EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY, ADO EKITI, EKITI STATE, NIGERIA

A FIELD REPORT ON

THE GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF THE IGARRA AREA AND ITS ENVIRONMENT IN

AKOKO EDO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE, NIGERIA
AND
THE INDEPENDENT FIELD MAPPING EXERCISE OF ILAWE ROAD AREA OF ADO-
EKITI, EKITI STATE, NIGERIA

ADVANCED FIELD MAPPING AND TECHNIQUES

(GEY312)

NAME: OWOLABI NIFEMI VICTORIA

MATRIC NUMBER: 1808004172
FACULTY: SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT: GEOLOGY (APPLIED GEOPHYSICS OPTION)

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc) IN GEOLOGY.

FEBRUARY, 2023

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My deepest gratitude goes to God, the most generous and the most merciful for being with me so

far. I sincerely appreciate my Parents, Mr. and Mrs. Owolabi and my siblings for their immense

support.

My sincere and heart-felt gratitude goes to my Level Coordinator, Dr. Afolagboye whose

guidance and unlimited advices have pushed me to expend the kind of efforts I have exerted to

make this work as original as it can be. Thank you, sir.

My appreciation goes to the Head of Department, Dr.Olaolurun, the Field Director, Dr. Aturamu,

and to all my lecturers Prof. O. L. Ademilua, Dr O. F. Adebayo, Dr. S. A. Akinyemi, Dr R. A.

Obasi, Dr T.A Talabi, Dr. L.O Afolagboye, Dr Ojo, Dr. Akinola, Mr H. Y. Madukwe, and Drs.

Mrs Ajisafe, for the counsels, guidance and the knowledge that have been imparted on me during

the course of the mapping exercise. I also appreciate my friends, Favor, Atinuke, Oyin and

Oladipupo who have been of help to me throughout the course of this work.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRACT viii
TABLE OF CONTENT iii - vii

SECTION A: IGARRA FIELD MAPPING

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction 1
1.2 Aims and Objectives 1
1.3 Location 2
1.4 Description of the area 2
1.4.1 Accessibility 2
1.5 Methods of mapping 2-3
1.5.1 Instrument used 3
1.5.2 Pacing 3
1.5.3 Compass transversing 5-6
1.6 Duration of exercise 6
CHAPTER TWO: PETROLOGY / LITHOLOGY
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Hard rocks 7
2.2.1 Granitic rock 7
2.2.2 Quartz veins 7
2.2.3 Metaconglomerate 8
2.2.4 Phyllite 8-9
2.2.5 Marble 9
2.3 Soft Rocks 9

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2.3.1 Sandstone 9

CHAPTER THREE: STRUCTURES

3.1 Introduction 10
3.2 Primary structures 10
3.2.1 Sedimentary structures 10
3.2.1.1 Bedding or stratification 10
3.2.1.2 Graded bedding 11
3.2.2 Magmatic flow structures 11
3.2.2.1 Lineation 11
3.2.2.2 Foliation 11
3.2.2.3 Xenolith 11 - 12
3.3 Secondary structures 12
3.3.1 Pinch and swell 12
3.3.2 Joints 12
3.3.3 veins 12
3.3.3.1 Quartz veins 13
3.3.4 Faults 13
3.3.5 Solution holes 13
3.3.6 Folds 13
3.4 Contact relationship 13 – 14

CHAPTER FOUR: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

4.1 Introduction 20
4.2Marble 20
4.3 Phyllite 20
4.4 Granite 20 - 21
4.5 Sandstone 21
4.6 Metaconglomerate 21
4.7 Water 21
CHAPTER FIVE: METAMORPHISM

iv
5.1 Introduction 22
5.2 Foliation and non-foliation 22
5.2.1 Foliation 22
5.2.2 Non foliation 23
5.3 Metamorphism in the study area 23
CHAPTER SIX: GEOLOGIC HISTORY 24
CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION 25

SECTION B: GEOPHYSICAL TRAINING

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction 31
1.2 Aims and objective 31
CHAPTER TWO: GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2.1 Passive method 32
2.2.2 Active method 32
2.2.1.1 Magnetic method 32
2.2.1.2 Gravity method 32
2.2.1.1 Self potential method 33
2.2.2.1 Electrical resistivity method 33
2.2.2.2 Seismic method 33
2.2.2.3 Induced polarization method 33
2.3 Importance of geophysical survey 33
2.4 Duration of exercise 36
2.5 Geophysical field data acquired 36
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION 38

SECTION C: INDEPENDENT MAPPING

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

v
1.1 General Introduction 40
1.2 Aims and Objectives 40
1.3 Location 41
1.3.1 Regional geology 41 - 42
1.3.2 Description of the area 42
1.3.3 Topography 42
1.3.4 Method of study 43
1.4 Instrument used 43
1.4 Duration of exercise 43
CHAPTER TWO: PETROLOGY
2.1 Introduction 46
2.1.1 Migmatite 46
2.1.2 Quartzite 46 - 47
2.1.3 Charnockite. 47
2.1.4 Granite 47
2.1.5 Lateritic rock 48
CHAPTER THREE: STRUCTURES
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Joints 49
3.3 Veins 49 - 50
3.4 Geologic contact 50
3.5 Dyke 50
3.6 Sill 50
3.7 Fold 50
3.8 Exfoliation 51
3.9 Solution holes 51
CHAPTER FOUR : ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2.1Migmatite gneiss 59
4.2.2 Quartzite 59
4.2.3 Granite 59 - 60

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4.2.4 Charnockite. 60
4.2.5 Lateritic rock 60
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION 61
Reference 62 - 63

LIST OF FIGURES
SECTION A
Fig. 1 4
Fig. 2 5
Fig. 3 14
Fig. 4 - 5 15
Fig. 6 – 7 16
Fig. 8 – 9 17
Fig. 10 – 11 18
Fig. 12 19

SECTION C
Fig. 1 – 2 48
Fig. 8 51
Fig. 5 & 7 52
Fig. 4 & 7 53
Fig. 3 & 6 54

LIST OF TABLES
SECTION A
Table 1 26 - 29

SECTION B
Table 1 35
Table 2 36
Table 3 37

SECTION C
Table 1 55-58

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 ABSTRACT

Geological mapping involves the study of rocks; in situ, that is, in their natural
environment, and the representation of such rocks on a geological map.
Section A is a report on the Igarra area. Based on field relationships and petrological
studies, these rocks includes sedimentary rocks (formations), basement rocks that can be grouped
into gneissic rock, meta-sedimentary assemblages which comprises metaconglomerate, intrusive
igneous rock bodies which cross-cut the metasediments in places consist of porphyritic granite,
and subsidiary quartz vein. Basement rocks of the Igarra area have been used to infer the
metamorphism, evolution, and deformation history prevalent in the Igarra schist belt. The region
has undergone multiple deformations, evidence of which includes folds, faults, cross-cutting
relationships, various types of metamorphism, and contact points of all rocks and structural
features were established and also of great economic interest because marble, quartzite, and
granite can be quarried for industrial purposes.
However section B is a report on the geophysical investigation carried out in Ekiti State
University, Ado Ekiti.
The section C is a report on the independent geologic mapping of the Ilawe road area
Ado Ekiti that constitutes part of the Basement Complex of southwestern Nigeria, during
exercise, mapping techniques learned at Igarra were independently put to use. The lithology
encounter is mostly the migmatite gneiss, quartzite, and lateritic rocks. Identifications of
geologic structures and patterns, economic importance, and history of these outcrops were all
considered to make an appropriate geological report of the area.
The mapping exercise which involves the description of the field relationships between
different rock types. Mapping is carried out in the following order of time of formation, chemical
and mineralogical composition, the nature and altitude (geomorphology) of the rock type, and
the lithology as well as the structure.

viii
 SECTION A

IGARRA FIELD MAPPING

ix
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction

Geology, the study of rocks, minerals and the physical make-up of the solid earth,
determines the environment and natural resources and, thence also, the industrial potentials and
wealth of a nation.
A map is a device for storing and communicating information about the physical and
social (cultural) phenomenon that are distributed over the earth’s surface. Map remains a very
important geological tool in man’s attempt to unravel the earth’s history, processes,
characteristics and composition. Geologic maps represent the distribution of different types of
rock and surficial deposits, as well as locations of geologic structures such as faults and folds.
Geologic maps are the primary source of information for various aspects of land-use planning,
including the siting of buildings and transportation systems.
Geological mapping is done to obtain and provide basic knowledge about the prevailing
field conditions, not only through direct observations but also by collecting and analyzing rock,
mineral and sediment samples. Geological mapping is normally done in a project mode with
people in a team, a set of special equipment, and a topographic base map. Careful observations
are done during the geological mapping.

1.2 Aims and Objectives

The aim of the study is to train students on mapping technique, developing practical skills
and knowledge in students to help in solving a specific geologic problem, evaluating economic
potential of the basement complex, the origin and the rocks of the basement complex. While
study objectives includes:
a) To produce an accurate geological map of the area.
b) To identify the different rock lithologies present in the study area.
c) To understand and establish the geologic history of the study area

1
d) To analyse structural data acquired and their relevance to the current geology of the study
area.
e) To delineate overall subsurface condition.

1.3 Location

Nigeria is situated in the West African sub-region and lies between longitude
3°E , 14°E and latitude 14°N, 14°N. The geology of the Nigeria is basically divided into two
geologic terrains which are:
1. Basement Complex terrain, and
2. Sedimentary basin terrain.
The study area is located within the Anambra basin of Nigeria.

1.4 Description of the area

The Igarra schist belt is located in the southwestern segment of the Precambrian
Basement Complex of Nigeria. The study area is delimited by latitudes 07° 15' to 07° 20'N and
longitudes 06° 00' to 06° 12'E. The major places visited are Igarra, Auchi Road, Otuo, Bawa hill,
Ojirami-oke, and some other towns/villages all in Edo State. Igarra town covers an area of about
3000 km2 and lies between latitudes 7 0 15/ N to 7 019/ N and longitude 60 04/ E to 60 08/ E.;
forming the lower left quadrant of 1:250 000 G.S.N sheet 62 (Odeyemi 1973). The map below
shows the location of the study area as shown in Fig.1 and 2.

1.4.1 Accessibility

Generally, the study areas were accessible by roads (major and minor), and footpaths.
The study was easier because most of the outcrops were situated along the roadsides/roadcuts.

1.5 Methods of Mapping

Two methods of mapping were employed and they include: This can be divided into two
steps.
The methods involve; In-situ observation and studying of outcrops and their dispositions,
detailed study of the structural features in the rocks such as folds, joints, dyke, foliation etc
followed by acquisition of necessary field data during geologic field mapping. This method

2
entails proper observation, identification and systematic description of the rocks, and eventual
collection of structural data, noting the disposition, color, texture, mineralogy, strike and dip, dip
direction, shapes, styles, magnitude, symmetry, trends, axis, plunge, orientation and types of
folds and other structural elements.

1.5.1 Instruments used

The main equipment needed for geological mapping:

 Base Map: Used to show an overview of the area that will be mapped.
 Compass and clinometer: Used to measure the strike and dip from rock and geological
structure.
 Stationery and field notebook: Used to record and describe the characteristics of rocks found
at the observation location.
 Geological Hammer and chisel: Used for breaking the rock and to take rock samples.
 GPS: Used to determine the outcrop location.
 Drawing board – for emplacement of the topographic map
 Hand lens – It is used to magnify fine grained rocks so as to be able to determine its
mineralogy.
1.5.2 Pacing
Pacing is a quick and alternative way of measuring distances in the field when other
method of measuring distances is not available. Pacing is often used additionally with
compass clinometer’s bearing or sighting relatively to another object or point. A pace is a
unit of length consisting of one’s normal step. My pace is averagely 0.79 metre per pace.

3
Figure 1 Simplified geologic map of Nigeria showing the study area (A). Inset is the map of
Nigeria within the African shield (B)

4
 Figure 2 Geologic map of the Study area (Modified after Odeyemi, 1976)

1.5.3 Compass Traversing

This method involves taking the bearing of a point from a known point using the
compass. In order to show on the topographic map newly constructed roads/footpaths, the
bearing of such roads/footpaths were taken and then plotted to scale on the map.
In order to accurately ascertain our location on the field at any point, three techniques
were used. These are:
• Back Bearing or Three Point Method: This method is used when it becomes difficult to
locate oneself on the field with respect to the topographic map. It involves taking the
backward compass bearing of any three prominent geomorphologic features that can be
seen both on the map and on ground, such as the top of hills that are far apart. These
bearings are then accurately plotted on the map and their point of intersection gives the

5
 approximate position of the observer on the map. However, this method of mapping is
subject to errors, both gross and systematic errors.
• Global Positioning System (GPS) Technique: This provides the most accurate location
of an observer at any point in time. This technique employs the use of a device known as
the global positioning system (GPS) which gives the exact co-ordinates (both longitude
and latitude) of a point by tracking satellites launched into space. This method was used
almost throughout the fieldwork as it reduced the rigors of pacing from point to point.
• Inspection Method: This involves the inspection and identification of notable features
that are present on the ground as well as on the map in order to determine the location of
a geologist.

1.6 Duration of Exercise

The mapping exercise commenced on the 4th of January, 2023 and ended on the 14th of
January, 2023. The exercise started at the campus which lasted for two days from 4 th to 5th of
January, 2023, then three days at Igarra from 12 th to 14th of January, 2023. Hence, the exercise
lasted for a period of five days.

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 CHAPTER TWO

PETROLOGY/ LITHOLOGY

2.1 Introduction

The Igarra area constitutes the Igarra schist belt which is part of the Nigerian schist belt. The
different rocks in this area can be grouped into hard rocks and soft rocks which are described
below:
2.2 Hard Rocks

The hard rocks are mainly igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. The igneous rocks (and
igneous intrusions) found includes granitic rocks, and quartz vein; while the metamorphic rocks
includes: metaconglomerates, phyllite and marbles.

2.2.1 Granitic Rocks

Granitic rock was notably observed as a phaneritic outcrop with xenoliths trapped in it at
Ojirami, Igarra. The minerals are interlocking (containing biotite, feldspar, quartz, hornblende)
and alternating expansion and contraction of the rock during heating and cooling has led to
exfoliation of the rock surface hence it undergone mechanical weathering. The structures found
in the outcrop includes: xenolith, fractures, and exfoliation. The outcrop occurs in boulders, it is
also rounded and extensive as seen in Fig. 8.

2.2.2 Quartz Vein

Quartz veins are found in association with all rock types: massive rocks, banded rocks, and
micaschists. It is a ubiquitous igneous intrusion forming along fractures and veining through
rocks in different directions. Its color is white to dirty white. It has a coarse-grained texture. The
rock has no foliation; and its mineralogy is mainly quartz.
Their dimensions vary in width and length, from centimeters to decimeters thick and from
decimeters up to several meters long.

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2.2.3 Metaconglomerate
Metaconglomerate is a rock type which originated from conglomerate after
undergoing metamorphism.The outcrop in the study area comprises of fine grained rock called
Matrix and foreign rocks called Clast whose grains are mostly rounded. The Clast occurs in
different types hence it is a polygenetic or polymitic rock. The outcrops contains mostly fine
grained minerals hence it is matrix-supported polygenetic metaconglomerate.
The clast which can be referred as polymicts vary in size from as low as 0.1 to 92cm in
width and 0.3 to 40cm in length. The degree of sorting and average grain size varies from
outcrop to outcrop. The clasts are angular, elongate, elliptical or sub-rounded in shape which
indicates the transformational and deformational history of the clasts.
Minerals present includes muscovite because of its shiny appearance, other minerals are
quartz, epidote , calcite , chlorite , hornblende , and feldspar. Metaconglomerate abounds in
Igarra quite well and it is fairly extensive and mostly low-lying geomorphology.
The structures found in Metaconglomerates in the study area includes: foliation, clasts,
fault, pinch and swell (boudinage) due to differential competence.
Contact zone was observed in the field between metaconglomerate (baking observed) and
granitic rock (N7º16ʹ43ʺ, E6º05ʹ49ʺ). The metaconglomerate has a rough surface due to the
penetration of heat and the granitic rock has a slab surface. The outcrop has also be exposed to
road cut and mechanical weathering.

2.2.4 Phyllite
Phyllite is a type of foliated metamorphic rock created from slate that is further
metamorphosed so that very fine grained white mica achieves a preferred orientation.
The protolith or parent rock for phyllite is shale (sedimentary rock). The phyllite observed at
Ojirami area (N7º18ʹ37ʺ, E6º10ʹ25ʺ), shows evidence of bedding and folding.
The structures found in Phyllite includes: foliation, solution hole, quartz vein, fault, joint,
crenulations fold, aplite intrusion(dyke) and holes on the rock surface as a result of differential
weathering.
The rock is generally grey, with an alternation of dark and light bands (mineralogical
banding). The dark bands are made up of ferromagnesian minerals such as biotite, amphiboles

8
(tremolite & hornblende) and pyroxenes, while the light bands are made up of quartz, muscovite
and feldspar.

2.2.5 Marble
Marble is rock formed by the metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks (mostly
limestone, dolostone and coral reefs). Marble was observed at Otuo, with mineralogy - calcite
(CaCO₃) and usually contains other minerals, such as clay minerals, micas, quartz, pyrite, iron
oxides, and graphite. The outcrop is monolithic except for light variation in color. The
characteristic color variation of marble is usually due to various mineral impurities such as clay,
iron oxides, or chert. Green colouration in marble may be due to the presence of serpentine
resulting from original magnesium-rich sedimentary protolith as seen in Fig. 7.

2.3 Soft Rocks

The soft rocks are mainly sedimentary rocks. These are sedimentary rocks are formed by
the accumulation of sediments that have compacted and cemented together. During the mapping
exercise, the sedimentary rock observed is sandstone:

2.3.1 Sandstone
The sandstone observed was at Bawa hill, along Auchi road. It occurs as a roadside cut at
both locations. The colour of the rock is white, but it is reddish colour was observed on the
exposed surfaces, due to the presence of oxidised iron (from Fe² ⁺ to Fe³ ⁺) in the sandstone and it
is pink in some places, the pinkish colour is due to the abundance of grains of K-feldspar. The
rock is made up majorly of quartz, feldspar. The height of the outcrop is about 10m and the grain
size of the rock grades from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top.

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 CHAPTER THREE

STRUCTURES
3.1 Introduction

It deals with the form, arrangement, and internal structure of rocks, and especially with
the description, representation, and analysis of structures, chiefly on a moderate to small scale.
There are two types of structures, namely: Primary structures which are formed during the
formation of the rock layer, examples include Bedding, xenoliths, banding and secondary
structures which are formed after the rock layer has been formed, examples are folds, faults,
joints. Secondary structures are formed by deformation under pressure and temperature, to
change the structural element of the rocks.

3.2 Primary Structures

 Sedimentary structures

 Magmatic flow structures

3.2.1 Sedimentary structures

They are non-deformational structures that reveal the conditions under which sediment
deposition occurred, and as such, they are used to interpret past environmental conditions.
Primary sedimentary structures include features bedding or stratification, graded bedding, and
cross-bedding.

3.2.1.1 Bedding or Stratifiction

Bedding or stratification is the arrangement of sediment particles into distinct layers
(beds or strata) of different sediment compositions or grain sizes. A clear break or bedding plane
generally separates adjacent beds, marking the end of one depositional event and the beginning
of another. Bedding planes most often signal a change in the nature of the sediment itself, a shift
in the energy with which it was transported, or both as seen in Fig. 9.

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3.2.1.2 GRADED BEDDING
This is a structure obtained when there is gradation in grain sizes from fine to coarse or
vice versa within a bed. A graded bed is a single sediment layer formed by a single depositional
event in which particle size varies gradually.
In Bawa hill area of sandstone, a ‘fining upward sequence’ was observed in the graded
beds that is, the coarsest at the bottom and the finest at the top.

3.2.2 Magmatic Flow Structures

Magmatic flow involves change of shape of magma, with sufficient melt for the crystals
to rotate passively into alignment without them deforming internally. Magmatic flow structures
include features lineation, foliation, and xenolith.

3.2.2.1 Lineation
Lineation in the rocks are displayed by the parallel alignment or preferred orientation of
dark and light-colored minerals. The dark colored minerals are hornblende and biotite while the
light colored minerals are quartz, calcite and feldspar. Lineation was observed in phyllite and
metaconglomerate.

3.2.2.2 Foliation
Foliation is the planar arrangement of the mineral/grains of a rock. The foliated rocks in
this study are phyllites, and metaconglomerate. The rocks are strongly foliated in approximately
NW-SE direction. Foliation is strong in some of the marble in the area, and is marked by
alternating bands of dark and light minerals.

3.2.2.3 Xenolith
A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock. Xenoliths are inclusions of
unmelted country rock in an igneous pluton. They are pre-existing rocks embedded in a newer
igneous rock. Hence, the xenoliths are always older than the surrounding rock. Xenoliths can be
as small as a grain of sand or as large as a football, and as long as several meters. Xenolith was
observed on the Granite at Igarra, Edo-State as seen in Fig. 6.

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3.3 Secondary Structures
3.3.1 Pinch and Swell
Pinch and swell are structures arising from tensional forces developed by the stretching
of the component bed along bedding planes, giving rise to pull apart structures, tension crack or
necks, which became filled with incompetent material from either side. Pinch and swell
structures, also called drawn or necked boudins, are a subset of boudins that retain continuity of
the drawn layers but show variable thinning of the original layer thickness. Pinch and swell
structures found in a high strain zones suggest that the structures may be initiated by brittle
failure of the more competent layer in conjunction with subsequent material softening.
This structure was observed in the metaconglomerate where the quartz clasts are
competent within the metaconglomerate (which is incompetent when in pressure). This structure
was also observed in metaconglomerate(N7º16ʹ38ʺ, E6º05ʹ35ʺ) as seen in Fig. 4.

3.3.2 Joints
Joints are fractures on which there’s not been displacement. Fractures constitute the main
plane of weakness in the area. Joints are frequently observed in phyllites metaconglomerates and
to lesser extent in the granites as seen in Fig. 10.

3.3.3 Veins
A vein is a distinct sheet-like body of crystallized minerals within a rock. Veins form
when mineral constituents carried by an aqueous solution within the rock mass are deposited
through precipitation from a supersaturated fluid in a fracture. Veins offer convincing evidence
for channeled flow of fluids through fractured rocks. Quartz-vein was observed in most of the
rocks in the study area.

3.3.3.1 Quartz vein

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 Quartz vein intrusions around Igarra are essentially hyper-leucocratic quartzo-feldspartic
impregnations that are easily distinguished from the host rock by their color, texture and
mineralogy. The veins are frequently oriented in N-S or NE-SW directions, while in few
locations; it is oblique to the general N-S foliation trends of the rock). Quartz veins usually take
advantage of pre-existing cracks, fractures or any other plane of discontinuity within the host
rock, so they form fracture fillings and as quartz injections as seen in Fig. 11.

3.3.4 Fault
These are fractures that have accompanied significant displacements. That is, it is a type
of fracture in a rock along which there has been relative movement displacing the wall rocks on
either side of the fault. The types of fault observed are: Normal fault in the Ojirami Dam -
Phyllite(N7º17ʹ19ʺ, E6º08ʹ44ʺ) and fault in metaconglomerate at comprehensive high
school(N7º17ʹ20ʺ, E6º05ʹ50ʺ) as seen in Fig. 12.

3.3.5 Solution Holes

These are circular, elliptical or elongated shallow depression in rocks which are results of
pronounced chemical and/or differential weathering. Solution holes was observed in all the
phyllites and conglomerates mapped as seen in Fig. 12.

3.3.6 Folds
Fold is a permanent deformation structure that is formed when a rock/geologic structure
behaves plastically when subjected to pressure. Folds were found only in the metamorphic rocks
observed in the area. The types of fold that was observed includes; Crenulation fold, and
microfold in phyllite.

3.4 Contact Relationship

The significance of lithologic contacts in geologic mapping cannot be overemphasized.
However, from the nature of the contacts a geologist can give more information about rocks
relationship and geologic processes that had operated in the past. The contacts between
metaconglomerate and granite were observed which is exposed at a road cut along Igarra-Ibillo

13
new road. The geological contact exposed by the road cut is gradational due to assimilation and
exchange of materials through metasomatism to produce an aureole as seen in Fig. 5.

Fig. 3 outcrop showing presence of gigantic clast within the metaconglomerate along ojirami-
ibilo road

14
Fig. 4 outcrop showing pinch and swell structure found on metaconglomerate along ojirami-ibilo
road

Fig. 5 outcrop showing contact between the granitic older rock and the metaconglomerate
exposed by a road cut along Ojirami-Auchi road

15
Fig. 6 outcrop showing xenolith structure trapped in granitic rock found along iyama junction

Fig. 7 outcrop showing presence of banding of light and dark colored minerals found in marble
at otuo area

16
Fig. 8 outcrop showing boulders of granitic rock along iyama junction

Fig. 9 stratified sandstone of the Anambra formation at Bawa hills

17
Fig. 10 outcrop showing Jointing in granitic rock along iyama junction

Fig. 11 outcrop showing presence of vein intrusion in phyllite at ojirami-peteshi

18
Fig.12 outcrop showing fault and solution holes in phyllite at ojirami-dam

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 CHAPTER FOUR

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

4.1 Introduction

Economic Geology is a branch of geology which has to deal with mineral deposits
which has deal with the mineral deposits that can be used for economic and/or industrial
development. The study area is immensely blessed with deposits of economic importance.
Marbles, quartzite and granite constitute the main economic deposits in the study area. The area
is known for resource of economic interest which includes marble, phyllite, granite, sandstone,
water, and metaconglomerate.

4.2 Marble
 It is useful for tiles production
 It is useful for cement and ceramics production
 It is useful for agronomic production
 It is useful for paints, soaps, cosmetics and detergents production
 Quarrying marble

4.3 Phyllite
Phyllite does not have any important industrial uses. Slabs of phyllite are
occasionally trimmed and used as landscape, paving or sidewalk stone.

4.4 Granite
1. Kitchen Uses:
Granite is the most used in the kitchen of houses as kitchen countertops.

2. Construction Uses:
Granite can be used as a decorative stone to adorn the appearance of a building.

20
 3. Flooring Uses:
Granite flooring is also very prevalent in the world. Due to their strength and appearance, they
are used in abundance in flooring, tiling, etc.

4. Miscellaneous Uses:
Apart from the aforementioned uses, granite is also used in road making, where laying a base of
granite gives the road required strength, they are also used in hanging bridges as reinforcement
blocks to stand the weight of the bridge, etc.

4.5 Sandstone
 It is used in the manufacturing of glass and silica brick.
 Its large quantity of quartz grains makes it to be used as a fluxing agent in smelting
operations.
 It could be used as an abrasive in stone cutting, sand blasting and glass grinding
respectively.
 It is also used in the manufacturing of cement and mortar.

4.6 Metaconglomerate
Metaconglomerates can be used for constructional works especially where large
boulders of rocks are required for linear embankment.

4.7 Water
Goundwater is another economic resource found in the study area. The highly jointed
rocks serve as potential sources for groundwater. Water boreholes can be drilled to the
bed-rock to tap this groundwater.
The constructed Ojirami Dam and water works can be used to generate electricity for
the town and for irrigation purposes.

21
 CHAPTER FIVE

METAMORPHISM

5.1 Introduction

Metamorphism is a process that changes pre-existing rocks into new forms

because of increases in temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids. Metamorphism may
affect igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks. The changes brought about include the
formation of new minerals, increase in grain size, and modification of rock structure or texture,
all of which depend on the original rock’s composition and the intensity of the metamorphism.
Some of the most obvious changes are in texture, which serves as a means of classifying
metamorphic rocks into two broad groups, the foliated and non-foliated rocks. Occasionally, the
prefix “meta” is added to a protolithology name to indicate that it is now in a metamorphic state,
e.g., METACONGLOMERATE.

5.2 Foliation and Non foliation

These are terms used to classify the intensity of metamorphism in a rock.

5.2.1 Foliation
Foliated metamorphic rocks typify regions that have undergone severe deformation, such
as mountain ranges. Shale, which consists mainly of silt and clay, is transformed into slate by the
change of clay to mica. Mica, being a platy mineral, grows with its long axis perpendicular to the
principal direction of stress, forming a preferred orientation. This orientation, such as the
development of cleavage in slate, may differ greatly from the original bedding.
With increasing degrees of metamorphism, the grains of mica grow to a larger size so that the
rock has a distinct foliation, which is characteristic of the metamorphic rock, schist. At even
higher grades of metamorphism, the mica may be transformed to a much coarser-
grained feldspar, producing the strongly banded texture of gneiss.

22
5.2.2 Non Foliation
Non-foliated rocks include the hornfels and another group formed from rocks that consist
mainly of a single mineral. The hornfels occur around an intrusive body and were changed by
“baking” during intrusion. The second group includes marble and quartzite, as well as several
other forms. Marble is metamorphosed limestone and quartzite is metamorphosed
quartz sandstone.

5.3 Metamorphism in the study area

The mineral assemblages in the metasediments were used to define the intensity of
metamorphism in the schist belt. The metasediments retain relics of their parental heritage such
as chemical composition and bedding as found in phyllite at Ojirami- peteshi(7°18’37”N,
6°10’25”E), that being the case, the protoliths of the metasediments were laid down horizontally
(bedding) prior to metamorphism. Elevated temperatures and compressive stress led to partial
melting, recrystallisation, folding and metamorphism of the protoliths during subsequent
orogenic events. The process of recrystallisation occurred under the horizontally directed stresses
and typically developed a foliation /lineation which are perpendicular to the stress. During this
deformation episode the primary sedimentary structural features are not completely destroyed.
Metaconglomerate, Phyllite, and Marble are the rock type encountered that has undergone
metamorphism in the study area.

23
 CHAPTER SIX

GEOLOGIC HISTORY

According to Obaje (2009), Igarra itself belongs to the Igarra Shist Belt which is
the most easterly schist belts in south-western Nigeria, distributed around the Okene migmatitic
nucleus. The presence of both calcareous rocks and conglomerates sets it apart from the other
schist belts and their diverse structural trends and association with Pan African granites had
indicated a Kibaran age. The Geologic history of Igarra is described basically on the basis of
field relationship of different rock type and the series of geological events which has affected the
study area in the geologic past. After the emplacement of the parent continent, the first episode
of rock formation/deposition at Igarra might probably be the metasediments (phyllites), and
marbles which were formed by medium metamorphism from sedimentary rocks like shale,
limestone, conglomerates that were deposited in a geosynclines to migeosyncline environment.
The type of metasediment formed depends on the nature and type of parent rock material e.g the
sedimentary protolith of marble and metaconglomerates are limestone and conglomerates
respectively. These rock types formed are believed to be syngenetic in nature. The initial episode
was followed was followed by the formation of another metasedimentary rock which are the
quartzite and the schistose quartzite, which are formed probably by the medium grade
metamorphism of clastic material mainly sandstone of high quartz content. This episode was
followed by the emplacement / intrusion of veins (quartz vein, aplite) intruding into the pre-
existing rock. The whole environment was subjected to tectonism which resulted into the
formation of structures like microfolds, joints, crenulation fold. The area is currently undergoing
weathering and erosion which gives rise to the present topography.

24
 CHAPTER SEVEN

CONCLUSION

The exposed rock types of the Igarra schist belt are classified into two suites of rocks,
namely the metasediments and the intrusives. The metasediment studied in the area comprises of
marble, phyllite, and metaconglomerate that is concordantly interbanded. The intrusive
comprises of the porphyritic-granite. The major structures in this area are folds characterised
by joints filled by subsidiary intrusions, as quartz vein. The metamorphic imprints of the
schist belt ranges from green schist to amphibolites facies. The metasediments are
products of sedimentary piles that were metamorphosed from the impact of tectonic
activities, accompanied by magmatic intrusion that truncated the piles and afterward, erosion
and weathering wearing them down to the present reliefs.

25
 SECTION B

GEOPHYSICAL TRAINING

30
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction

Geophysical surveys include the use of geophysical techniques to determine the
geological and structural characteristics, as well as the physical and mechanical properties, of the
foundation soil. These techniques are used to determine the layout, thickness, and properties of
individual layers beneath the terrain surface on which a particular structure is to be built.

Generally, we distinguish between the following geophysical methods: electromagnetic methods,

magnetic methods, seismic methods, electrical methods.

1.2 Aims and Objectives

The aim is to provide information on the distribution of geological boundaries both
laterally and at depth and the structures associated with them which may have bearing
on mineralization.
The Objective is to map subsurface structures

31
 CHAPTER TWO

GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

2.1 Introduction
Geophysical investigation is the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial
studies. Detection and analysis of the geophysical signals forms the core of Geophysical signal
processing. Geophysical surveys are archaeological methods that use ground-based physical
sensing techniques to produce a detailed image or map of an area.

2.2 Methodology
 PASSIVE METHOD
 ACTIVE METHOD

2.2.1 Passive Methods

 Magnetic method
 Gravity method
 Self-potential method

2.2.2 Active Methods

 Electrical resistivity
 Seismic method
 Induced polarization

2.2.1.1 Magnetic Method

This method can be performed on land, water, or air. Operative physical properties are
magnetic remanence and susceptibility and it is used to measure the spatial variation in the
strength of the earth’s magnetic field. Instrument used to carry out the magnetic survey done at
the campus is PROTON PRECISION MAGNETOMETER. The data acquired is shown in Table
2.

32
2.2.1.2 Gravity Method
Operative physical property is density and it is used to measure the spatial variation in the
strength of the earth’s gravitational field. Instrument used to carry out the gravity survey done at
the campus is LACOSTE ROMBERG GRAVIMETER. The data acquired is shown in Table 3.

2.2.1.3 Self Potential Method

Operative physical property is electrical conductivity and it is used to measure the natural
electrical potential of the earth.

2.2.2.1 Electrical Resistivity Method

Operative physical property is electrical conductivity and it is used to measure the
resistance of the earth. Different techniques used includes VERTICAL ELECTRICAL
SOUNDING (VES), HORIZONTAL PROFILING (HP), AND COMBINED HP AND VES, the
different electrode configuration includes Weaner array, Schlumburger array, Dipole-Dipole
array, Pole-Dipole array, Pole-Pole array. The configuration used for investigation is the
Schlumberger array. Instrument used to carry out the survey done at the campus is OMEGA
CAMPUS SAS 1000. The data acquired is shown in Table 1.

2.2.2.2 Seismic Method

Operative physical properties are density and elastic moduli which determine the
propagation of the seismic wave velocity. It is used to measure the travel time of the reflected or
refracted seismic waves. Seismic method is divided into seismic refraction or reflection method,
seismic refraction method was carried out for investigation at the campus. Seismogram is the
instrument used to carry out investigation.

2.2.2.3 Induced Polarization Method

Operative physical property is electrical capacities and it is used to measure the
polarization voltages or frequency dependent ground resistance.

33
2.3 Importance of Geophysical Survey

 Mapping large geological areas in order to increase our knowledge of the Earth's
structure
 Locating and recovering resources such as hydrocarbons, minerals and groundwater
 Mapping potential CO₂ deposits in the subsurface
 Monitoring CO₂ injections in the subsurface
 Mapping the uppermost meters of the Earth's crust for tunnel construction, as well as
potential locations for windmills and pipelines/cables on the ocean bottom floor.
 Assessing the risk of geohazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides.
 Mapping the consequences of global wamring for permafrost regions in the Arctic
 Archeological surveys

2.4 Duration of Exercise

The geophysical field exercise commenced on the 16 th of January, 2023 and ended on the
18th of January, 2023. The exercise took place at the campus. Hence, the exercise lasted for a
period of three days.

34
2.5 Geophysical Field Data Acquired
Table 1: RESISTIVITY SOUNDING FIELD RECORD FOR GROUP 5
ELECTRODE ARRAY – SCHLUMBURGER
NORTHING - N7º42ʹ39.3ʺ
EASTING - E5º15ʹ06.3ʺ
ELEVATION – 412m
TR5- S5

AB/2 MN/2 K R5 KR5

1 0.5 6.28 123.1 773.07
2 0.5 25.13 21.06 529.24
3 0.5 56.13 21.36 1198.94
4 0.5 100.53 10.27 1032.44
6 0.5 226.19 6.054 1369.35
6 1.0 113.10 12.82 1449.94
8 1.0 201.06 3.184 640.18
12 1.0 452.39 1.251 565.94
15 1.0 706.86 0.4049 286.21
15 2.0 353.43 1.282 453.10
25 2.0 981.75 0.6013 590.33
32 2.0 1608.50 0.3998 643.08
40 2.0 2513.27 0.3021 759.26
40 4.0 1256.8 0.5280 663.59
63 4.0 3318.78 0.3835 1272.75
100 4.0 7855.00 0.2767 2173.48

35
Table 2: MAGNETIC FIELD RECORD FOR GROUP 5 USING PROTON PRECISION
MAGNETOMETER.
TRANSVERSE 9
NOTE: WHERE READING IS TAKEN IS MORE THAN ONCE IS CALLED THE BASE
STATION.
STATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE TIME READING(nT)
1 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ5.2ʺ 3:12:45 33952.92
2 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ5.4ʺ 3:12:59 34337.97
3 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ5.5ʺ 3:13:15 34033.56
4 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ5.7ʺ 3:13:27 33969.03
5 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ5.9ʺ 3:14:50 34088.84
6 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.0ʺ 3:15:05 34007.86
7 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.2ʺ 3:15:21 33491.03
8 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.3ʺ 3:15:38 33780.39
9 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.5ʺ 3:15:50 33316.73
10 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.7ʺ 3:19:20 34953.64
11 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.8ʺ 3:19:35 34196.61
12 N7º42ʹ38.1ʺ E5º15ʹ7.0ʺ 3:19:50 34257.13
13 N7º42ʹ38.1ʺ E5º15ʹ7.2ʺ 3:20:05 35260.82
1 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ5.2ʺ 3:24:15 34946.72

36
 Table 3: GRAVITY FIELD RECORD FOR GROUP 5 USING LACOSTE ROMBERG
GRAVIMETER.
TRANSVERSE 9.

STATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE TIME INSTRUMENT ELEVATION(m)

READING(nT)
1 N7º42ʹ38.1ʺ E5º15ʹ7.2ʺ 10:23:44 1595..13 410
2 N7º42ʹ38.1ʺ E5º15ʹ7.0ʺ 10:25:22 1545.29 410
3 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.8ʺ 10:26:42 1545.73 410
4 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.7ʺ 10:28:33 1546.12 410
5 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.5ʺ 10:30:16 1545.69 410
6 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.3ʺ 10:32:14 1546.33 410
7 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.2ʺ 10:33:44 1546.71 410
8 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ6.0ʺ 10:35:32 1545.15 410
9 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ5.9ʺ 10:37:24 1547.28 410
10 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ5.7ʺ 10:38:41 1548.17 410
11 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ5.5ʺ 10:40:24 1546.37 410
12 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ5.4ʺ 10:42:02 1545.26 410
13 N7º42ʹ38.0ʺ E5º15ʹ5.2ʺ 10:47:33 1545.53 410
1 N7º42ʹ38.1ʺ E5º15ʹ7.2ʺ 11:34:25 1518.31 410

37
 CHAPTER THREE

CONCLUSION

Geophysical methods provide a means to rapidly and economically characterize subsurface

conditions and infer soil properties over a spatial extent that is not possible with conventional
methods.

38
 SECTION C

INDEPENDENT MAPPING

39
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction

The area mapped is in the South Western part of the Nigerian basement Complex. The
Basement Complex is made up of crystalline rocks, both igneous and metamorphic. The rocks in
this part of the crystalline complex are charnockite, migmatite gneiss, porphyritic granite,
lateritic rock and Quartzite. Migmatite gneiss and Lateritic rock are the most dominant rocks in
the mapped area covering about half of the map. They occur as massive and distinct bodies with
a few found to be extensive. The quartzite are highly weathered which from deductions formed
the lateritic rock. Their mineral lineation are

40
are covered with quartzitic and in some places, quartzofeldspathic veins. Exfoliation
surfaces(mechanical weathering) as well as biological weathering are the most dominant forms
of weathering encountered.
Geologic structures in rocks that can be used as clues in determining the geologic history of an
area include fold, fractures, foliation, dyke etc. Some of them are not deformational but are
secondary structures developed during metamorphism of after the emplacement of the rocks.

1.2 Aims and Objectives

The aim of the study is to map the lithologic units present in the study area.
The objectives includes:
a) To produce an accurate geological map of the area.
b) To identify the different rock lithologies present in the study area.
c) To understand and establish the geologic history of the study area
d) To analyze structural data acquired and their relevance to the current geology of the
study area.

1.3 Location

1.3.1 Regional Geology

Nigeria, a West African country, is located within the mobile belt that separates the West
African Craton (WAC) from the Congo Craton (CC) (Black, 1980). The geology of the Nigeria
is basically divided into two geologic terrains (Woakes et al., 1987), which are: the Basement
Complex terrain, and the Sedimentary Basin terrain. The Precambrian Basement Complex
contains four major petro-lithologic units which had been observed within the area (Odeyemi,
1976).
These are
1. The migmatite-gneiss complex,
2. The shist belt (metasediments and metavolcanic rocks)

41
3. The older granite / the Pan African Granitoids
4. Unmetamorphosed minor acid and basic rocks / intrusions.

The migmatitie-gneiss complex also termed “migmatite-gneiss-quartzite complex”, it is has

an age that ranges from Pan-African to Eburnean, and it has a heterogeneous assemblage
comprising migmatites, orthogneises, paragneisses, and a series of basic and ultrabasic
metamorphosed rocks, it covers over 30% of the total surface area of Nigeria (McCurry, 1976) .
The low to medium grade metasediments consists of schists, calc-silicate rocks, marbles,
polymict metaconglomerates and quartzite of Upper Proterozoic age (Rahaman, 1988). The
minor felsic and mafic intrusives comprises of pegmatite, aplite, dolerite, lamprophyre and
syenite dykes. Various thermotectonic events resulting in polycyclic metamorphism during the
proterozoic and early phanerozoic era (Odeyemi, 1988) have deformed and modified the
basement complex resulting in the development of various structures of polyphase deformation
such as faults, folds and joints.
This theremotectonic events includes
1. Liberian (2700 ± 200my)
2. Eburnean (2000 ± 200my)
3. Kibarian (1100 ± 200my)
4. Pan African (600 ± 150my)

The first three cycles were characterized by intense deformation and isoclinal folding
accompanied by regional metamorphism, which was further followed by extensive
migmatization. The Pan-African deformation was accompanied by a regional metamorphism,
migmatization and extensive granitization and gneissification which produced syntectonic
granites and homogeneous gneisses (Abaa, 1983). Regionally, the collision of the West African
craton and westward moving plate created a N-S to NE-SW trending structures parallel to the
edge of the West African craton (Egesi et al., 2010). These E-W movements is regionally
replicated as hig1hly deformed series of multidirectional orientations common in folds,
lineaments and faults in the whole of the Nigerian basement complex and northern Cameroun
(Toteu et al., 1990). The N-S and NE-SW structures are presumably associated with the Pan

42
African orogeny while pre-Pan African structures are oriented differently to these directions in
the basement (Toteu et al., 1990).
However, the Pan African orogeny is the last tectono-thermal event (600 ± 150Ma) to affect the
Nigerian Basement Complex, and it is very complex that Odeyemi (1988) proposed not less than
two episodes of deformation during the orogeny.

1.3.2 Description of the area

The study area, Ilawe Road Ado-Ekiti, is one of the towns in Ado Ekiti in Ekiti State,
Nigeria and it falls within latitudes 07º 36’0”N – 07º 38’0”N and longitudes 05º 11’0” E – 05º
13’0” E respectively. The study area only accessible by a very few motorable roads and a few
footpaths, the accessibility is limited as most of the houses in the area are located by the
roadside. ( fig 9.1 , fig 9.2, fig 9.3 )

1.3.3 Topography
The topography of the area is rugged with undulating terrain with some outcrops in several
places. Most of the rocks in the study area are well exposed and are weathered into lateritic
rocks, other main outcrops found includes migmatite-gneiss and quartzite, porphyitic granite and
charnockite was seen in very few places. The study area has a dam around Ajilosun axis, water
works within latitudes 07º 36’04”N and longitudes 05º 12’59” E

1.3.4 Method of study

Traversing was applied during this mapping exercise. This involves moving from one
outcrop to the other in a systematic pattern following major roads as well as through bush paths.
The traversing was carried out on foot. The lithology, mineral composition and visible structures
on the encountered outcrops were noted on the field. Hand specimens were chipped off using a
sledge hammer.

1.4 Instruments Used

43
 The instruments that were used include: Compass Clinometer, Base map, Drawing board,
Hand lens, GPS (Global Positioning System), Field notebook, Measuring tape, Ruler, Geological
Hammer, cutlass.

1.5 Duration of Exercise

The exercise was carried out for four days from 28 th to 29th of January and 3rd to 4th of
February.

Figure 9.1 Geological map of Ado ekiti and environs showing the location of the study are

44
 Figure 9.3 Geologic map of the study area

LEGEND

Migmatite-gneiss -

Lateritic rock -

Dam -

Quartzite -

Charnockite -

Granite -

Inferred boundary -

45
 CHAPTER TWO

PETROLOGY

2.1 Introduction

The study area is characterized by high rising and low lying hill. Outcrop seen
includes:
 Migmatite
 Quartzite
 Charnockite
 Porphyritic granite
 Latertic rock

2.1.1 Migmatite Gneiss

Migmatite is a composite silicate metamorphic rock, pervasively heterogeneous on a

meso- to megascopic scale. It typically consists of darker and lighter parts. The darker parts
usually exhibit features of metamorphic rocks whereas the lighter parts are of igneous-looking
appearance. Migmatite occurs in along Ilawe road Ado-Ekiti trending approximately NS
stretching all through the area. Its occurrence is not restricted as it is found in most area of study.
The structures found in migmamatite include: fold, joint, solution hole, exfoliation, and foliation.
Mineralogy: Quartz, feldspar, chlorite.

2.1.2 Quartzite
Quartzite is a hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure quartz
sandstone. Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to
tectonic compression within orogeny belts. Pure quartzite is usually white to grey, though
quartzite often occur in various shades of pink and red due to varying amounts of hematite.
Quartzite is very resistant to chemical weathering and often forms ridges and resistant hilltops.
Quartzite is a very hard rock composed predominantly of an interlocking mosaic of quartz
crystals. The grainy, sandpaper-like surface is glassy in appearance. The recrystallized quartz

46
grains are roughly equal in size, forming what is called a granoblastic texture, and they also show
signs of metamorphic annealing, in which the grains become coarser and acquire a more
polygonal texture. The grains are so tightly interlocked that when the rock is broken, it fractures
through the grains to form an irregular or conchoidal fracture as seen in Fig. 2.

2.1.3 Charnockite
These are hypersthene bearing rocks. They are orthopyroxene bearing granites composed
of hypersthenes (pyroxene), emplaced during the Eburnean Orogeny (1950±250 my.).
Charnockite is a granofels that contains orthopyroxene, quartz, and feldspar. Charnockite is
frequently described as orthopyroxene granite but are found in high-grade metamorphic terranes
(granulite facies). The transformation from the protolith to charnockite had probably no magma
phase, which means that in most cases we are dealing with true metamorphic rocks which have
nothing to do with igneous processes. Charnockitic rocks are commonly green. Both feldspars
and orthopyroxene tend to have a greenish or brown hue and quartz crystals may contain rutile
needles which gives them bluish tinge. Charnockites are formed at high pressures in almost
water-free conditions. That’s why we see only small amounts of hydrous phases here (biotite,
amphiboles) which are widespread in the rocks of amphibolite facies.
The outcrops are rounded and weathered, having exfoliated surfaces with a fine grained
texture. Joints and veins as well as experiencing exfoliation are present on its surface. The
outcrop was found in one location/area during mapping.

2.1.4 Granite
They are intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and
plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that
slowly cools and solidifies underground. It is common in the continental crust of Earth, where it
is found in igneous intrusions. Granite is typical of a larger family of granitic rocks, or
granitoids, that are composed mostly of coarse-grained quartz and feldspars in varying
proportions. These rocks are classified by the relative percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, and
plagioclase (the QAPF classification), with true granite representing granitic rocks rich in quartz
and alkali feldspar. Most granitic rocks also contain mica or amphibole minerals, though a few

47
(known as leucogranites) contain almost no dark minerals. The outcrop was found in one
location/area during mapping.

2.1.5 Lateritic Rock

The term laterite means a red rock or red earth deposit. Laterites are formed by the
decomposition of different kind of rocks, under conditions yielding aluminum and iron
hydroxides. The different theories of origin are discussed, as well as the chemical process of
laterization, and the geographic distribution of this peculiar type of clay as seen in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 outcrop showing Lateritic rock still holding its relicts found at spotless road egbewa

48
Fig. 2 outcrop showing Quartzite along NTA road

CHAPTER THREE

STRUCTURE

3.1 Introduction

The branch of geology that deals with the form, arrangement, and internal structure of
rocks, and especially with the description, representation, and analysis of structures, chiefly on a
moderate to small scale.
The study of geologic structures has been of prime importance in economic geology,
both petroleum geology and mining geology. Folded and faulted rock strata commonly form
traps that accumulate and concentrate fluids such as petroleum and natural gas. Similarly, faulted
and structurally complex areas are notable as permeable zones for hydrothermal fluids, resulting
in concentrated areas of base and precious metal ore deposits. Veins of minerals containing
various metals commonly occupy faults and fractures in structurally complex areas. These
structurally fractured and faulted zones often occur in association with intrusive igneous rocks.
They often also occur around geologic reef complexes and collapse features such as
ancient sinkholes. Deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, and other metals, are commonly
located in structurally complex areas.

49
3.2 Joints

A joint is a plane of fracture along which there has been no relative displacement of rocks along
either side of the plane. Joints are developed as a result of the brittle nature of the rocks that are
close to the earth surface when they react to tectonic disturbances. A fracture along which
microscopic displacement has occurred but is invisible with the unaided eye might also be
referred. The joints found in the mapped area were oriented in different directions pointing to the
fact that most were formed during tectonic activities as seen in Fig 3.

3.3 Veins

A vein is a tabular discordant body cutting across a rock. It is made up of minerals that
were crystallized out of magmatic fluids during the latter part of crystallization. The minerals fill
the fracture partially or wholly depending on the amount of mineralizing fluids available after the
rock forming minerals have crystallized. The veins encountered were mostly quartzofeldspathic
with a few quartzitic veins. They were mostly encountered on the charnockitic and migmatite
rocks as seen in Fig. 4.

3.4 Geologic Contact

A geological contact is a boundary which separates one rock body from another.A
contact can be formed during deposition, by the intrusion of magma, or through faulting or other
deformation of rock beds that brings distinct rock bodies into contact

3.5 Dyke

A dike or dyke, in geological usage, is a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-
existing rock body. Dikes can be either magmatic or sedimentary in origin. Magmatic dikes form
when magma flows into a crack then solidifies as a sheet intrusion, either cutting across layers of
rock or through a contiguous mass of rock. Clastic dikes are formed when sediment fills a pre-
existing crack as seen in Fig. 5.

3.6 Sill

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 A sill is a tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded betwee older layers of sedimentary rock,
beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock. A sill is
a concordant intrusive sheet, meaning that a sill does not cut across preexisting rock beds.
Stacking of sills builds a sill complex and a large magma chamber at high magma flux as seen in
Fig. 6

3.7 Fold
A fold is a permanent deformation structure that is formed when a rock/geologic structure
behaves plastically when subjected to pressure as seen in Fig. 7.

3.8 Exfoliation
This is the peeling away of the surfaces of rocks which may be due to the effect of the
alternate expansion and contraction of the rock caused by series of heating and cooling.

3.9 Solution Hole

These are circular, elliptical or elongated shallow depression in the rocks which are as a result
of pronounced chemical and/or differential weathering in which the mineral in contact with a
solvent is dissociated into its component ions leaving a hole in the rock Solution holes were
observed in all the rocks mapped in the study area as seen in Fig. 8.

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Fig. 8 solution hole

Fig. 7 symmetrical fold

Fig. 5 dyke intrusion

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Fig. 4 vein intrusion

Fig. 7 micro fold

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Fig. 3 Joint in migmatite gneiss

Fig. 6 sill intrusion in migmatite-gneiss

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 CHAPTER FOUR

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

4.1 Introduction

Economic geology is the geological study for the exploration and exploitation of
materials which can be profitably extracted by man. It deals with the usefulness of geological
materials for mankind. The delineation of mineralized deposits are carried out during field
mapping exercises. Rocks and their minerals as well as the accessory minerals they are
associated with are found useful in various industries. One of the reasons of independent
mapping is for geological preliminary exploration which enable us to get the economy
importance in that region.

4.2.1 Migmatite

• It used for building stone, but sometimes polished to be used for ornaments.
• In construction, migmatite is used for counter tops, flooring, kitchens, and curbing
• Smaller pieces and scraps are used for road aggregates, cement manufacture, and
dimensions stones.

4.2.2 Quartzite

• A decorative stone and may be used to cover walls, as roofing tiles, as flooring, and
stairsteps.
• Its use for countertops in kitchens is expanding rapidly.
• Crushed quartzite is sometimes used in road construction.
• Quartzite has been used since prehistoric times for stone tools.

4.2.3 Granite

• Monuments Built Using Granite

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• Granite Mantle Pieces and Staircases: Using large slabs of granite is a great way to
preserve and display the beauty of the stone.
• Granite is extensively used for kitchen and bathroom worktops.
• There are few granites that are rare and amazingly beautiful. Since they are rare, they are
turned into gemstones and used in jewelry.
• Due to the availability of natural granite in many colors, it is possible to create mosaics or
tile patterns using only this stone.

4.2.4 Charnockite

• Charnockite is used in the construction of structures like roads, bridges, and buildings.
• They are also used in the field of pottery.
• They are used to make pots commonly found in the kitchen.
• Charnockite is also used as a gemstone to add to the home decor.
• It is also used to decorate the gardens.

4.2.5 Lateritic Rock

• It is used in Agriculture. It has a high clay content, which means they have higher cation
exchange capacity and water-holding capacity
• It is used Road building.
• For water supply, the thick laterite layer is porous and slightly permeable so the layer can
function as an aquifer in rural areas.
• For waste water treatment, locally available laterite—a low-grade bauxite rich in iron and
aluminum—is used in acid solution, followed by precipitation to remove phosphorus and heavy
metals at several sewage treatment facilities.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

The geologic mapping of the study area reveals that the lithologic units in the area which
is mainly migmatite-gneiss and quartzite that has been majorly weathered into lateritic rock.
Structural overview of the lithologic units revealed that the study belongs has witnessed several
episodes of deformation leading to re-orientation and obliteration of the pre-existing structural
framework. The structural features common on the rocks in the study area is exhibited on the
migmatites which are widespread in the area. This is because of the ductile and brittle behavior
exhibited by this outcrop due to its heterogeneous nature. The outcrop consists of segregated
light colored granite composition called leucosome within dark colored materials called
melanosome with varying textural characteristics.
However, this study has been able to relate the deformational imprints of the various structures
such as ptygmatic folds to the geology of the area. Other structures such as joints, quartz-veins,
dykes, and sills are presumed to be parts of the manifestation of the Pan-African orogeny that
affected the basement complex.
The mapping exercise was helpful in studying and understanding the geology of Ilawe road of
Ado Ekiti and studying the rocks in-situ for their texture, structures, mineralogy, condition of
formation, and the tectonic and environmental processes that has affected the area.

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