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Revie
vieww of Endodontics and
Oper ativ
ativee Dentis
Operativ tr
tryy
Dentistr
Revie
vieww of Endodontics and
Oper ativ
ativee Dentis
Operativ tr
tryy
Dentistr

Nisha Garg MDS (GDC, Patiala)

Consultant Endodontist
Faridabad, Haryana
India

Amit Garg MDS (PGIMS, Rohtak)

Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
Faridabad, Haryana
India

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Review of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry

© 2008, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers

All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means:
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher.

This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by authors is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material,
but the publisher, printer and authors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters are to be
settled under Delhi jurisdiction only.

First Edition: 2008

ISBN 978-81-8448-386-4
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at Ajanta Press
 To
Our Beloved Daughter
Prisha
 Preface

With such a vast amount of literature present in dentistry, sometimes it seems frustrating and overwhelming as
being surrounded by books of all sorts providing the knowledge and yet not having the touch and how to attempt
an answer in the examination. We felt the need of simple, systematized and comprehensive book to cover the
maximum syllabus in shorter time.
Being an exam-oriented book, this acts as a guide and companion to neutralize the confusions and apprehensions
occurring during the exams. The attempt has been made to solve long and short questions commonly asked during
various university examinations over the 20 years.
It includes all the topics presented in the syllabus given by DCI in simple and easy language.
This book has been arranged in simple, small chapters illustrated with tables, charts and line diagrams which are
easy to remember and reproduce during the examination .
We await the response and suggestions regarding this book for its further improvement.

Nisha Garg
[email protected]

Amit Garg
[email protected]
 Acknowledgments

First and foremost, we bow in gratitude to Almighty God. With His blessing, it is possible to complete our project.
We personally express our thanks to all our teachers, friends and colleagues who helped us directly and indirectly
to complete this project.
We acknowledge our sincere thanks to Shri JP Vij, Chairman and Managing Director and Mr. Tarun Duneja,
General Manager (Publishing) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi and their devoted
staff for their acceptance and endeavour to bring out this text in book form.
 Contents

Section One: Endodontics

1. Introduction to Endodontics ..................................................................................................................... 3
2. Pulp and Periapex ....................................................................................................................................... 4
3. Pathologies of Dental Pulp ..................................................................................................................... 12
4. Pathologies of Periradicular Tissues ..................................................................................................... 19
5. Endodontic Microbiology ....................................................................................................................... 24
6. Diagnostic Methods ................................................................................................................................. 26
7. Case Selection and Treatment Planning .............................................................................................. 32
8. Basic Endodontic Instruments ............................................................................................................... 37
9. Principles of Access Cavity Preparation .............................................................................................. 46
10. Working Length Determination ............................................................................................................ 49
11. Root Canal Irrigants ................................................................................................................................. 53
12. Root Canal Medicaments ........................................................................................................................ 56
13. Cleaning and Shaping of Root Canals .................................................................................................. 58
14. Obturation of Root Canal ........................................................................................................................ 63
15. Mid Treatment Flare-Ups ........................................................................................................................ 72
16. Endodontic Emergencies ......................................................................................................................... 74
17. Endodontic Mishaps ................................................................................................................................ 76
18. Endodontic Failures and Retreatment .................................................................................................. 80
19. Single Visit Endodontics ......................................................................................................................... 83
20. Restoration of Endodontically Treated Teeth ..................................................................................... 85
21. Surgical Endodontics ............................................................................................................................... 90
22. Endodontic Periodontic Interrelationship ........................................................................................... 96
23. Management of Dental Traumatic Injuries ....................................................................................... 100
24. Bleaching of Discolored Teeth ............................................................................................................. 107
25. Dentin Hypersensitivity ........................................................................................................................ 110
26. Pediatric Endodontics ............................................................................................................................ 112
xii Review of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry

Section Two: Operative Dentistry

27. Introduction to Operative Dentistry ................................................................................................... 119
28. Basic Concepts ......................................................................................................................................... 120
29. Dental Caries ........................................................................................................................................... 124
30. Dental Materials ..................................................................................................................................... 132
31. Fundamentals of Tooth Preparation ................................................................................................... 144
32. Basic Instruments of Operative Dentistry ......................................................................................... 153
33. The Operating Field ............................................................................................................................... 164
34. Matrices, Retainers and Tooth Separation ......................................................................................... 170
35. The Amalgam Restorations ................................................................................................................... 175
36. Pin Retained Restorations ..................................................................................................................... 180
37. Concepts of Bonding .............................................................................................................................. 183
38. Tooth-Colored Restorations.................................................................................................................. 186
39. Direct Filling Gold ................................................................................................................................. 198
40. Cast Metal Restorations ......................................................................................................................... 204
41. Restoration of Badly Decayed Posterior Teeth ................................................................................. 212
42. Management of Cervical and Noncarious Lesions .......................................................................... 215
43. Pulpal Response to Caries and Operative Procedures .................................................................... 219
44. Interim Restorations ............................................................................................................................... 221
45. Finishing and Polishing ........................................................................................................................ 223
46. Microleakage ........................................................................................................................................... 225
47. Lasers in Dentistry .................................................................................................................................. 227
48. Antibiotic Prophylaxis ........................................................................................................................... 228

Index ........................................................................................................................................................... 229

 Suggested Reading

Section One: Endodontics

• Textbook of Endodontics by Nisha Garg and Amit Garg.
• Endodontics by L I Grossman
• Endodontic Therapy by FS Weine
• Pathways of Pulp by Stephen Cohen
• Principles and Practice of Endodontics by Walton and Torbinejad
• Endodontics by Stock and Gulabiwala
• Surgical Endodontics by Guttmann.

Section Two: Operative Dentistry

• Sturdvent”s Art and Science of Operative Dentistry.
• Principles and Practice of Operative Dentistry by Charbeneau
• Craig”s Restorative Dental Materials
• Textbook of Operative Dentistry by Vimal K Sikri
Other documents randomly have
different content
opponent, who, nothing loth, met him, and they fought right
and left with both hands, King getting well on the nose and
forehead, Broome landing on the chest and neck, the
“pepper-box” being freely handed from one to the other. This
bout was finished by Broome getting to close quarters, when
King picked him up in his arms, and by sheer strength threw
him, after a good struggle, and fell upon him.
3.—​Both came up piping when time was called;
nevertheless, they commenced as soon as they were within
distance by right and left deliveries, Broome getting fairly on
to King’s neck and forehead; King delivering his left on the
nose and jaw; Broome getting his left on the neck heavily,
grazing the skin and drawing the blood. King at the same
time landing his left on Broome’s forehead, made the first
event (first blood) equal. They then closed, and exchanges
took place until Broome went to grass.
4.—​As Broome came up, the effects of the blow delivered
by King upon his forehead were very apparent, there being a
lump with a cut, while King had his right cheek and chest
flushed. Broome, who evidently thought he had only to go in
and win, fought very fast, which tactics met the ideas of the
candidate for the championship, for they fought furiously with
both hands, until Broome was knocked down by a right-
hander on the jaw. The quick fighting that had taken place,
and the eagerness of the combatants, can be well explained
by stating that the time occupied in the four rounds was only
four minutes.
5.—​Broome, who appeared to have had the worst of the
previous round, came up smiling, and, in point of fact, forced
the fighting by leading off with his left at the head, which was
rendered ineffective by King getting home with his left on the
nose. This brought on some heavy exchanges with both
hands, King getting well on the forehead and nose, receiving
on the chest and cheek until they got to the ropes, where the
same tactics were pursued until they closed, when King
proved himself much the stronger man, as he picked up
Broome, and, after a short struggle, threw him, landing his
right on the chest as Broome fell.
6.—​When time was called, both came up with a
determination to settle the matter “off-hand,” which was
evident from the manner in which rapid exchanges were
delivered on both sides. King landed his mauleys on the nose,
forehead, and right ear; Broome getting well on the cheek
and chest twice, and falling from the force of his own blow at
the finish.
7.—​Both were blowing as they left their seconds’ knees;
nevertheless, the game was kept alive by their simultaneously
delivering their left on the face and chest, King having the
best of the exchanges. Broome missed a couple of well-
intended right-handers, for which mistakes he was fought
down, after a good rally.
8.—​The same tactics were pursued as in the previous
rounds, the right and left exchanges being of the same
character. Broome, after breaking away, got his right on King’s
jaw twice, steadying the rush of the “big ’un,” who reached
Broome’s forehead with his right. This forced a rather wild
rally, in which King missed one or two well-intended shots
with the left. Broome, who got on a right-hander on the
forehead, fell from the force of his own blow.
9.—​Broome, who was first up, was blowing very freely, and
had a cut on the left eyebrow. King had no prominent mark,
with the exception of his right cheek being slightly swelled.
No time was lost in sparring, for they commenced
proceedings as soon as they met. Both being eager for work,
they closed, and some fast and wild exchanges took place,
Broome getting on the cheek and forehead, King on the nose
and cheek; they then closed, and after a short struggle, were
down side by side.
10.—​The equal fighting of the previous round had
decidedly roused the energies of both, as they missed their
first deliveries, being too eager to get on. On steadying
themselves they countered neatly with the left, Broome
getting upon the cheek, but King more effectively on the
nose. Broome, who was determined to make the pace good,
tried to land his right twice, but without avail, getting at the
third attempt on King’s neck, who retaliated by sending his
left on Broome’s nose; the latter hit out at a venture with his
right, which reached the side of King’s head, and Broome
went down rather suspiciously from the “wind” of King’s right
hand.
11.—​No sooner were the opponents at the scratch than
they commenced proceedings by countering with the left
flush on the front of the head, after which King got his left on
the cheek; Broome, in retaliation, sent his left on the jaw, and
popped his right under the left eye. Exchanges followed, in
which King proved himself the stronger by forcing Broome
down in his own corner.
12.—​Broome was first up, and as King faced him, took the
initiative by leading off with his left, which was rather short,
landing on the chest. King, who was equally eager to try
conclusions, rushed in, delivered a couple of heavy blows on
the nose and shoulder, receiving a right-hander on the
forehead, a left ditto on the cheek, which was followed by
Broome delivering a fair smack with the right on the eye,
which forced King backward against the ropes. (Offers to take
7 to 4 that Broome would prove the winner.)
13.—​Broome, when time was called, came up bleeding
from the cut under the eye, administered in the previous
bout, but, nothing loth, met King with great determination,
and, both being equally bent upon mischief, the exchanges
which took place were wildly delivered, until they closed,
when Broome twisted King off his legs, who, nevertheless,
was uppermost when they reached the ground.
14.—​Both again eager, were up on time being called; King
showing with a lump on his cheek, which was open under the
left eye; Broome had his nose sadly out of shape and his
forehead swelled. No time was lost in sparring, each
commencing by sending out his left, and each missing from
over impetuosity. Broome, who tried his left and missed, got
down cleverly.
15.—​This round was remarkable for the quickness of the
exchanges, both getting it on the head and chest. When they
closed, King held Broome by sheer strength, and got on his
right three times, twice on the nose and forehead, and the
third time on the shoulder. King stumbled against the stakes,
and Broome went down.
16.—​This round was commenced by each sparring for
wind, King putting his hands down and walking round the
ring. Broome, who was advised by his seconds to force the
fighting, went to work resolutely, got his left well on the
mouth, catching it in return on the nose. He, nothing
daunted, rushed in, and got his right on the cheek, then fell,
apparently from the force of his own blow.
17.—​A cry that the police were coming was raised, and
both men being confident and eager to settle the business,
they commenced by delivering counters on the eye and nose,
which led to exchanges at close quarters, Broome receiving
on the nose, King having one on the same spot—​“a hot ’un.”
This stirred the Young One up, and he sent his right straight
on the mark, Broome planting in return on the cheek. They
then closed, and some very heavy exchanges took place,
Broome twice visiting King’s head, but not heavily, while King,
 who was very busy, planted his left between the eyes, cutting
to the bone, then taking hold of Broome, he delivered three
straight right-handers nearly on the same spot, and Broome
was eventually fought down. Twenty minutes.

The alarm of the arrival of the police was now

realised. Several of the county blues appeared at the
ring side, but were waiting orders from their
superiors, who had not kept pace with them. The
men and seconds skedaddled from the ring, and the
spectators moved off. They passed across the border
of the county, and there the attentive escort left
them. In twenty minutes after, as this invasion was
unexpected, a ring was formed in a retired spot, and
at half-past ten the men were in position for
THE RENEWED FIGHT.
Round 18.—​On the men again appearing, Broome had his
nose strapped with a bit of adhesive plaster, his mouth was
swelled, and his left eye discoloured. King had his jaw
swelled, and a cut beneath his left eye; but seemed as strong
as at the commencement. Broome, who still looked confident,
commenced the proceedings by leading off with his left at the
head, getting it on the nose in return. This led to exchanges,
both delivering heavily on the head and chest, until Broome
was fought down in his own corner.
19.—​King came up with alacrity, and commenced
proceedings by planting his left on the sore spot, receiving on
the forehead. Broome succeeded in planting his left on the
cheek and neck, receiving some heavy returns on the nose
and right ear, and was finally fought down at the ropes.
 20.—​The battle from this time took a decided turn in favour
of King, who, notwithstanding the pace at which they had
been fighting, was as fresh as at the beginning of the battle.
Broome, who was suffering from repeated visitations on the
nose, tried all he could to turn the tables, but without avail,
as, on his forcing the fighting, King hit him away; and
notwithstanding all the left-hand visitations of Broome,
succeeded in delivering severe right and left blows; the round
was concluded by King knocking down Broome with a right-
hander on the jaw.
21–30.—​The fighting in these rounds was of precisely the
same character; notwithstanding all the game and
determined efforts of Broome, who never at any time
flinched, and in several instances surprised his backers and
the spectators by the manner in which he struggled against
the fate, which, though slowly, was surely declaring against
him. In the last of these rounds Broome tried to get away
from the repeated visitations of King, and cleverly slipped
him; but King followed him closely, and finally knocked him
down with the right. Time in the second ring, fourteen
minutes.
31.—​Broome, as game as man could be, came up bleeding
from the cut on the nose, and with his ears much swelled
from the blows administered by King, who had few marks
except some red patches on the ribs and shoulders, and the
left eye nearly closed. Notwithstanding the punishment
Broome had received, he persevered to turn the tables, and
met the determined onslaught of King as well as he was able.
It was evident at this time that his (Broome’s) left hand was
going or gone, as he several times gave his head in an
attempt to bring the battle off in his favour by a cross-counter
with the right. King forced the fighting, and some good
exchanges took place in favour of King, who, after a spirited
rally, fought Broome down.
 32–34.—​The same tactics were displayed by both
opponents, King, now by far the stronger man, forcing the
fighting as fast as he could, and the seconds of Broome
sending him up to fight, knowing that it was only a matter of
time, unless their man could land the victory by an accident
This he most strenuously endeavoured to do by getting his
right on the jaw; but King bored Broome down in each round
until the 34th, when Broome landed his right on the temple,
which staggered King, who fell on his knees.
35.—​Broome, who came up resolutely, but weak, met the
rush of King with great determination, but was, as before, the
chief recipient of the punishment. His left hand could not be
administered with effect; nevertheless, he closed, and, after a
good rally at the ropes, threw King, but not heavily.
36.—​The cheers and encouragement given to Broome, as
he came up, had decidedly nettled King, for, the instant he
had left his second’s knee, he rushed to close quarters, and,
despite all the efforts of Broome, fought him down at the
ropes.
37.—​Broome, who came up slowly, was bleeding from the
cut between the eyes, which were fast closing, and, with his
mouth, much swelled. Despite his weakness he was resolute,
and did not flinch from the onslaught of his opponent, who
sent his left on to the old spot. Broome sent in his right well
upon the ribs, but King, not to be stalled off, bored in, and
fought Broome down in the latter’s corner. Time in second
ring, twenty minutes.
38.—​Broome came up this round apparently better than
heretofore; he was quicker on his legs than in the last eight
rounds. King rubbed his ribs as he came up, and, getting
within reach, rushed to close quarters, when some very heavy
hitting took place; King fighting at the head, and Broome at
the body. On breaking away, Broome landed his left on King’s
nose, for which he was fought down at the ropes, despite all
his endeavours to “hold his own.”
39.—​Broome, in this round, slightly revived the failing
hopes of his friends, as, on King missing his left, he planted
his left neatly on Tom’s nose, and his right immediately
afterwards on the jaw, King dropping on his knees.
40.—​It was but a transient gleam of hope. Despite the turn
in his favour in the last round, it was apparent that Broome
was fast falling weak from exertion and loss of blood. The
seconds of King, seeing the state of the case, cried out to him
“to go in and win,” and he fought Broome down in his own
corner.
41–43, and last.—​In each of these rounds Broome only
came up to be hit down. In the last but one he was knocked
down as he came game, but staggering, to meet his
opponent. In the last, King walked straight to Broome’s
corner, as the latter retreated before him, and, delivering a
spank on the head, Broome fell forward on his face. His
seconds, finding it was useless to prolong the contest, threw
up the sponge in token of his defeat, Young King being hailed
the conqueror, after fighting forty-two minutes in the two
rings.
Remarks.—​The resolute and unflinching manner in which
this splendid contest was carried out from start to finish,
invested the forthcoming encounter for the Championship
with greater interest. The manner in which King put up with
the right-handed deliveries of Broome (which were by no
means light), raised him in the estimation of all who
witnessed the fight, and already speculation on that event
has commenced. King has improved in his fighting greatly
since his encounter last autumn with Truckle, of Portsmouth,
and no doubt he has learned a lesson or two in this encounter
with Broome. He is too impetuous in his rushes, in one of
 which he got the cut under the left eye, as well as several
right-hand props, which at all times are dangerous, a chance
blow having, in many instances, brought off a battle when all
chance was apparently gone. That he is thoroughly game
there can now be no question, and his steadiness in training,
&c. is a certain proof that he will in the eventful contest for
the Championship be as fit as man can be possibly trained.
Young Broome, although defeated, is by no means disgraced,
and his friends, to a man, are satisfied with his performance,
which has taken even his warmest admirers by surprise.
Rumours had been flying about respecting Broome’s
gameness, and he having heard of the same, stated his
determination to be game on this occasion; that he most
faithfully kept his word, a perusal of the above account must
prove. After the sponge had been thrown up, Broome was
carefully attended to by his seconds, but, notwithstanding all
their attention, he soon became blind. On reaching the first
convenient domicile, he was put to bed, when, despite the
usual remedies, he was attacked with a severe fit of cold
shivers, which could not be subdued for some time. At a late
hour of the afternoon he was recovered sufficiently to take his
departure for town, where, on his arrival, he met with a
hearty reception. His friends expressed their intention to pay
him for his colours the same as if they were winning ones,
and a benefit was arranged for as a solace for his defeat. King
left for town at an earlier period than his opponent, and
passed the evening amidst his friends at the east end, but
little the worse for the encounter.

Both Broome and King rapidly recovered from the

effects of their battle, Broome being able to visit
Aldershot, on the Thursday, with Alec Keene. He was
also present at the deposit for the Championship,
which took place on Thursday, when he received
some substantial recompense for his gamely
contested fight.
The stakes were given up to King on the ensuing
Tuesday, at Joe Phelps’s, the “Blakeney’s Head,” High
Street, Islington, when a few admirers of Tom King
ventured to lay evens on their pet for the great event
in perspective; though 5 and even 6 to 4 was the
price in the east as in the west.
King trained for the great encounter at Hastings,
Mace near Norwich; the latter coming to town to be
present at the fight between Bob Brettle and Jack
Rooke, on the 31st December, 1861, for £200 a side
and a bet of £300 even,[41] the moderate sum of
£1,000 being dependent on the issue.
“Time and tide speed on their course, and wait for
no man,” and the month of January, 1862, had
reached its 28th day, when, on as cheerless and
miserable a winter’s morning as combined damp,
drizzle, mizzle, snow, sleet, and marrow searching
cold could mix up, our bold aspiring young sailor met
the practised and scientific Norwich boxer. How his
“greenness,” despite his gameness, fell before
superior skill, tact, and experience, may be found
fully set forth in the preceding chapter.
 As we have already said, there was one person,
and that one a most important factor in the question,
who thought he was beaten by an accident—​his
name was Tom King. Tom maintained, without any
intention of disparaging for one moment the credit
due to Mace for his skill and also his courage, that he
felt convinced, if his friends would stand to him, he
should be able to reverse the first verdict, or, at any
rate, he would then acknowledge that Mace was the
better man.
After the long and undecided battle between Joe
Goss and Ryall, Goss was brought forward by his
Wolverhampton backers, as a competitor with Mace
for the belt. In April also, “the Benicia Boy” arrived
from America, bringing with him a brother “Jem,”
who was said by some Yankee paragraphists to have
come “to pick up the belt.” We have already noted, in
our life of Mace, that Heenan repudiated this
newspaper bounce; and here, to avoid repetition, the
reader is referred to the memoir of Mace for the
circumstances under which the second match
between King and Mace was brought about and
carried to a conclusion.
Mace, at the time the articles were signed, was
making hay after the manner of Tom Sayers, in
travelling with an equestrian circus—​that being the
only ring in which he appeared to have a chance of a
job. This employment he kept up for some time after
the match was made. King, too, for a few weeks was
tempted to “do the mountebank” with a travelling
company; but Tom did not take kindly to the
business of “busking,” and threw it up, returning to
his London patrons.
As the time drew on, each man found it expedient
to mingle more decidedly in sporting circles, and thus
create a greater interest than had heretofore been
exhibited, and this wise discrimination gradually had
the desired effect. The match began to be talked
about in all quarters, flocks of admirers followed the
rival champions on every race course, or at any place
of public resort, and soon the discussion of their
respective merits led to a comparison of their deeds
and their appearances with those of the heroes of
the old ring.
The nearer the time approached the mystery
observed as to the actual “where” tended not a little
to foster anxiety, many of the intending spectators
being kept in a ferment of funk lest they should be
thrown over at the last. It was known it must be
either at the end of November or the beginning of
December, and as the fights between Hicks and
Gollagher and Dillon and Reardon, both for high
stakes, were fixed for about the same time, the
chance of being put on a wrong scent, and arriving
at the wrong ring side, redoubled the fears of the
fidgety. The men themselves even were not made
acquainted with the actual day until within a week of
the time, and so well was the secret kept, that, until
the previous Monday, we believe the number of
persons “fly” to the arrangements might be
numbered upon the fingers of the two hands.
Both Mace and King being sober, steady fellows in
their habits, and both being pretty well in their
prime, and accustomed to hard work, there was no
inconvenience felt by either in their training in
consequence of the uncertainty as to the day of
milling—​both being well up to the mark, and, indeed,
almost fit to fight before they went into training,
which they did some seven weeks before the
eventful Wednesday; Mace at Newmarket, at the old
training quarters of Tom Sayers, under the care of
Howard, the Bradford jumper; and King at the
“Baldfaced Stag,” near Woodford, Essex, under Harry
Harris. It is creditable to the respective mentors of
the men, that nothing was left undone which could
ensure the respective champions being in a meet
state for the arduous task they had set themselves.
 Although there was so much excitement, and so
much pleasurable anticipation of the mill, it cannot
be concealed that mixed up with it was a taint of
suspicion that all was not quite serene and square,
arising from the fact that the respective backers of
the men had changed sides since January, and that
King, formerly an Eastern sage, and then an
enlightened West Ender, had relapsed into his
original form; while Mace had, after a fall from West
to East, once more started Westward, and was
backed from the Haymarket, with at any rate a side
wind help from his former patrons. Some people
imagined that nothing could be square under such
circumstances as these. They shut their eyes to
ascertained facts, and then, by a series of winks and
knowing grins, strove to create a prejudice which
spread, no one knows how, and finally gained for the
Ring and its protégés that pleasing character they
labour under among those who at all seasons, and
on all possible occasions, do all they can to decry the
old manly sports of their country.
The acting representatives of the men on this
occasion were Mr. Richardson, of the “Blue Anchor,”
Church Street, for King, and Mr. Coney, of Panton
Street, for Jem Mace, who was partly backed by
some old fanciers. To these diplomatic managers the
stakeholder in due course communicated the actual
day he had determined for the fray, but he declined
to fix a scene for the performance, as he considered
an arena could be better settled by the agents
themselves, who could consult other parties likely to
have a finger in the pie, and without whose aid there
would certainly be no getting to the rendezvous, and
without whose judgment that rendezvous could not
be determined on without great risk. The plan turned
out a wise one, and thanks to the energy and
discrimination of those concerned, all was
satisfactorily arranged without let or hindrance.
We have alluded already to the difficulties which
beset the managers of Ring affairs at this period, and
on the Monday morning Messrs. Richardson and
Coney received the unwelcome information, that the
officials of a certain railway company, with which
they had made all pleasant for the “excursion,” had
decided to cancel the arrangements, and that no
special train would be provided. Here was a pretty fix
for the executive. An alternative line was immediately
decided on. All ticketholders would be conveyed by
ordinary train to Thames Haven, where two
commodious steamboats would be ready for the
conveyance of the voyagers to a terra incognita.
While these arrangements were perfecting on the
Monday and Tuesday, the uncertainty added to the
excitement, and telegrams flew over the wires from
every point of the compass from “country cousins”
seeking the “straight tip,” and town friends anxious
to communicate the same. The sporting houses, East
and West, were thronged, reminding some of the
olden days when “Le Boxe,” as Alphonse calls it, was
an “institution.”
As we have given an instance of “clerical” interest
in Ring sports, on another occasion, in the sister
island, we may here note that a high Anglican
Church authority entered itself among the “tipsters”
on this; the Record giving a prominent place to the
following paragraph:—
“The fight between James Mace and Thomas King is to
take place on Tuesday next in the neighbourhood of
Aldershot.”

We hope the “tipster” who so egregiously sold the

reverend editor, as to day and place, did not add
dishonesty to his pious fraud. At any rate we fear, as
we did not see him in his accustomed position, that
our right reverend friend, “the Bishop of Bond
Street,” may have been misled by ecclesiastical
authority; we believe the police were—​of course we
were not.
By four o’clock on Wednesday morning the
approaches to Fenchurch Street were alive with
intending excursionists, who on arriving at the
station found the entrance crowded by a strong
posse of roughs and thieves, always to be found at
their posts on such occasions. These gentry had a
good time of it, and so strong and daring were their
forces, that the few ring keepers engaged to protect
the public were completely overpowered, and, in
many instances, eased of their own property. Bob
Travers, among others, was attacked and forcibly
deprived of all he had about him. Many lost their
tickets, and many gentlemen were so intimidated
that they declined facing the ordeal, and returned
home. The scene was, on the whole, disgraceful. The
managers of the undertaking were great sufferers,
and were loud in their complaints that the conduct of
these roughs prevented their reaping the harvest
they had anticipated. Although the company
commenced assembling at four o’clock, it was fully
seven before there were any signs of a start, and the
impatience of the early birds, although extreme, was
fully justifiable. There was no help for it, however, as
all was in the hands of the railway officials.
Fortunately the ring forces when concentrated
were strong enough to exclude most of the
undesirables from the platform; still some few
managed to penetrate the ranks of the officials, and
by their presence caused considerable annoyance,
although the force of ring keepers was sufficiently
strong to prevent their attempting any combined
mischief. At length at seven o’clock the whistle
sounded, and we were off for the appointed spot,
where two vessels were found in waiting, and on
board these the travellers, nearly 300 in number, at
once repaired. It was now suggested that it would be
well to try and get the fight off on the spot, instead
of going further afield, where the Bobbies might be
in force. This recommendation was accepted with
promptitude, and while the Corinthians were
luxuriating in a hot and comfortable breakfast on
board, provided in admirable style by their old
caterer, Dan Pinxton, the ring was pitched, and soon
after eight all was in readiness. Through the
exertions of Billy Duncan and his pals such admirable
arrangements were made for the comfort of the
inner ring ticket-holders that all were seated without
difficulty, and, so far as we could perceive, the whole
thing was carried out in a manner to reflect the
highest credit on all concerned. As soon as the office
was given by Fred Oliver the men approached the
magic circle; Mace being the first to drop his castor
within the ropes. He was attended by his old
opponents Bob Brettle and Bob Travers, while King,
who was somewhat behindhand, was waited on by
Bos Tyler and Macdonald. Both men were welcomed
with loud cheers from their partisans, which each
acknowledged in a suitable manner. There was a
good deal of lively betting at 6 and 7 to 4 on Mace,
and his backers, we believe, would have gone on to
any extent at that figure. A brisk business was done
by the sale of inner ring tickets, but by no means to
the extent we have known on former occasions. The
sum received was nearly £37. Among the spectators
were Tom Sayers, Heenan, and many other fistic
celebrities, who eyed the tourney throughout with
curiosity. And now the men stand up, approach each
other and grasp hands, then separate; the seconds
retire to their corners, and all eyes are fixed upon
them as they upraise their daddles, and square their
elbows for
THE FIGHT.
Round 1.—​The moment so fraught with interest and
excitement to the partisans of the belligerents had now
arrived; the busy and careful work of the seconds was at last
completed to their entire satisfaction, and the men were
delivered at the scratch. While their toilettes were being
arranged, the “making ready” had been eagerly watched by
all with almost breathless silence. As Jem turned to face his
opponent, he gave a momentary glance at the sky, whose
dull, cheerless aspect was anything but calculated to enliven
the combatants. Both advanced to the scratch with that firm,
confident step which denotes the action of well-drilled
practitioners. Perhaps the first thing that riveted the attention
of the spectators, as the men stood front to front, was the
striking difference in height that existed between them. It had
been confidently stated Mace had never been in better
condition; certainly as he stood thus confronting his
antagonist there was nothing in his appearance that even the
most fastidious could for a moment find fault with, and in all
things he looked a far superior man to what he did at their
former meeting. In weight Jem, when he last poised the
beam, pulled down 11st. 4lb., and with inward confidence
beaming in his every look, he stated it was impossible for a
man to feel better, and this assurance there can be no doubt
had great weight with his admirers, many of whom from
over-caution had waited for this “opinion” from Mace himself
before they had ventured to “put it on.” If condition of itself
could alone endow a man with the requisite “resin” to tune
the first fiddle in such a grand pugilistic overture, Tom might
well put the thing down as a “certainty,” for it must be
admitted he was all the most critical could desire, and spoke
of the result with a confidence devoid of anything in the
shape of braggadocia. The moment the men had been “set”
by their seconds, there was perceptible that twitch and shrug
of the shoulders which denote a disapproval of the morning
air. Jem having put up the prop in proper order drew from
range, and of his position it may be said the skill of the
master was at a glance displayed, for he was well covered at
all points. Tom also stood remarkably well, and although by
some good judges he is stated to be a little too fine about the
loins, and by no means deep set enough in the jaw and neck,
yet we think it was conceded by all impartial persons that he
looked a most formidable opponent. Mace, as he manœuvred,
looked at his man with a sharp, penetrating glance, as though
he was mentally summing up “the King’s affairs.” The result
seemed satisfactory, for Jem gave one of his well-known jerks
of his nob, as much as to say, “Tom, I intend to give you
another dressing.” King smiled at his man, as to intimate, if
he really imagined he was capable of dressing him again he
would oblige by being quick about it, as there needed
something in the shape of excitement to warm up the system.
After a little sparring, Mace drew from range and dropped his
mauleys, and then with his right rubbed his breast and arms.
King imitated his action, as he felt numbed about the arms,
and thought it necessary to do the burnishing to promote the
circulation. Jem, with a cautions step, drew into range, and
then by way of a feeler slightly let go the left, but Tom, who
was decidedly quicker on his pins than we had found him in
any of his preceding battles, got well away with the back
step, thus showing that these efforts on the part of his
opponent to draw out his guard were not likely to be
successful. As Mace broke for the purpose of getting from
distance, King dashed at him in a most impetuous manner,
and missed administering a fine right-handed shot from the
fore-arm. Mace, as Tom came on for the purpose of forcing
the fighting, retreated, but just opposite the referee and
umpire the men closed, when Jem, finding he was likely to
get in an awkward position, ducked his head and went down,
King looking at him. Both men were loudly cheered, and as
there was just a shade of commotion among those who
formed the uprights of the outer circle, Professor Duncan,
attended by the “faculty,” promptly administered a mild dose
of his efficacious remedy for disorder—​the “syrup of whips”—​
and the cure was instantaneous.
2.—​At the call of “Time,” both men, with the eagerness of
swimmers for the first plunge, rushed simultaneously from
the knees of their seconds, and threw up their hands at the
scratch. After toeing the mark each again drew back from
range, and began rubbing himself, looking meanwhile at each
other like two game-cocks. Mace then led with the left, but
did not get it home, as King got well from range. Tom now
dashed at his man, and delivered the left on the top of the
head, and put in another from the fore-arm on the mouth,
which had the effect of producing a slight show of the
crimson. (“First blood,” as on the former occasion, for Tom.)
Jem, after getting home slightly with the left and right on the
face, closed with his man, when, finding he was likely to get
into an awkward position, he slipped from him and got down,
there being so far not much harm done on either side, King
fighting with remarkable fairness; his opponent decidedly
more crafty and shifty, though, as Jack Macdonald said, “We’ll
give him all that in.”
3.—​Jem was the first from his corner, but no sooner did the
busy seconds of King see that his antagonist was on the
move than they gave the office, and with that impetuosity of
action so characteristic of him, he at once advanced to the
scratch. After shifting, changing position, and taking fresh
ground, King went dashing at his man for the purpose of
forcing the fighting, and, getting partly over Jem’s right cross-
guard, planted the left on the right cheek, and with a wild,
slinging round hit from the right also got home on the side of
the knowledge box. Mace, in the counter-hitting, administered
one with his stinging left on the jaw, when, as Tom was not
to be kept out, they closed. In the struggle for the fall King
got his right arm round his man, and they went down near
the referee in a curious, awkward fall, Mace, who had his
head bent down, hitting the top part of it against the ground.
It was imagined by many at the moment that Jem might have
received some severe harm, but they were soon convinced to
the contrary, for when the men had become disentangled and
Jem with his usual agility had righted, he looked up with a
broad grin, as much as to say, “Don’t be uneasy, I’m all right.”
There was in the excitement again a slight manifestation of
pressure in “Court,” the “special jury” being the least bit
inconvenienced, but Duncan, as head usher, brought up his
efficient corps to point, and the weight of this legal element
was on the instant sufficient to restore matters to their proper
balance, and the business of this admirably kept ring went on
as smoothly as ever.
4.—​While the combatants were in their corners every
movement of their seconds was watched with the utmost
minuteness, and it was a treat to observe in what fine order
they sent them up to the mark. Tom was the first to present
his towering height at the scratch, but was almost on the
instant met by his opponent. Bos Tyler pointed at Mace, in a
good-humoured manner, as much as to intimate Jem had had
some of the burnishing powder. Mace feinted with the left,
but, finding he could not get in with artistic effect, he did not
let it go freely from the shoulder. Tom, for the purpose of
taking better range, followed up and with the left got home
on the right cheek, and also put in one from the right. As
Mace broke to get away, Tom hit out with both mauleys, but
did no execution, as Mace threw the left off well with the
right guard. After slight sparring and manœuvring Tom led
the left, but it was not sent sufficiently well in to be effective,
nor did he meet with any better success in following up with a
wild hit from the right, for Jem drew well out of range. On
again coming to distance, King worked with his right arm
backwards and forwards, as though he intended to let it go,
but did not. As Jem shifted Tom followed, when Mace got
home a fine left-handed hit on the jaw. The combatants in
the most spirited manner fought across the ring, Mace
administering some of the cayenne with both mauleys. In the
close both struggled for the fall, when Tom got from his man
and went to grass in his own corner.
5.—​Mace was the first to come from his corner, but he had
not long to wait before Tom faced him. Both men were
considerably pinked, and their physiognomies now possessed
more touches of beauty than are to be found in their
photographs in George Newbold’s collection of celebrities.
Jem, as he came from his corner, bent his head forward, as
though he was mentally debating in what new manner he
should try to get well at his man, who by the rapid style in
which he had been fighting, had given proof that he was a
dangerous antagonist. King, the instant he had put up his
hands, went dashing to force the fighting. With the left he
administered a stinger on the right cheek, and followed up
with a half round hit from the right. Mace, as his opponent
rushed at him to close, drew out, but Tom, not to be denied,
followed up, when, in a rally, Jem pegged away with both
mauleys, left and right, with astonishing rapidity, doing a
great deal of heavy execution. In the close they struggled for
the fall, when Mace threw his man in clever style, near the
ropes. (The friends of Mace were in ecstasies, and long odds
were offered on their pet.)
6.—​Tom in the first two or three rounds had
unquestionably had a shade the best of it, from the style in
which he had gone dashing at his man, and the quickness he
had displayed. Mace did not exhibit that steadiness in his
practice he afterwards did. Now, however, that Jem had got
the true measure of his man there was a total change in his
tactics, and the manner in which he now fought proved that
he was in all respects superior to the “big-’un” in science.
Both, on presenting themselves at the mark, bore evidence of
having been by no means idle, for Jem was swelled about the
ivories in a very conspicuous manner, while King, from the
appearance of his left peeper, gave unmistakable proof of
having been warmed up; he was likewise slightly bleeding
from the nose. Still there had been no serious damage done
on the part of either. After some little manœuvring, the
combatants changing and shifting position, King dashed at his
antagonist in his usual style, getting home left and right on
the head. Mace met his man as he came with the rush on the
milling suit, and, in one of the finest rallies that could be
witnessed, the combatants fought right across the ring; there
was something delightful to the admirers of boxing in Jem’s
style of fighting his man with both hands, left and right, at
the nob. These blows were delivered with a rapidity that was
quite electrifying, being sent ding dong, straight home, so
that Jem was all over his man in an instant, the blows making
an impression as though Tom had been stamped with a
couple of dies. Tom was by no means idle, but also pegged
away at his man with the left on the head and the right on
the body in merry fashion. In the close they got on the ropes,
when Jem for the moment touched the top cord with his right
hand, but Tom having shifted his position, the men struggled
for the fall, when Tom, as a termination to this well-fought
round, was under.
7.—​As the battle progressed, so did it increase in interest,
for there was a marked speciality about the manner in which
it was being fought that could not possibly fail to enhance its
importance among the admirers of bold and genuine boxing.
There can be no disputing, both men had been from the
commencement fighting remarkably well, and the battle, as
will be seen, had already presented two striking and
prominent features; for though, until Jem had thoroughly got
the measure of his man, King had in the opening bout been
considered to have a slight lead, yet the style in which Mace
was now performing was sufficient to convince all that there
had not been the slightest mistake made in his merits as
regards milling excellence. The combatants came
simultaneously from their corners. Tom, as he stood at the
scratch, opened his mouth and rubbed his hands, and then,
on again putting himself into position, drew out and retreated
to his own corner, Mace following. Both, as they again drew
to range, steadied themselves, and in a fine counter with the
left got well home, Jem doing execution on the snout, Tom on
the top part of the cranium. Mace, on breaking, got to the
ropes, when, as Tom came boring in to close, he slipped from
the embrace of the young giant and got down.
8.—​From the manner in which the tints had been rubbed in
it was apparent the colours had been well worked up, though
this was much more conspicuous on Tom’s dial than his
opponent’s, for King’s left peeper had a small lump on the
side of it, while the nose and mouth looked a good deal
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