit .................................................................................................................................. 4
Leading and Lagging Quantities in each component .............................................................................. 4
Voltage for a Series RLC Circuit ............................................................................................................ 6
Reactance ................................................................................................................................................ 7
• Inductive Reactance (𝑿𝑳) .......................................................................................................... 7
• Capacitive Reactance (𝑿𝑪 ) ....................................................................................................... 7
Lab Task: ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Analysis of the Graphs from the RLC Circuit Simulation .................................................................... 10
• Graph 1: Voltages across Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor ................................................... 10
• Graph 2: Voltage across Inductor and Current between Inductor & Capacitor ....................... 10
• Graph 3: Voltage across Capacitor and Current between Inductor & Capacitor ..................... 11
Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 12
References ............................................................................................................................................. 13

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RLC Stimulated Circuit in Proteus

Lab Objectives
• To construct RLC circuit in Proteus

• To understand and analyze the working of circuit and the behavior of graph by
changing the corresponding Capacitance, Inductance and Resistance

Series RLC Circuit

An RLC circuit consists of three key components: resistor, inductor, and capacitor, all
connected to a voltage supply. These components are passive components, meaning they
absorb energy, and linear, indicating a direct relationship between voltage and current.

RLC circuits can be connected in several ways, with series and parallel connections being the
most common. Unlike LC circuits, which oscillate indefinitely, the resistor in an RLC circuit
causes the oscillations to decay more rapidly. In a series RLC circuit, the resistor, inductor, and
capacitor are linked one after another with the voltage supply, creating a continuous path for
the current. Since all these components are connected in series, the current in each element
remains the same. [1]

Figure 1 Series RLC Circuit

Leading and Lagging Quantities in each component

The series RLC circuit above has a single loop with the instantaneous current flowing through
the loop being the same for each circuit element. Since the inductive and capacitive reactance’s
XL and XC are a function of the supply frequency, the sinusoidal response of a series RLC
circuit will therefore vary with frequency, ƒ. Then the individual voltage drops across each
circuit element of R, L and C element will be “out-of-phase” with each other as defined by:

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𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡)

The instantaneous voltage across a pure resistor, VR is “in-phase” with current

The instantaneous voltage across a pure inductor, VL “leads” the current by 90o

The instantaneous voltage across a pure capacitor, VC “lags” the current by 90o

Therefore, VL and VC are 180o “out-of-phase” and in opposition to each other.

Figure 2 series RLC circuit waveforms

The amplitude of the source voltage across all three components in a series RLC circuit is made
up of the three individual component voltages, VR, VL and VC with the current common to all
three components.

Figure 3 Individual Voltage Vectors

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Figure 4 Phasor Diagram for a Series RLC Circuit

Voltage for a Series RLC Circuit

So we can see that the amplitude of the source voltage is proportional to the amplitude of the
current flowing through the circuit. This proportionality constant is called the Impedance of
the circuit which ultimately depends upon the resistance and the inductive and capacitive
reactance’s.

Then in the series RLC circuit above, it can be seen that the opposition to current flow is
made up of three components, XL, XC and R with the reactance, XT of any series RLC circuit
being defined as: XT = XL – XC or XT = XC – XL whichever is greater. Thus the total
impedance of the circuit being thought of as the voltage source required to drive a current
through it. [2]

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Reactance
Reactance is the opposition offered by the capacitor and inductor in a circuit to the flow of AC
current in the circuit. It is quite similar to Resistance, but reactance varies with the frequency
of the ac voltage source. It is measured in ohms.

• Inductive Reactance (𝑿𝑳 )

Inductive reactance is the opposition offered by the inductor in an AC circuit to the flow of AC
current. It is represented by (XL) and measured in ohms (Ω). Inductive reactance is mostly low
for lower frequencies and high for higher frequencies. It is, however, negligible for steady DC
current.

Inductive Reactance, 𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳

• Capacitive Reactance (𝑿𝑪 )

What is capacitive reactance? The definition of capacitive reactance states that it is the
opposition offered by a capacitor to the flow of AC current in the AC circuit. A capacitor
opposes the changes in the potential difference or the voltage across its plates. Capacitive
reactance is said to be inversely proportional to the capacitance and the signal frequency. It is
normally represented by (Xc) and measured in the SI unit of ohm (Ω).

Capacitive reactance, 𝑿𝒄 = 𝟏/𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪 [3]

Lab Task:

Figure 5 RLC Circuit schematic

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Circuit schematic

Graph 1 Voltage of resistor, voltage of inductor , voltage of capacitor

Graph 3 Green curve = Voltage of capacitor and red line =current in between inductor and
capacitor

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Graph 2 Green curve = Voltage of inductor and red line = current in between inductor and
capacitor

Figure 6 CRO output of resistor (yellow),output of inductor (blue ), output of capacitor (red)

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Analysis of the Graphs from the RLC Circuit Simulation

• Graph 1: Voltages across Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor

Observations:

1. The green and red curves (inductor and capacitor voltages) are sinusoidal and exhibit a phase
difference.

• Inductor voltage leads capacitor voltage by 90° in an ideal series RLC circuit.

• The resistor voltage (blue curve) aligns with the current waveform.

2. The amplitude of the voltages varies depending on the reactive properties of the circuit.

Effects of Parameter Changes:

Resistance : Increasing R reduces the amplitude of all voltages due to higher damping and
energy dissipation.

Inductance : Increasing L increases the inductive reactance, shifting the phase of 𝑉𝐿 and
increasing the amplitude of 𝑉𝐿 .

Capacitance : Increasing C reduces capacitive reactance, decreasing 𝑉𝐶 's amplitude while

affecting the overall resonance frequency.

• Graph 2: Voltage across Inductor and Current between Inductor &

Capacitor
Observations:

1. The voltage across the inductor leads the current by 90°, which is characteristic of inductive behavior.

2. The current (red line) is steady, indicating a resonance or near-resonance condition.

Effects of Parameter Changes:

Resistance : Increased resistance reduces the peak current due to greater damping.

Inductance : Increasing L shifts the green curve, showing a higher peak voltage () at resonance.

Capacitance : Altering C changes the resonance frequency, modifying the point of maximum and
current.

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• Graph 3: Voltage across Capacitor and Current between Inductor &

Capacitor
Observations:

1. The voltage across the capacitor lags the current by 90° , demonstrating capacitive behavior.

2. Current is steady, similar to Graph 2, highlighting resonance conditions.

Effects of Parameter Changes:

Resistance : Increasing R reduces the current amplitude and due to higher energy loss.

Inductance : Increasing L reduces current amplitude at off-resonance conditions but increases

it at resonance.

Capacitance : Higher capacitance reduces 's amplitude at resonance due to lower reactance,
affecting the circuit's resonant frequency.

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Discussion
The experiment aimed to construct and simulate a series RLC circuit using Proteus to analyze
its behavior under varying parameters of resistance, inductance, and capacitance. The circuit
was designed to observe the voltages across the resistor, inductor, and capacitor, as well as the
relationship between the current and voltages under resonance and off-resonance conditions.

The first graph displayed the sinusoidal voltages across the resistor, inductor, and capacitor.
The phase differences between these voltages highlight the distinct reactive properties of the
components. The resistor voltage 𝑉𝑅 aligned with the current, while the inductor voltage 𝑉𝐿 led
the capacitor voltage 𝑉𝐶 by 90° . This phase behavior confirmed the fundamental
characteristics of RLC circuits. By varying R, the damping effect on the circuit was evident,
reducing the amplitude of all voltage waveforms. Similarly, changes in L and C altered the
reactive properties, affecting the resonance frequency and voltage amplitudes.

The second graph, showing the voltage across the inductor and the current in the circuit,
demonstrated the inductive behavior where 𝑉𝐿 led the current by 90°. Adjustments to the circuit
parameters influenced the peak amplitude of the inductor voltage and the circuit's overall
current. This behavior was critical for understanding the energy storage and phase-shifting
nature of inductors in AC circuits.

The third graph, showing the voltage across the capacitor and the current in the circuit,
illustrated the capacitive behavior where 𝑉𝑐 lagged the current by 90°. Increasing the
capacitance decreased the reactance 𝑋𝑐 , leading to a reduction in the amplitude of 𝑉𝐶 and
shifting the circuit's resonance point.

Conclusion
This experiment provided a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic behavior of series
RLC circuits under varying circuit parameters. The simulation in Proteus effectively illustrated
the relationships between voltages and currents in the circuit, as well as the impact of resonance
and damping. By analyzing the graphs, it was evident that adjusting R, L or C significantly
influenced the circuit's performance, including resonance frequency, phase shifts, and energy
dissipation. This experiment emphasized the importance of RLC circuits in practical
applications, such as filters and oscillators, and reinforced fundamental concepts of AC circuit
analysis.

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References
[1] Electrical4U, “RLC Circuit Analysis (Series And Parallel) – Clearly Explained |
Electrical4U,” https://www.electrical4u.com/, Apr. 16, 2021.
https://www.electrical4u.com/rlc-circuit/

[2] “Series RLC Circuit and RLC Series Circuit Analysis,” Basic Electronics Tutorials,
Jun. 25, 2013. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/series-circuit.html

[3] “Inductive Reactance and Capacitive Reactance - Definition, Formulas, Phasor

Diagram,” BYJUS. https://byjus.com/jee/inductive-reactance-and-capacitive-reactance/

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