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CSS Notes by Vikas Kadakkal

The document discusses CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) notes. Some key points include: - CSS is used to define how HTML elements are displayed and styled. - There are three ways to insert CSS - external style sheets, internal style sheets, and inline styles. External style sheets can be used to style entire websites. - CSS selectors like id and class are used to target specific elements. More specific selectors override more general ones. - Background properties like color, image, repeat, position can be used to style backgrounds. A shorthand background property combines these. - Comments can be added to CSS to document code. Multiple style sheets will cascade with the most specific overriding others.

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2K views

CSS Notes by Vikas Kadakkal

The document discusses CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) notes. Some key points include: - CSS is used to define how HTML elements are displayed and styled. - There are three ways to insert CSS - external style sheets, internal style sheets, and inline styles. External style sheets can be used to style entire websites. - CSS selectors like id and class are used to target specific elements. More specific selectors override more general ones. - Background properties like color, image, repeat, position can be used to style backgrounds. A shorthand background property combines these. - Comments can be added to CSS to document code. Multiple style sheets will cascade with the most specific overriding others.

Uploaded by

vikaskpsc
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 119

CSS NOTES Cascading Style Sheets

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets Styles define how to display HTML
elements

Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve


a problem

External Style Sheets can save a lot of


work

External Style Sheets are stored in CSS


files

VIKAS KADAKKAL Mob:9539313232

CSS Notes by Vikas Kadakkal

Page 1 Source : http://www.w3schools.com

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)



CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets Styles define how to display HTML elements Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem External Style Sheets can save a lot of work External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files

CSS Syntax
A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more declarations:

The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style. Each declaration consists of a property and a value. The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property has a value.

CSS Example
A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by curly brackets:

p {color:red;text-align:center;}
To make the CSS more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this:

Example
p { color:red; text-align:center; }

CSS Comments
Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a later date. Comments are ignored by browsers. A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with "*/", like this:

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/*This is a comment*/ p { text-align:center; /*This is another comment*/ color:black; font-family:arial; }

The id and class Selectors


In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to specify your own selectors called "id" and "class".

The id Selector
The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element. The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#". The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":

Example
#para1 { text-align:center; color:red; }
Do NOT start an ID name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.

The class Selector


The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id selector, the class selector is most often used on several elements. This allows you to set a particular style for many HTML elements with the same class. The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "." In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Example
.center {text-align:center;}
You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class. In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Example
p.center {text-align:center;}

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Do NOT start a class name with a number! This is only supported in Internet Explorer.

When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it.

Three Ways to Insert CSS


There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

External style sheet Internal style sheet Inline style

External Style Sheet


An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section:

<head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" /> </head>


An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is shown below:

hr {color:sienna;} p {margin-left:20px;} body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}


Do not leave spaces between the property value and the units! "margin-left:20 px" (instead of "margin-left:20px") will work in IE, but not in Firefox or Opera.

Internal Style Sheet


An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:

<head> <style type="text/css"> hr {color:sienna;} p {margin-left:20px;} body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");} </style> </head>

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Inline Styles
An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation. Use this method sparingly! To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a paragraph:

<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>

Multiple Style Sheets


If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values will be inherited from the more specific style sheet. For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3 { color:red; text-align:left; font-size:8pt; }


And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3 { text-align:right; font-size:20pt; }
If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for h3 will be:

color:red; text-align:right; font-size:20pt;


The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-alignment and the font-size is replaced by the internal style sheet.

Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One


Styles can be specified:

inside an HTML element inside the head section of an HTML page in an external CSS file

Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.

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Cascading order
What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element? Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority: 1. 2. 3. 4. Browser default External style sheet Internal style sheet (in the head section) Inline style (inside an HTML element)

So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default value). Note: If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in HTML <head>, the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet!

CSS Background
CSS background properties are used to define the background effects of an element. CSS properties used for background effects:

background-color background-image background-repeat background-attachment background-position

Background Color
The background-color property specifies the background color of an element. The background color of a page is defined in the body selector:

Example
body {background-color:#b0c4de;}
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:

a HEX value - like "#ff0000" an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)" a color name - like "red"

Look at CSS Color Values for a complete list of possible color values. In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background colors:

Example

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h1 {background-color:#6495ed;} p {background-color:#e0ffff;} div {background-color:#b0c4de;}

Background Image
The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element. By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element. The background image for a page can be set like this:

Example
body {background-image:url('paper.gif');}
Below is an example of a bad combination of text and background image. The text is almost not readable:

Example
body {background-image:url('bgdesert.jpg');}

Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically


By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically. Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like this:

Example
body { background-image:url('gradient2.png'); }
If the image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-x), the background will look better:

Example
body { background-image:url('gradient2.png'); background-repeat:repeat-x; }

Background Image - Set position and no-repeat


When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text. Showing the image only once is specified by the background-repeat property:

Example

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body { background-image:url('img_tree.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; }


In the example above, the background image is shown in the same place as the text. We want to change the position of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much. The position of the image is specified by the background-position property:

Example
body { background-image:url('img_tree.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:right top; }

Background - Shorthand property


As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing with backgrounds. To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the properties in one single property. This is called a shorthand property. The shorthand property for background is simply "background":

Example
body {background:#ffffff url('img_tree.png') no-repeat right top;}
When using the shorthand property the order of the property values are:

background-color background-image background-repeat background-attachment background-position

It does not matter if one of the property values is missing, as long as the ones that are present are in this order.

All CSS Background Properties


Property background Description Sets all the background properties in one declaration

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background-attachment

Sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of the page Sets the background color of an element Sets the background image for an element Sets the starting position of a background image Sets how a background image will be repeated

background-color background-image background-position background-repeat

CSS Text
TEXT FORMATTING
This text is styled with some of the text formatting properties. The heading uses the text-align, text-transform, and color properties. The paragraph is indented, aligned, and the space between characters is specified.

Text Color
The color property is used to set the color of the text. With CSS, a color is most often specified by:

a HEX value - like "#ff0000" an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)" a color name - like "red"

Look at CSS Color Values for a complete list of possible color values. The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.

Example
body {color:blue;} h1 {color:#00ff00;} h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0);}
For W3C compliant CSS: If you define the color property, you must also define the backgroundcolor property.

Text Alignment
The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text. Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.

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When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).

Example
h1 {text-align:center;} p.date {text-align:right;} p.main {text-align:justify;}

Text Decoration
The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text. The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:

Example
a {text-decoration:none;}
It can also be used to decorate text:

Example
h1 h2 h3 h4 {text-decoration:overline;} {text-decoration:line-through;} {text-decoration:underline;} {text-decoration:blink;}
It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuses users.

Text Transformation
The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text. It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of each word.

Example
p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase;} p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase;} p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize;}

Text Indentation
The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.

Example
p {text-indent:50px;}

All CSS Text Properties


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Property color direction letter-spacing line-height text-align text-decoration text-indent text-shadow text-transform unicode-bidi vertical-align white-space word-spacing

Description Sets the color of text Specifies the text direction/writing direction Increases or decreases the space between characters in a text Sets the line height Specifies the horizontal alignment of text Specifies the decoration added to text Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text-block Specifies the shadow effect added to text Controls the capitalization of text

Sets the vertical alignment of an element Specifies how white-space inside an element is handled Increases or decreases the space between words in a text

CSS Font
CSS font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a text.

Difference Between Serif and Sans-serif Fonts

On computer screens, sans-serif fonts are considered easier to read than serif fonts.

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CSS Font Families


In CSS, there are two types of font family names:

generic family - a group of font families with a similar look (like "Serif" or "Monospace") font family - a specific font family (like "Times New Roman" or "Arial") Font family Description Serif fonts have small lines at the ends on some characters

Generic family Serif

Times New Roman Georgia Arial Verdana Courier New Lucida Console

Sans-serif

"Sans" means without - these fonts do not have the lines at the ends of characters

Monospace

All monospace characters have the same width

Font Family
The font family of a text is set with the font-family property. The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser does not support the first font, it tries the next font. Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a similar font in the generic family, if no other fonts are available. Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must be in quotation marks, like fontfamily: "Times New Roman". More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated list:

Example
p{font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif;}

Font Style
The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text. This property has three values:

normal - The text is shown normally italic - The text is shown in italics oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar to italic, but less supported)

Example

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p.normal {font-style:normal;} p.italic {font-style:italic;} p.oblique {font-style:oblique;}

Font Size
The font-size property sets the size of the text. Being able to manage the text size is important in web design. However, you should not use font size adjustments to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look like paragraphs. Always use the proper HTML tags, like <h1> - <h6> for headings and <p> for paragraphs. The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size. Absolute size:

Sets the text to a specified size Does not allow a user to change the text size in all browsers (bad for accessibility reasons) Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the output is known

Relative size:

Sets the size relative to surrounding elements Allows a user to change the text size in browsers

If you do not specify a font size, the default size for normal text, like paragraphs, is 16px (16px=1em).

Set Font Size With Pixels


Setting the text size with pixels, gives you full control over the text size:

Example
h1 {font-size:40px;} h2 {font-size:30px;} p {font-size:14px;}
The example above allows Firefox, Chrome, and Safari to resize the text, but not Internet Explorer. The text can be resized in all browsers using the zoom tool (however, this resizes the entire page, not just the text).

Set Font Size With Em


To avoid the resizing problem with Internet Explorer, many developers use em instead of pixels. The em size unit is recommended by the W3C. 1em is equal to the current font size. The default text size in browsers is 16px. So, the default size of 1em is 16px.

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The size can be calculated from pixels to em using this formula: pixels/16=em

Example
h1 {font-size:2.5em;} /* 40px/16=2.5em */ h2 {font-size:1.875em;} /* 30px/16=1.875em */ p {font-size:0.875em;} /* 14px/16=0.875em */
In the example above, the text size in em is the same as the previous example in pixels. However, with the em size, it is possible to adjust the text size in all browsers. Unfortunately, there is still a problem with IE. When resizing the text, it becomes larger than it should when made larger, and smaller than it should when made smaller.

Use a Combination of Percent and Em


The solution that works in all browsers, is to set a default font-size in percent for the body element:

Example
body {font-size:100%;} h1 {font-size:2.5em;} h2 {font-size:1.875em;} p {font-size:0.875em;}
Our code now works great! It shows the same text size in all browsers, and allows all browsers to zoom or resize the text!

All CSS Font Properties


Property font font-family font-size font-style font-variant font-weight Description Sets all the font properties in one declaration Specifies the font family for text Specifies the font size of text Specifies the font style for text Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a small-caps font Specifies the weight of a font

CSS Links
Links can be styled in different ways.

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Styling Links
Links can be styled with any CSS property (e.g. color, font-family, background, etc.). Special for links are that they can be styled differently depending on what state they are in. The four links states are: a:link - a normal, unvisited link a:visited - a link the user has visited a:hover - a link when the user mouses over it a:active - a link the moment it is clicked

Example
a:link {color:#FF0000;} /* unvisited link */ a:visited {color:#00FF00;} /* visited link */ a:hover {color:#FF00FF;} /* mouse over link */ a:active {color:#0000FF;} /* selected link */
When setting the style for several link states, there are some order rules:

a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited a:active MUST come after a:hover

Common Link Styles


In the example above the link changes color depending on what state it is in. Lets go through some of the other common ways to style links:

Text Decoration
The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links:

Example
a:link {text-decoration:none;} a:visited {text-decoration:none;} a:hover {text-decoration:underline;} a:active {text-decoration:underline;}

Background Color
The background-color property specifies the background color for links:

Example
a:link {background-color:#B2FF99;} a:visited {background-color:#FFFF85;} a:hover {background-color:#FF704D;} a:active {background-color:#FF704D;}

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CSS Lists
The CSS list properties allow you to:

Set different list item markers for ordered lists Set different list item markers for unordered lists Set an image as the list item marker

List
In HTML, there are two types of lists:

unordered lists - the list items are marked with bullets ordered lists - the list items are marked with numbers or letters

With CSS, lists can be styled further, and images can be used as the list item marker.

Different List Item Markers


The type of list item marker is specified with the list-style-type property:

Example ul.a {list-style-type: circle;} ul.b {list-style-type: square;}


ol.c {list-style-type: upper-roman;} ol.d {list-style-type: lower-alpha;}
Some of the values are for unordered lists, and some for ordered lists.

An Image as The List Item Marker


To specify an image as the list item marker, use the list-style-image property:

Example ul { list-style-image: url('sqpurple.gif'); }


The example above does not display equally in all browsers. IE and Opera will display the imagemarker a little bit higher than Firefox, Chrome, and Safari. If you want the image-marker to be placed equally in all browsers, a crossbrowser solution is explained below.

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Crossbrowser Solution
The following example displays the image-marker equally in all browsers:

Example ul { list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; } li { background-image: url(sqpurple.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 0px 5px; padding-left: 14px; }
Example explained:

For ul:

o o
For li:

Set the list-style-type to none to remove the list item marker Set both padding and margin to 0px (for cross-browser compatibility) Set the URL of the image, and show it only once (no-repeat) Position the image where you want it (left 0px and down 5px) Position the text in the list with padding-left

o o o

List - Shorthand property


It is also possible to specify all the list properties in one, single property. This is called a shorthand property. The shorthand property used for lists, is the list-style property:

Example
ul { list-style: square url("sqpurple.gif"); }
When using the shorthand property, the order of the values are:

list-style-type list-style-position (for a description, see the CSS properties table below) list-style-image

It does not matter if one of the values above are missing, as long as the rest are in the specified order.

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All CSS List Properties


Property list-style list-style-image list-style-position list-style-type Description Sets all the properties for a list in one declaration Specifies an image as the list-item marker Specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside or outside the content flow Specifies the type of list-item marker

CSS Tables
The look of an HTML table can be greatly improved with CSS:

Company
Alfreds Futterkiste Berglunds snabbkp Centro comercial Moctezuma Ernst Handel Island Trading Kniglich Essen Laughing Bacchus Winecellars Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti North/South Paris spcialits The Big Cheese Vaffeljernet

Contact
Maria Anders Christina Berglund Francisco Chang Roland Mendel Helen Bennett Philip Cramer Yoshi Tannamuri Giovanni Rovelli Simon Crowther Marie Bertrand Liz Nixon Palle Ibsen

Country
Germany Sweden Mexico Austria UK Germany Canada Italy UK France USA Denmark

Table Borders
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To specify table borders in CSS, use the border property. The example below specifies a black border for table, th, and td elements:

Example
table, th, td { border: 1px solid black; }
Notice that the table in the example above has double borders. This is because both the table and the th/td elements have separate borders. To display a single border for the table, use the border-collapse property.

Collapse Borders
The border-collapse property sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single border or separated:

Example
table { border-collapse:collapse; } table,th, td { border: 1px solid black; }

Table Width and Height


Width and height of a table is defined by the width and height properties. The example below sets the width of the table to 100%, and the height of the th elements to 50px:

Example table { width:100%; } th { height:50px; }

Table Text Alignment


The text in a table is aligned with the text-align and vertical-align properties. The text-align property sets the horizontal alignment, like left, right, or center:

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Example td { text-align:right; }
The vertical-align property sets the vertical alignment, like top, bottom, or middle:

Example td { height:50px; vertical-align:bottom; }

Table Padding
To control the space between the border and content in a table, use the padding property on td and th elements:

Example td { padding:15px; }

Table Color
The example below specifies the color of the borders, and the text and background color of th elements:

Example
table, td, th { border:1px solid green; } th { background-color:green; color:white; }

CSS Box Model


All HTML elements can be considered as boxes. In CSS, the term "box model" is used when talking about design and layout.

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The CSS box model is essentially a box that wraps around HTML elements, and it consists of: margins, borders, padding, and the actual content. The box model allows us to place a border around elements and space elements in relation to other elements. The image below illustrates the box model:

Explanation of the different parts:

Margin - Clears an area around the border. The margin does not have a background color, it is completely transparent Border - A border that goes around the padding and content. The border is affected by the background color of the box Padding - Clears an area around the content. The padding is affected by the background color of the box Content - The content of the box, where text and images appear

In order to set the width and height of an element correctly in all browsers, you need to know how the box model works.

Width and Height of an Element


Important: When you set the width and height properties of an element with CSS, you just set the width and height of the content area. To calculate the full size of an element, you must also add the padding, borders and margins. The total width of the element in the example below is 300px:

width:250px; padding:10px;

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border:5px solid gray; margin:10px;


Let's do the math: 250px (width) + 20px (left and right padding) + 10px (left and right border) + 20px (left and right margin) = 300px Assume that you had only 250px of space. Let's make an element with a total width of 250px:

Example
width:220px; padding:10px; border:5px solid gray; margin:0px;
The total width of an element should be calculated like this: Total element width = width + left padding + right padding + left border + right border + left margin + right margin The total height of an element should be calculated like this: Total element height = height + top padding + bottom padding + top border + bottom border + top margin + bottom margin

Browsers Compatibility Issue


The example above does not display properly in IE8 and earlier versions. IE8 and earlier versions includes padding and border in the width, if a DOCTYPE is NOT declared. To fix this problem, just add a DOCTYPE to the HTML page:

Example <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html> <head> <style type="text/css"> div.ex { width:220px; padding:10px; border:5px solid gray; margin:0px; }

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</style> </head>

CSS Border
CSS Border Properties
The CSS border properties allow you to specify the style and color of an element's border.

Border Style
The border-style property specifies what kind of border to display. None of the border properties will have ANY effect unless the border-style property is set!

border-style values:
none: Defines no border dotted: Defines a dotted border dashed: Defines a dashed border solid: Defines a solid border

double: Defines two borders. The width of the two borders are the same as the border-width value

groove: Defines a 3D grooved border. The effect depends on the border-color value

ridge: Defines a 3D ridged border. The effect depends on the border-color value

inset: Defines a 3D inset border. The effect depends on the border-color value

outset: Defines a 3D outset border. The effect depends on the border-color value

Border Width
The border-width property is used to set the width of the border. The width is set in pixels, or by using one of the three pre-defined values: thin, medium, or thick. Note: The "border-width" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style" property to set the borders first.

Example

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p.one { border-style:solid; border-width:5px; } p.two { border-style:solid; border-width:medium; }

Border Color
The border-color property is used to set the color of the border. The color can be set by:

name - specify a color name, like "red" RGB - specify a RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)" Hex - specify a hex value, like "#ff0000"

You can also set the border color to "transparent". Note: The "border-color" property does not work if it is used alone. Use the "border-style" property to set the borders first.

Example
p.one { border-style:solid; border-color:red; } p.two { border-style:solid; border-color:#98bf21;

Border - Individual sides


In CSS it is possible to specify different borders for different sides:

Example
p { border-top-style:dotted; border-right-style:solid; border-bottom-style:dotted; border-left-style:solid; }

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The example above can also be set with a single property:

Example
border-style:dotted solid;
The border-style property can have from one to four values.

border-style:dotted solid double dashed; o top border is dotted o right border is solid o bottom border is double o left border is dashed border-style:dotted solid double; o top border is dotted o right and left borders are solid o bottom border is double border-style:dotted solid; o top and bottom borders are dotted o right and left borders are solid border-style:dotted; o all four borders are dotted

The border-style property is used in the example above. However, it also works with border-width and border-color.

Border - Shorthand property


As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing with borders. To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the border properties in one property. This is called a shorthand property. The shorthand property for the border properties is "border":

Example
border:5px solid red;
When using the border property, the order of the values are:

border-width border-style border-color

It does not matter if one of the values above are missing (although, border-style is required), as long as the rest are in the specified order.

All CSS Border Properties


Property border Description Sets all the border properties in one declaration

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border-bottom border-bottom-color border-bottom-style border-bottom-width border-color border-left border-left-color border-left-style border-left-width border-right border-right-color border-right-style border-right-width border-style border-top border-top-color border-top-style border-top-width border-width

Sets all the bottom border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the bottom border Sets the style of the bottom border Sets the width of the bottom border Sets the color of the four borders Sets all the left border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the left border Sets the style of the left border Sets the width of the left border Sets all the right border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the right border Sets the style of the right border Sets the width of the right border Sets the style of the four borders Sets all the top border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the top border Sets the style of the top border Sets the width of the top border Sets the width of the four borders

CSS Outlines
An outline is a line that is drawn around elements (outside the borders) to make the element "stand out". However, it is different from the border property. The outline is not a part of the element's dimensions, therefore the element's width and height properties do not contain the width of the outline.

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All CSS Outline Properties


The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2). Property outline Description Sets all the outline properties in one declaration Values outline-color outline-style outline-width inherit color_name hex_number rgb_number invert inherit none dotted dashed solid double groove ridge inset outset inherit thin medium thick length inherit CSS 2

outline-color

Sets the color of an outline

outline-style

Sets the style of an outline

outline-width

Sets the width of an outline

CSS Margin
The CSS margin properties define the space around elements.

Margin
The margin clears an area around an element (outside the border). The margin does not have a background color, and is completely transparent. The top, right, bottom, and left margin can be changed independently using separate properties. A shorthand margin property can also be used, to change all margins at once.

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Possible Values
Value auto Description The browser sets the margin. The result of this is dependant of the browser Defines a fixed margin (in pixels, pt, em, etc.) Defines a margin in % of the containing element

length %

It is possible to use negative values, to overlap content.

Margin - Individual sides


In CSS, it is possible to specify different margins for different sides:

Example
margin-top:100px; margin-bottom:100px; margin-right:50px; margin-left:50px;

Margin - Shorthand property


To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the margin properties in one property. This is called a shorthand property. The shorthand property for all the margin properties is "margin":

Example
margin:100px 50px;
The margin property can have from one to four values.

margin:25px 50px 75px 100px; o top margin is 25px o right margin is 50px o bottom margin is 75px o left margin is 100px margin:25px 50px 75px; o top margin is 25px o right and left margins are 50px o bottom margin is 75px margin:25px 50px; o top and bottom margins are 25px o right and left margins are 50px

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margin:25px; o all four margins are 25px

All CSS Margin Properties


Property margin margin-bottom margin-left margin-right margin-top Description A shorthand property for setting the margin properties in one declaration Sets the bottom margin of an element Sets the left margin of an element Sets the right margin of an element Sets the top margin of an element

CSS Padding
The CSS padding properties define the space between the element border and the element content.

Padding
The padding clears an area around the content (inside the border) of an element. The padding is affected by the background color of the element. The top, right, bottom, and left padding can be changed independently using separate properties. A shorthand padding property can also be used, to change all paddings at once.

Possible Values
Value length % Description Defines a fixed padding (in pixels, pt, em, etc.) Defines a padding in % of the containing element

Padding - Individual sides


In CSS, it is possible to specify different padding for different sides:

Example
padding-top:25px; padding-bottom:25px; padding-right:50px; padding-left:50px;

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Padding - Shorthand property


To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the padding properties in one property. This is called a shorthand property. The shorthand property for all the padding properties is "padding":

Example
padding:25px 50px;
The padding property can have from one to four values.

padding:25px 50px 75px 100px; o top padding is 25px o right padding is 50px o bottom padding is 75px o left padding is 100px padding:25px 50px 75px; o top padding is 25px o right and left paddings are 50px o bottom padding is 75px padding:25px 50px; o top and bottom paddings are 25px o right and left paddings are 50px padding:25px; o all four paddings are 25px

All CSS Padding Properties


Property padding padding-bottom padding-left padding-right padding-top Description A shorthand property for setting all the padding properties in one declaration Sets the bottom padding of an element Sets the left padding of an element Sets the right padding of an element Sets the top padding of an element

CSS Grouping and Nesting Selectors


Grouping Selectors
In style sheets there are often elements with the same style.

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h1 { color:green; } h2 { color:green; } p { color:green; }


To minimize the code, you can group selectors. Separate each selector with a comma. In the example below we have grouped the selectors from the code above:

Example
h1,h2,p { color:green; }

Nesting Selectors
It is possible to apply a style for a selector within a selector. In the example below, one style is specified for all p elements, one style is specified for all elements with class="marked", and a third style is specified only for p elements within elements with class="marked":

Example
p { color:blue; text-align:center; } .marked { background-color:red; } .marked p { color:white; }

CSS Dimension

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The CSS dimension properties allow you to control the height and width of an element.

All CSS Dimension Properties


The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2). Property height Description Sets the height of an element Values auto length % inherit none length % inherit none length % inherit length % inherit length % inherit auto length % inherit CSS 1

max-height

Sets the maximum height of an element

max-width

Sets the maximum width of an element

min-height

Sets the minimum height of an element

min-width

Sets the minimum width of an element

width

Sets the width of an element

CSS Display and Visibility


The display property specifies if/how an element is displayed, and the visibility property specifies if an element should be visible or hidden.

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Box 1

Box 2

Box 3

Hiding an Element - display:none or visibility:hidden


Hiding an element can be done by setting the display property to "none" or the visibility property to "hidden". However, notice that these two methods produce different results: visibility:hidden hides an element, but it will still take up the same space as before. The element will be hidden, but still affect the layout.

Example
h1.hidden {visibility:hidden;}
display:none hides an element, and it will not take up any space. The element will be hidden, and the page will be displayed as the element is not there:

Example
h1.hidden {display:none;}

CSS Display - Block and Inline Elements


A block element is an element that takes up the full width available, and has a line break before and after it. Examples of block elements:

<h1> <p> <div>

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An inline element only takes up as much width as necessary, and does not force line breaks. Examples of inline elements:

<span> <a>

Changing How an Element is Displayed


Changing an inline element to a block element, or vice versa, can be useful for making the page look a specific way, and still follow web standards. The following example displays list items as inline elements:

Example
li {display:inline;}
The following example displays span elements as block elements:

Example
span {display:block;}
Note: Changing the display type of an element changes only how the element is displayed, NOT what kind of element it is. For example: An inline element set to display:block is not allowed to have a block element nested inside of it.

CSS Positioning
Positioning can be tricky sometimes!

Decide which element to display in front! Elements can overlap! Positioning


The CSS positioning properties allow you to position an element. It can also place an element behind another, and specify what should happen when an element's content is too big. Elements can be positioned using the top, bottom, left, and right properties. However, these properties will not work unless the position property is set first. They also work differently depending on the positioning method. There are four different positioning methods.

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Static Positioning
HTML elements are positioned static by default. A static positioned element is always positioned according to the normal flow of the page. Static positioned elements are not affected by the top, bottom, left, and right properties.

Fixed Positioning
An element with fixed position is positioned relative to the browser window. It will not move even if the window is scrolled:

Example
p.pos_fixed { position:fixed; top:30px; right:5px; }
Note: IE7 and IE8 support the fixed value only if a !DOCTYPE is specified. Fixed positioned elements are removed from the normal flow. The document and other elements behave like the fixed positioned element does not exist. Fixed positioned elements can overlap other elements.

Relative Positioning
A relative positioned element is positioned relative to its normal position.

Example
h2.pos_left { position:relative; left:-20px; } h2.pos_right { position:relative; left:20px; }
The content of relatively positioned elements can be moved and overlap other elements, but the reserved space for the element is still preserved in the normal flow.

Example

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h2.pos_top { position:relative; top:-50px; }


Relatively positioned elements are often used as container blocks for absolutely positioned elements.

Absolute Positioning
An absolute position element is positioned relative to the first parent element that has a position other than static. If no such element is found, the containing block is <html>:

Example h2 { position:absolute; left:100px; top:150px; }


Absolutely positioned elements are removed from the normal flow. The document and other elements behave like the absolutely positioned element does not exist. Absolutely positioned elements can overlap other elements.

Overlapping Elements
When elements are positioned outside the normal flow, they can overlap other elements. The z-index property specifies the stack order of an element (which element should be placed in front of, or behind, the others). An element can have a positive or negative stack order:

Example img { position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; z-index:-1 }


An element with greater stack order is always in front of an element with a lower stack order. Note: If two positioned elements overlap, without a z-index specified, the element positioned last in the HTML code will be shown on top.

All CSS Positioning Properties


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The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2). Property bottom Description Sets the bottom margin edge for a positioned box Values auto length % inherit shape auto inherit CSS 2

clip

Clips an absolutely positioned element

cursor

Specifies the type of cursor to be displayed url auto crosshair default pointer move e-resize ne-resize nw-resize n-resize se-resize sw-resize s-resize w-resize text wait help Sets the left margin edge for a positioned box auto length % inherit

left

overflow

Specifies what happens if content overflows auto an element's box hidden scroll visible inherit Specifies the type of positioning for an element absolute fixed relative static inherit

position

right

Sets the right margin edge for a positioned auto box length %

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inherit top Sets the top margin edge for a positioned box auto length % inherit number auto inherit 2

z-index

Sets the stack order of an element

CSS Float
What is CSS Float?

With CSS float, an element can be pushed to the left or right, allowing other elements to wrap around it. Float is very often used for images, but it is also useful when working with layouts.

How Elements Float


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Elements are floated horizontally, this means that an element can only be floated left or right, not up or down. A floated element will move as far to the left or right as it can. Usually this means all the way to the left or right of the containing element. The elements after the floating element will flow around it. The elements before the floating element will not be affected. If an image is floated to the right, a following text flows around it, to the left:

Example
img { float:right; }

Floating Elements Next to Each Other


If you place several floating elements after each other, they will float next to each other if there is room. Here we have made an image gallery using the float property:

Example .thumbnail { float:left; width:110px; height:90px; margin:5px; }

Turning off Float - Using Clear


Elements after the floating element will flow around it. To avoid this, use the clear property. The clear property specifies which sides of an element other floating elements are not allowed. Add a text line into the image gallery, using the clear property:

Example .text_line { clear:both; }

All CSS Float Properties

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The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2). Property clear Description Specifies which sides of an element where other floating elements are not allowed Values left right both none inherit left right none inherit CSS 1

float

Specifies whether or not a box should float

CSS Horizontal Align


In CSS, several properties are used to align elements horizontally.

Aligning Block Elements


A block element is an element that takes up the full width available, and has a line break before and after it. Examples of block elements:

<h1> <p> <div>

In this chapter we will show you how to horizontally align block elements for layout purposes.

Center Aligning Using the margin Property


Block elements can be aligned by setting the left and right margins to "auto". Note: Using margin:auto will not work in IE8 and earlier, unless a !DOCTYPE is declared. Setting the left and right margins to auto specifies that they should split the available margin equally. The result is a centered element:

Example .center { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; width:70%; background-color:#b0e0e6; }

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Tip: Aligning has no effect if the width is 100%. Note: In IE5 there is a margin handling bug for block elements.

Left and Right Aligning Using the position Property


One method of aligning elements is to use absolute positioning:

Example
.right { position:absolute; right:0px; width:300px; background-color:#b0e0e6; }
Note: Absolute positioned elements are removed from the normal flow, and can overlap elements.

Crossbrowser Compatibility Issues


When aligning elements like this, it is always a good idea to predefine margin and padding for the <body> element. This is to avoid visual differences in different browsers. There is a problem with IE8 and earlier, when using the position property. If a container element (in our case <div class="container">) has a specified width, and the !DOCTYPE declaration is missing, IE8 and earlier versions will add a 17px margin on the right side. This seems to be space reserved for a scrollbar. Always set the !DOCTYPE declaration when using the position property:

Example
body { margin:0; padding:0; } .container { position:relative; width:100%; } .right { position:absolute; right:0px; width:300px; background-color:#b0e0e6; }

Left and Right Aligning Using the float Property


One method of aligning elements is to use the float property:

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Example
.right { float:right; width:300px; background-color:#b0e0e6; }

Crossbrowser Compatibility Issues


When aligning elements like this, it is always a good idea to predefine margin and padding for the <body> element. This is to avoid visual differences in different browsers. There is a problem with IE8 and earlier when using the float property. If the !DOCTYPE declaration is missing, IE8 and earlier versions will add a 17px margin on the right side. This seems to be space reserved for a scrollbar. Always set the !DOCTYPE declaration when using the float property:

Example
body { margin:0; padding:0; } .right { float:right; width:300px; background-color:#b0e0e6; }

CSS Pseudo-classes
CSS pseudo-classes are used to add special effects to some selectors.

Syntax
The syntax of pseudo-classes:

selector:pseudo-class {property:value;}
CSS classes can also be used with pseudo-classes:

selector.class:pseudo-class {property:value;}

Anchor Pseudo-classes
Links can be displayed in different ways in a CSS-supporting browser:

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Example
a:link {color:#FF0000;} /* unvisited link */ a:visited {color:#00FF00;} /* visited link */ a:hover {color:#FF00FF;} /* mouse over link */ a:active {color:#0000FF;} /* selected link */
Note: a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited in the CSS definition in order to be effective!! Note: a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS definition in order to be effective!! Note: Pseudo-class names are not case-sensitive.

Pseudo-classes and CSS Classes


Pseudo-classes can be combined with CSS classes:

a.red:visited {color:#FF0000;} <a class="red" href="css_syntax.asp">CSS Syntax</a>


If the link in the example above has been visited, it will be displayed in red.

CSS - The :first-child Pseudo-class


The :first-child pseudo-class matches a specified element that is the first child of another element. Note: For :first-child to work in IE8 and earlier, a <!DOCTYPE> must be declared.

Match the first <p> element


In the following example, the selector matches any <p> element that is the first child of any element:

Example <html> <head> <style type="text/css"> p:first-child { color:blue; } </style> </head> <body> <p>I am a strong man.</p> <p>I am a strong man.</p> </body> </html>

Match the first <i> element in all <p> elements


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In the following example, the selector matches the first <i> element in all <p> elements:

Example <html> <head> <style type="text/css"> p > i:first-child { font-weight:bold; } </style> </head>
<body> <p>I am a <i>strong</i> man. I am a <i>strong</i> man.</p> <p>I am a <i>strong</i> man. I am a <i>strong</i> man.</p> </body> </html>

Match all <i> elements in all first child <p> elements


In the following example, the selector matches all <i> elements in <p> elements that are the first child of another element:

Example
<html> <head> <style type="text/css"> p:first-child i { color:blue; } </style> </head> <body> <p>I am a <i>strong</i> man. I am a <i>strong</i> man.</p> <p>I am a <i>strong</i> man. I am a <i>strong</i> man.</p> </body> </html>

CSS - The :lang Pseudo-class


The :lang pseudo-class allows you to define special rules for different languages. Note: IE8 supports the :lang pseudo-class only if a <!DOCTYPE> is specified. In the example below, the :lang class defines the quotation marks for q elements with lang="no":

Example

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<html> <head> <style type="text/css"> q:lang(no) {quotes: "~" "~";} </style> </head> <body> <p>Some text <q lang="no">A quote in a paragraph</q> Some text.</p> </body> </html>

All CSS Pseudo Classes/Elements


Selector :link :visited :active :hover :focus :first-letter :first-line :first-child :before :after :lang(language) Example a:link a:visited a:active a:hover input:focus p:first-letter p:first-line p:first-child p:before p:after p:lang(it) Example description Selects all unvisited links Selects all visited links Selects the active link Selects links on mouse over Selects the input element which has focus Selects the first letter of every <p> element Selects the first line of every <p> element Selects every <p> elements that is the first child of its parent Insert content before every <p> element Insert content after every <p> element Selects every <p> element with a lang attribute value starting with "it"

CSS Pseudo-elements
CSS pseudo-elements are used to add special effects to some selectors.

Syntax
The syntax of pseudo-elements:

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selector:pseudo-element {property:value;}
CSS classes can also be used with pseudo-elements:

selector.class:pseudo-element {property:value;}

The :first-line Pseudo-element


The "first-line" pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first line of a text. In the following example the browser formats the first line of text in a p element according to the style in the "first-line" pseudo-element (where the browser breaks the line, depends on the size of the browser window):

Example
p:first-line { color:#ff0000; font-variant:small-caps; }
Note: The "first-line" pseudo-element can only be used with block-level elements. Note: The following properties apply to the "first-line" pseudo-element:

font properties color properties background properties word-spacing letter-spacing text-decoration vertical-align text-transform line-height clear

The :first-letter Pseudo-element


The "first-letter" pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first letter of a text:

Example
p:first-letter { color:#ff0000; font-size:xx-large; }
Note: The "first-letter" pseudo-element can only be used with block-level elements. Note: The following properties apply to the "first-letter" pseudo- element:

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font properties color properties background properties margin properties padding properties border properties text-decoration vertical-align (only if "float" is "none") text-transform line-height float clear

Pseudo-elements and CSS Classes


Pseudo-elements can be combined with CSS classes:

p.article:first-letter {color:#ff0000;} <p class="article">A paragraph in an article</p>


The example above will display the first letter of all paragraphs with class="article", in red.

Multiple Pseudo-elements
Several pseudo-elements can also be combined. In the following example, the first letter of a paragraph will be red, in an xx-large font size. The rest of the first line will be blue, and in small-caps. The rest of the paragraph will be the default font size and color:

Example
p:first-letter { color:#ff0000; font-size:xx-large; } p:first-line { color:#0000ff; font-variant:small-caps; }

CSS - The :before Pseudo-element


The ":before" pseudo-element can be used to insert some content before the content of an element. The following example inserts an image before each <h1> element:

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Example
h1:before { content:url(smiley.gif); }

CSS - The :after Pseudo-element


The ":after" pseudo-element can be used to insert some content after the content of an element. The following example inserts an image after each <h1> element:

Example
h1:after { content:url(smiley.gif); }

All CSS Pseudo Classes/Elements


Selector :link :visited :active :hover :focus :first-letter :first-line :first-child :before :after :lang(language) Example a:link a:visited a:active a:hover input:focus p:first-letter p:first-line p:first-child p:before p:after p:lang(it) Example description Selects all unvisited links Selects all visited links Selects the active link Selects links on mouse over Selects the input element which has focus Selects the first letter of every <p> element Selects the first line of every <p> element Selects every <p> elements that is the first child of its parent Insert content before every <p> element Insert content after every <p> element Selects every <p> element with a lang attribute value starting with "it"

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CSS Navigation Bar


Demo: Navigation Bar

HOME NEWS ARTICLES FORUM CONTACT ABOUT

Navigation Bars
Having easy-to-use navigation is important for any web site. With CSS you can transform boring HTML menus into good-looking navigation bars.

Navigation Bar = List of Links


A navigation bar needs standard HTML as a base. In our examples we will build the navigation bar from a standard HTML list. A navigation bar is basically a list of links, so using the <ul> and <li> elements makes perfect sense:

Example
<ul> <li><a <li><a <li><a <li><a </ul> href="default.asp">Home</a></li> href="news.asp">News</a></li> href="contact.asp">Contact</a></li> href="about.asp">About</a></li>

Now let's remove the bullets and the margins and padding from the list:

Example
ul { list-style-type:none; margin:0; padding:0; }

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Example explained:

list-style-type:none - Removes the bullets. A navigation bar does not need list markers Setting margins and padding to 0 to remove browser default settings

The code in the example above is the standard code used in both vertical, and horizontal navigation bars.

Vertical Navigation Bar


To build a vertical navigation bar we only need to style the <a> elements, in addition to the code above:

Example
a { display:block; width:60px; }
Example explained:

display:block - Displaying the links as block elements makes the whole link area clickable (not just the text), and it allows us to specify the width width:60px - Block elements take up the full width available by default. We want to specify a 60 px width

Note: Always specify the width for <a> elements in a vertical navigation bar. If you omit the width, IE6 can produce unexpected results.

Horizontal Navigation Bar


There are two ways to create a horizontal navigation bar. Using inline or floating list items. Both methods work fine, but if you want the links to be the same size, you have to use the floating method.

Inline List Items


One way to build a horizontal navigation bar is to specify the <li> elements as inline, in addition to the "standard" code above:

Example
li { display:inline; }
Example explained:

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display:inline; - By default, <li> elements are block elements. Here, we remove the line breaks before and after each list item, to display them on one line

Floating List Items


In the example above the links have different widths. For all the links to have an equal width, float the <li> elements and specify a width for the <a> elements:

Example
li { float:left; } a { display:block; width:60px; }
Example explained:

float:left - use float to get block elements to slide next to each other display:block - Displaying the links as block elements makes the whole link area clickable (not just the text), and it allows us to specify the width width:60px - Since block elements take up the full width available, they cannot float next to each other. We specify the width of the links to 60px

CSS Image Gallery


CSS can be used to create an image gallery.

Add a description of the image here

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Add a description of the image here

Add a description of the image here

Add a description of the image here

Image Gallery
The following image gallery is created with CSS:

Example
<html> <head> <style type="text/css"> div.img { margin:2px; border:1px solid #0000ff; height:auto; width:auto; float:left; text-align:center; } div.img img { display:inline; margin:3px; border:1px solid #ffffff; } div.img a:hover img { border:1px solid #0000ff; } div.desc { text-align:center; font-weight:normal;

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width:120px; margin:2px; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="img"> <a target="_blank" href="klematis_big.htm"> <img src="klematis_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90" /> </a> <div class="desc">Add a description of the image here</div> </div> <div class="img"> <a target="_blank" href="klematis2_big.htm"> <img src="klematis2_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90" /> </a> <div class="desc">Add a description of the image here</div> </div> <div class="img"> <a target="_blank" href="klematis3_big.htm"> <img src="klematis3_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90" /> </a> <div class="desc">Add a description of the image here</div> </div> <div class="img"> <a target="_blank" href="klematis4_big.htm"> <img src="klematis4_small.jpg" alt="Klematis" width="110" height="90" /> </a> <div class="desc">Add a description of the image here</div> </div> </body> </html>

CSS Image Opacity / Transparency


Creating transparent images with CSS is easy. Note: The CSS opacity property is a part of the W3C CSS3 recommendation.

Example 1 - Creating a Transparent Image


The CSS3 property for transparency is opacity. First we will show you how to create a transparent image with CSS. Regular image:

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The same image with transparency:

Look at the following CSS:

img { opacity:0.4; filter:alpha(opacity=40); /* For IE8 and earlier */ }


IE9, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, and Safari use the property opacity for transparency. The opacity property can take a value from 0.0 - 1.0. A lower value makes the element more transparent. IE8 and earlier use filter:alpha(opacity=x). The x can take a value from 0 - 100. A lower value makes the element more transparent.

Example 2 - Image Transparency - Hover Effect


Mouse over the images:

The CSS looks like this:

img {

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opacity:0.4; filter:alpha(opacity=40); /* For IE8 and earlier */ } img:hover { opacity:1.0; filter:alpha(opacity=100); /* For IE8 and earlier */ }
The first CSS block is similar to the code in Example 1. In addition, we have added what should happen when a user hover over one of the images. In this case we want the image to NOT be transparent when the user hover over it. The CSS for this is: opacity=1. IE8 and earlier: filter:alpha(opacity=100). When the mouse pointer moves away from the image, the image will be transparent again.

Example 3 - Text in Transparent Box


This is some text that is placed in the transparent box. This is some text that is placed in the transparent box. This is some text that is placed in the transparent box. This is some text that is placed in the transparent box. This is some text that is placed in the transparent box.

The source code looks like this:

<html> <head> <style type="text/css"> div.background { width:500px; height:250px; background:url(klematis.jpg) repeat; border:2px solid black; } div.transbox { width:400px; height:180px; margin:30px 50px; background-color:#ffffff; border:1px solid black; opacity:0.6; filter:alpha(opacity=60); /* For IE8 and earlier */ } div.transbox p { margin:30px 40px; font-weight:bold;

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color:#000000; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="background"> <div class="transbox"> <p>This is some text that This is some text that is This is some text that is This is some text that is This is some text that is </p> </div> </div> </body> </html>

is placed placed in placed in placed in placed in

in the transparent box. the transparent box. the transparent box. the transparent box. the transparent box.

First, we create a div element (class="background") with a fixed height and width, a background image, and a border. Then we create a smaller div (class="transbox") inside the first div element. The "transbox" div have a fixed width, a background color, and a border - and it is transparent. Inside the transparent div, we add some text inside a p element.

CSS Image Sprites


Image Sprites
An image sprite is a collection of images put into a single image. A web page with many images can take a long time to load and generates multiple server requests. Using image sprites will reduce the number of server requests and save bandwidth.

Image Sprites - Simple Example


Instead of using three separate images, we use this single image ("img_navsprites.gif"):

With CSS, we can show just the part of the image we need. In the following example the CSS specifies which part of the "img_navsprites.gif" image to show:

Example

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img.home { width:46px; height:44px; background:url(img_navsprites.gif) 0 0; }


Example explained:

<img class="home" src="img_trans.gif" /> - Only defines a small transparent image because the src attribute cannot be empty. The displayed image will be the background image we specify in CSS width:46px;height:44px; - Defines the portion of the image we want to use background:url(img_navsprites.gif) 0 0; - Defines the background image and its position (left 0px, top 0px)

This is the easiest way to use image sprites, now we want to expand it by using links and hover effects.

Image Sprites - Create a Navigation List


We want to use the sprite image ("img_navsprites.gif") to create a navigation list. We will use an HTML list, because it can be a link and also supports a background image:

Example
#navlist{position:relative;} #navlist li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;position:absolute;top:0;} #navlist li, #navlist a{height:44px;display:block;} #home{left:0px;width:46px;} #home{background:url('img_navsprites.gif') 0 0;} #prev{left:63px;width:43px;} #prev{background:url('img_navsprites.gif') -47px 0;} #next{left:129px;width:43px;} #next{background:url('img_navsprites.gif') -91px 0;}
Example explained:

#navlist{position:relative;} - position is set to relative to allow absolute positioning inside it #navlist li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;position:absolute;top:0;} - margin and padding is set to 0, list-style is removed, and all list items are absolute positioned #navlist li, #navlist a{height:44px;display:block;} - the height of all the images are 44px

Now start to position and style for each specific part:

#home{left:0px;width:46px;} - Positioned all the way to the left, and the width of the image is 46px

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#home{background:url(img_navsprites.gif) 0 0;} - Defines the background image and its position (left 0px, top 0px) #prev{left:63px;width:43px;} - Positioned 63px to the right (#home width 46px + some extra space between items), and the width is 43px. #prev{background:url('img_navsprites.gif') -47px 0;} - Defines the background image 47px to the right (#home width 46px + 1px line divider) #next{left:129px;width:43px;}- Positioned 129px to the right (start of #prev is 63px + #prev width 43px + extra space), and the width is 43px. #next{background:url('img_navsprites.gif') no-repeat -91px 0;} - Defines the background image 91px to the right (#home width 46px + 1px line divider + #prev width 43px + 1px line divider )

Image Sprites - Hover Effect


Now we want to add a hover effect to our navigation list. Our new image ("img_navsprites_hover.gif") contains three navigation images and three images to use for hover effects:

Because this is one single image, and not six separate files, there will be no loading delay when a user hovers over the image. We only add three lines of code to add the hover effect:

Example
#home a:hover{background: url('img_navsprites_hover.gif') 0 -45px;} #prev a:hover{background: url('img_navsprites_hover.gif') -47px -45px;} #next a:hover{background: url('img_navsprites_hover.gif') -91px -45px;}
Example explained:

Since the list item contains a link, we can use the :hover pseudo-class #home a:hover{background: transparent url(img_navsprites_hover.gif) 0 -45px;} - For all three hover images we specify the same background position, only 45px further down

CSS Media Types


Media Types allow you to specify how documents will be presented in different media. The document can be displayed differently on the screen, on the paper, with an aural browser, etc.

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Media Types
Some CSS properties are only designed for a certain media. For example the "voice-family" property is designed for aural user agents. Some other properties can be used for different media types. For example, the "font-size" property can be used for both screen and print media, but perhaps with different values. A document usually needs a larger font-size on a screen than on paper, and sans-serif fonts are easier to read on the screen, while serif fonts are easier to read on paper.

The @media Rule


The @media rule allows different style rules for different media in the same style sheet. The style in the example below tells the browser to display a 14 pixels Verdana font on the screen. But if the page is printed, it will be in a 10 pixels Times font. Notice that the font-weight is set to bold, both on screen and on paper:

<html> <head> <style> @media screen { p.test {font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:14px;} } @media print { p.test {font-family:times,serif;font-size:10px;} } @media screen,print { p.test {font-weight:bold;} } </style> </head> <body> .... </body> </html>
See it yourself ! If you are using Mozilla/Firefox or IE5+ and print this page, you will see that the paragraph under "Media Types" will be displayed in another font, and have a smaller font size than the rest of the text.

Different Media Types


Note: The media type names are not case-sensitive. Media Type all Description Used for all media type devices

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aural braille embossed handheld print projection screen tty tv

Used for speech and sound synthesizers Used for braille tactile feedback devices Used for paged braille printers Used for small or handheld devices Used for printers Used for projected presentations, like slides Used for computer screens Used for media using a fixed-pitch character grid, like teletypes and terminals Used for television-type devices

CSS Attribute Selectors


Style HTML Elements With Specific Attributes
It is possible to style HTML elements that have specific attributes, not just class and id. Note: IE7 and IE8 support attribute selectors only if a !DOCTYPE is specified. Attribute selection isNOT supported in IE6 and lower.

Attribute Selector
The example below styles all elements with a title attribute:

Example
[title] { color:blue; }

Attribute and Value Selector


The example below styles all elements with title="W3Schools":

Example

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[title=W3Schools] { border:5px solid green; }

Attribute and Value Selector - Multiple Values


The example below styles all elements with a title attribute that contains a specified value. This works even if the attribute has space separated values:

Example
[title~=hello] { color:blue; }
The example below styles all elements with a lang attribute that contains a specified value. This works even if the attribute has hyphen ( - ) separated values:

Example
[lang|=en] { color:blue; }

Styling Forms
The attribute selectors are particularly useful for styling forms without class or ID:

Example
input[type="text"] { width:150px; display:block; margin-bottom:10px; background-color:yellow; } input[type="button"] { width:120px; margin-left:35px; display:block; }

CSS Summary
This tutorial has taught you how to create style sheets to control the style and layout of multiple web sites at once.

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You have learned how to use CSS to add backgrounds, format text, add and format borders, and specify padding and margins of elements. You have also learned how to position an element, control the visibility and size of an element, set the shape of an element, place an element behind another, and to add special effects to some selectors, like links.

Now You Know CSS, What's Next?


The next step is to learn JavaScript.

JavaScript
JavaScript can make your web site more dynamic. A static web site is nice when you just want to show flat content, but a dynamic web site can react to events and allow user interaction. JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the internet and it works with all major browsers.

CSS Reference
CSS Properties
CSS Property Groups

Animation Background Border and outline Box Color Content Paged Media Dimension Flexible Box Font Generated content

Grid Hyperlink Linebox List Margin Marquee Multi-column Padding Paged Media Positioning

Print Ruby Speech Table Text 2D/3D Transform Transition User-interface

The "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1, CSS2, or CSS3).

Animation Properties

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Property @keyframes animation

Description Specifies the animation A shorthand property for all the animation properties below, except the animation-play-state property Specifies a name for the @keyframes animation Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds an animation takes to complete one cycle Specifies the speed curve of the animation

CSS 3 3

animation-name animation-duration

3 3

animation-timingfunction animation-delay animation-iterationcount animation-direction

Specifies when the animation will start Specifies the number of times an animation should be played

3 3

Specifies whether or not the animation should play in reverse on alternate 3 cycles Specifies whether the animation is running or paused 3

animation-play-state

Background Properties
Property background background-attachment Description Sets all the background properties in one declaration CSS 1

Sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of the 1 page Sets the background color of an element Sets the background image for an element Sets the starting position of a background image Sets how a background image will be repeated Specifies the painting area of the background Specifies the positioning area of the background images Specifies the size of the background images 1 1 1 1 3 3 3

background-color background-image background-position background-repeat background-clip background-origin background-size

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Border and Outline Properties


Property border border-bottom border-bottom-color border-bottom-style border-bottom-width border-color border-left border-left-color border-left-style border-left-width border-right border-right-color border-right-style border-right-width border-style border-top border-top-color border-top-style border-top-width border-width outline outline-color Description Sets all the border properties in one declaration Sets all the bottom border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the bottom border Sets the style of the bottom border Sets the width of the bottom border Sets the color of the four borders Sets all the left border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the left border Sets the style of the left border Sets the width of the left border Sets all the right border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the right border Sets the style of the right border Sets the width of the right border Sets the style of the four borders Sets all the top border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the top border Sets the style of the top border Sets the width of the top border Sets the width of the four borders Sets all the outline properties in one declaration Sets the color of an outline CSS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

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outline-style outline-width border-bottom-leftradius border-bottom-rightradius border-image border-image-outset

Sets the style of an outline Sets the width of an outline Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-left corner

2 2 3

Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-right corner

A shorthand property for setting all the border-image-* properties Specifies the amount by which the border image area extends beyond the border box Specifies whether the image-border should be repeated, rounded or stretched Specifies the inward offsets of the image-border Specifies an image to be used as a border Specifies the widths of the image-border A shorthand property for setting all the four border-*-radius properties Defines the shape of the border of the top-left corner Defines the shape of the border of the top-right corner

3 3

border-image-repeat

border-image-slice border-image-source border-image-width border-radius border-top-left-radius border-top-right-radius box-decoration-break box-shadow

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Attaches one or more drop-shadows to the box

Box Properties
Property overflow-x Description Specifies whether or not to clip the left/right edges of the content, if it overflows the element's content area Specifies whether or not to clip the top/bottom edges of the content, if it overflows the element's content area Specifies the preferred scrolling method for elements that overflow Rotates an element around a given point defined by the rotation-point CSS 3

overflow-y

overflow-style rotation

3 3

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property rotation-point Defines a point as an offset from the top left border edge 3

Color Properties
Property color-profile opacity rendering-intent Description Permits the specification of a source color profile other than the default Sets the opacity level for an element Permits the specification of a color profile rendering intent other than the default CSS 3 3 3

Content for Paged Media Properties


Property bookmark-label bookmark-level bookmark-target float-offset Description Specifies the label of the bookmark Specifies the level of the bookmark Specifies the target of the bookmark link Pushes floated elements in the opposite direction of the where they have been floated with float Specifies the minimum number of characters in a hyphenated word after the hyphenation character Specifies the minimum number of characters in a hyphenated word before the hyphenation character CSS 3 3 3 3

hyphenate-after

hyphenate-before

hyphenate-character Specifies a string that is shown when a hyphenate-break occurs hyphenate-lines Indicates the maximum number of successive hyphenated lines in an element Specifies a comma-separated list of external resources that can help the browser determine hyphenation points Sets how to split words to improve the layout of paragraphs Specifies the correct resolution of images Adds crop and/or cross marks to the document

3 3

hyphenate-resource

hyphens image-resolution marks

3 3 3

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string-set

Dimension Properties
Property height max-height max-width min-height min-width width Description Sets the height of an element Sets the maximum height of an element Sets the maximum width of an element Sets the minimum height of an element Sets the minimum width of an element Sets the width of an element CSS 1 2 2 2 2 1

Flexible Box Properties


Property box-align box-direction box-flex box-flex-group box-lines Description Specifies how to align the child elements of a box Specifies in which direction the children of a box are displayed Specifies whether the children of a box is flexible or inflexible in size Assigns flexible elements to flex groups Specifies whether columns will go onto a new line whenever it runs out of space in the parent box Specifies the display order of the child elements of a box Specifies whether the children of a box should be laid out horizontally or vertically Specifies the horizontal position in horizontal boxes and the vertical position in vertical boxes CSS 3 3 3 3 3

box-ordinal-group box-orient

3 3

box-pack

Font Properties
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Property font font-family font-size font-style font-variant font-weight @font-face

Description Sets all the font properties in one declaration Specifies the font family for text Specifies the font size of text Specifies the font style for text Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a small-caps font Specifies the weight of a font A rule that allows websites to download and use fonts other than the "web-safe" fonts Preserves the readability of text when font fallback occurs Selects a normal, condensed, or expanded face from a font family

CSS 1 1 1 1 1 1 3

font-size-adjust font-stretch

3 3

Generated Content Properties


Property content Description Used with the :before and :after pseudo-elements, to insert generated content Increments one or more counters Creates or resets one or more counters Sets the type of quotation marks for embedded quotations Allows a replaced element to be just a rectangular area of an object, instead of the whole object Causes an element to be removed from the flow and reinserted at a later point in the document CSS 2

counter-increment counter-reset quotes crop

2 2 2 3

move-to

page-policy

Determines which page-based occurance of a given element is applied to a 3 counter or string value

Grid Properties
Property Description CSS

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grid-columns grid-rows

Specifies the width of each column in a grid Specifies the height of each column in a grid

3 3

Hyperlink Properties
Property target Description A shorthand property for setting the target-name, target-new, and targetposition properties Specifies where to open links (target destination) Specifies whether new destination links should open in a new window or in a new tab of an existing window Specifies where new destination links should be placed CSS 3

target-name target-new

3 3

target-position

Linebox Properties
Property alignment-adjust alignment-baseline baseline-shift Description Allows more precise alignment of elements Specifies how an inline-level element is aligned with respect to its parent Allows repositioning of the dominant-baseline relative to the dominantbaseline Specifies a scaled-baseline-table Sets the alignment point of the drop initial for the primary connection point CSS 3 3 3

dominant-baseline drop-initial-afteradjust drop-initial-afteralign drop-initial-beforeadjust drop-initial-beforealign drop-initial-size drop-initial-value

3 3

Sets which alignment line within the initial line box is used at the primary connection point with the initial letter box Sets the alignment point of the drop initial for the secondary connection point

Sets which alignment line within the initial line box is used at the secondary 3 connection point with the initial letter box Controls the partial sinking of the initial letter Activates a drop-initial effect 3 3

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inline-box-align

Sets which line of a multi-line inline block align with the previous and next inline elements within a line A shorthand property for setting the line-stacking-strategy, line-stackingruby, and line-stacking-shift properties

line-stacking

line-stacking-ruby

Sets the line stacking method for block elements containing ruby annotation 3 elements Sets the line stacking method for block elements containing elements with base-shift Sets the line stacking strategy for stacked line boxes within a containing block element Sets the block-progression dimension of the text content area of an inline box 3

line-stacking-shift

line-stackingstrategy text-height

List Properties
Property list-style list-style-image list-style-position Description Sets all the properties for a list in one declaration Specifies an image as the list-item marker Specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside or outside the content flow Specifies the type of list-item marker CSS 1 1 1

list-style-type

Margin Properties
Property margin margin-bottom margin-left margin-right margin-top Description Sets all the margin properties in one declaration Sets the bottom margin of an element Sets the left margin of an element Sets the right margin of an element Sets the top margin of an element CSS 1 1 1 1 1

Marquee Properties
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Property marquee-direction marquee-play-count marquee-speed marquee-style

Description Sets the direction of the moving content Sets how many times the content move Sets how fast the content scrolls Sets the style of the moving content

CSS 3 3 3 3

Multi-column Properties
Property column-count column-fill column-gap column-rule column-rule-color column-rule-style column-rule-width column-span column-width columns Description Specifies the number of columns an element should be divided into Specifies how to fill columns Specifies the gap between the columns A shorthand property for setting all the column-rule-* properties Specifies the color of the rule between columns Specifies the style of the rule between columns Specifies the width of the rule between columns Specifies how many columns an element should span across Specifies the width of the columns A shorthand property for setting column-width and column-count CSS 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Padding Properties
Property padding padding-bottom padding-left Description Sets all the padding properties in one declaration Sets the bottom padding of an element Sets the left padding of an element CSS 1 1 1

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padding-right padding-top

Sets the right padding of an element Sets the top padding of an element

1 1

Paged Media Properties


Property fit Description CSS Gives a hint for how to scale a replaced element if neither its width nor its 3 height property is auto Determines the alignment of the object inside the box Specifies a rotation in the right or clockwise direction that a user agent applies to an image Specifies a particular type of page where an element SHOULD be displayed Specifies the size and orientation of the containing box for page content 3 3

fit-position image-orientation

page

size

Positioning Properties
Property bottom clear Description Specifies the bottom position of a positioned element CSS 2

Specifies which sides of an element where other floating elements are not 1 allowed Clips an absolutely positioned element Specifies the type of cursor to be displayed Specifies the type of box an element should generate Specifies whether or not a box should float Specifies the left position of a positioned element Specifies what happens if content overflows an element's box Specifies the type of positioning method used for an element (static, relative, absolute or fixed) Specifies the right position of a positioned element 2 2 1 1 2 2 2

clip cursor display float left overflow position

right

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top visibility z-index

Specifies the top position of a positioned element Specifies whether or not an element is visible Sets the stack order of a positioned element

2 2 2

Print Properties
Property orphans Description CSS

Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at the bottom of a page 2 when a page break occurs inside an element Sets the page-breaking behavior after an element Sets the page-breaking behavior before an element Sets the page-breaking behavior inside an element Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at the top of a page when a page break occurs inside an element 2 2 2 2

page-break-after page-break-before page-break-inside widows

Ruby Properties
Property ruby-align Description Controls the text alignment of the ruby text and ruby base contents relative to each other Determines whether, and on which side, ruby text is allowed to partially overhang any adjacent text in addition to its own base, when the ruby text is wider than the ruby base Controls the position of the ruby text with respect to its base Controls the spanning behavior of annotation elements CSS 3

ruby-overhang

ruby-position ruby-span

3 3

Speech Properties
Property mark Description A shorthand property for setting the mark-before and mark-after properties Allows named markers to be attached to the audio stream Allows named markers to be attached to the audio stream CSS 3

mark-after mark-before

3 3

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phonemes

Specifies a phonetic pronunciation for the text contained by the corresponding element

rest rest-after

A shorthand property for setting the rest-before and rest-after properties 3 Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be observed after speaking an element's content Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be observed before speaking an element's content Specifies the balance between left and right channels 3

rest-before

voice-balance voice-duration voice-pitch voice-pitch-range voice-rate voice-stress voice-volume

Specifies how long it should take to render the selected element's content 3 Specifies the average pitch (a frequency) of the speaking voice Specifies variation in average pitch Controls the speaking rate Indicates the strength of emphasis to be applied Refers to the amplitude of the waveform output by the speech synthesises 3 3 3 3 3

Table Properties
Property border-collapse border-spacing caption-side empty-cells Description Specifies whether or not table borders should be collapsed Specifies the distance between the borders of adjacent cells Specifies the placement of a table caption Specifies whether or not to display borders and background on empty cells in a table Sets the layout algorithm to be used for a table CSS 2 2 2 2

table-layout

Text Properties
Property color Description Sets the color of text CSS 1

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direction letter-spacing line-height text-align text-decoration text-indent text-transform unicode-bidi vertical-align white-space word-spacing

Specifies the text direction/writing direction Increases or decreases the space between characters in a text Sets the line height Specifies the horizontal alignment of text Specifies the decoration added to text Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text-block Controls the capitalization of text

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

Sets the vertical alignment of an element Specifies how white-space inside an element is handled Increases or decreases the space between words in a text

1 1 1 3

hanging-punctuation Specifies whether a punctuation character may be placed outside the line box punctuation-trim text-align-last Specifies whether a punctuation character should be trimmed Describes how the last line of a block or a line right before a forced line break is aligned when text-align is "justify" Specifies the justification method used when text-align is "justify" Specifies a text outline Specifies what should happen when text overflows the containing element Adds shadow to text Specifies line breaking rules for text Specifies line breaking rules for non-CJK scripts Allows long, unbreakable words to be broken and wrap to the next line

3 3

text-justify text-outline text-overflow text-shadow text-wrap word-break word-wrap

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2D/3D Transform Properties


Property Description CSS

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transform transform-origin transform-style perspective perspective-origin backface-visibility

Applies a 2D or 3D transformation to an element Allows you to change the position on transformed elements Specifies how nested elements are rendered in 3D space Specifies the perspective on how 3D elements are viewed Specifies the bottom position of 3D elements Defines whether or not an element should be visible when not facing the screen

3 3 3 3 3 3

Transition Properties
Property transition transition-property transition-duration Description A shorthand property for setting the four transition properties Specifies the name of the CSS property the transition effect is for Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds a transition effect takes to complete Specifies the speed curve of the transition effect CSS 3 3 3

transition-timingfunction transition-delay

Specifies when the transition effect will start

User-interface Properties
Property appearance Description Allows you to make an element look like a standard user interface element Allows you to define certain elements to fit an area in a certain way Provides the author the ability to style an element with an iconic equivalent CSS 3

box-sizing icon

3 3

nav-down nav-index nav-left

Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-down navigation key 3 Specifies the tabbing order for an element Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-left navigation key 3 3

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nav-right nav-up outline-offset resize

Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-right navigation key 3 Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-up navigation key Offsets an outline, and draws it beyond the border edge Specifies whether or not an element is resizable by the user 3 3 3

CSS Selector Reference


CSS Selectors
In CSS, selectors are patterns used to select the element(s) you want to style. The "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1, CSS2, or CSS3). Selector .class #id * element element,element element element element>element Example .intro #firstname * p div,p div p div>p Example description Selects all elements with class="intro" Selects the element with id="firstname" Selects all elements Selects all <p> elements Selects all <div> elements and all <p> elements Selects all <p> elements inside <div> elements Selects all <p> elements where the parent is a <div> element Selects all <p> elements that are placed immediately after <div> elements Selects all elements with a target attribute Selects all elements with target="_blank" Selects all elements with a title attribute containing the word "flower" Selects all elements with a lang attribute value CSS 1 1 2 1 1 1 2

element+element

div+p

[attribute] [attribute=value] [attribute~=value]

[target] [target=_blank] [title~=flower]

2 2 2

[attribute|=language] [lang|=en]

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starting with "en" :link :visited :active :hover :focus :first-letter :first-line :first-child a:link a:visited a:active a:hover input:focus p:first-letter p:first-line p:first-child Selects all unvisited links Selects all visited links Selects the active link Selects links on mouse over Selects the input element which has focus Selects the first letter of every <p> element Selects the first line of every <p> element Selects every <p> elements that is the first child of its parent Insert content before every <p> element Insert content after every <p> element Selects every <p> element with a lang attribute value starting with "it" Selects every ul element that are preceded by a p element Selects every a element whose src attribute value begins with "https" Selects every a element whose src attribute value ends with ".pdf" 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2

:before :after :lang(language)

p:before p:after p:lang(it)

2 2 2

element1~element2

p~ul

[attribute^=value]

a[src^="https"]

[attribute$=value]

a[src$=".pdf"]

[attribute*=value]

a[src*="w3schools"] Selects every a element whose src attribute value contains the substring "w3schools" p:first-of-type

:first-of-type

Selects every p element that is the first p element of 3 its parent Selects every p element that is the last p element of its parent 3

:last-of-type

p:last-of-type

:only-of-type

p:only-of-type

Selects every p element that is the only p element of 3 its parent Selects every p element that is the only child of its 3

:only-child

p:only-child

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parent :nth-child(n) p:nth-child(2) Selects every p element that is the second child of its 3 parent Selects every p element that is the second child of its 3 parent, counting from the last child Selects every p element that is the second p element 3 of its parent Selects every p element that is the second p element 3 of its parent, counting from the last child Selects every p element that is the last child of its parent Selects the documents root element Selects every p element that has no children (including text nodes) 3

:nth-last-child(n)

p:nth-last-child(2)

:nth-of-type(n)

p:nth-of-type(2)

:nth-last-of-type(n)

p:nth-last-oftype(2) p:last-child

:last-child

:root :empty

:root p:empty

3 3

:target

#news:target

Selects the current active #news element (clicked on 3 a URL containing that anchor name) Selects every enabled input element Selects every disabled input element Selects every checked input element Selects every element that is not a p element Selects the portion of an element that is selected by a user 3 3 3 3 3

:enabled :disabled :checked :not(selector) ::selection

input:enabled input:disabled input:checked :not(p) ::selection

CSS Aural Reference


Aural Style Sheets
Aural style sheets use a combination of speech synthesis and sound effects to make the user listen to information, instead of reading information. Aural presentation can be used:

by blind people to help users learning to read

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to help users who have reading problems for home entertainment in the car by print-impaired communities

The aural presentation converts the document to plain text and feed this to a screen reader (a program that reads all the characters on the screen). An example of an Aural style sheet:

h1,h2,h3,h4 { voice-family:male; richness:80; cue-before:url("beep.au") }


The example above will make the speech synthesizer play a sound, then speak the headers in a very rich male voice.

CSS Aural Reference


The "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2). Property azimuth Description Sets where the sound should come from Values angle left-side far-left left center-left center center-right right far-right right-side behind leftwards rightwards cue-before cue-after none url none url angle below level above CSS 2

cue

Sets the cue properties in one declaration

cue-after

Specifies a sound to be played after speaking an element's content Specifies a sound to be played before speaking an element's content Sets where the sound should come from

cue-before

elevation

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higher lower pause Sets the pause properties in one declaration Specifies a pause after speaking an element's content Specifies a pause before speaking an element's content Specifies the speaking voice pause-before pause-after time % time % frequency x-low low medium high x-high 2

pause-after

pause-before

pitch

pitch-range

Specifies the variation in the speaking number voice. (Monotone voice or animated voice?) Specifies a sound to be played while speaking an element's content auto none url mix repeat number

play-during

richness

Specifies the richness of the speaking voice. (Rich voice or thin voice?) Specifies whether content will render aurally

speak

normal none spell-out

speak-header

Specifies how to handle table headers. always Should the headers be spoken before every once cell, or only before a cell with a different header than the previous cell Specifies how to speak numbers digits continuous none code number x-slow slow medium

speak-numeral

speak-punctuation

Specifies how to speak punctuation characters Specifies the speed of the speaking

speech-rate

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fast x-fast faster slower stress voice-family Specifies the "stress" in the speaking voice Specifies the voice family of the speaking number specific-voice generic-voice number % silent x-soft soft medium loud x-loud 2 2

volume

Specifies the volume of the speaking

CSS Web Safe Font Combinations


Commonly Used Font Combinations
The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system, to ensure maximum compatibility between browsers/operating systems. If the browser does not support the first font, it tries the next font. Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a similar font in the generic family, if no other fonts are available:

Example
p{font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif}
Below are some commonly used font combinations, organized by generic family.

Serif Fonts
font-family Georgia, serif Example text

This is a heading
This is a paragraph

"Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif

This is a heading

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This is a paragraph "Times New Roman", Times, serif

This is a heading
This is a paragraph

Sans-Serif Fonts
font-family Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif Example text

This is a heading
This is a paragraph

Arial Black, Gadget, sans-serif

This is a heading
This is a paragraph

"Comic Sans MS", cursive, sans-serif

This is a heading
This is a paragraph

Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif

This is a heading
This is a paragraph

"Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", sans-serif

This is a heading
This is a paragraph

Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif

This is a heading
This is a paragraph

"Trebuchet MS", Helvetica, sans-serif

This is a heading
This is a paragraph

Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif

This is a heading
This is a paragraph

Monospace Fonts
font-family "Courier New", Courier, monospace Example text

This is a heading
This is a paragraph

"Lucida Console", Monaco, monospace

This is a heading

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This is a paragraph

CSS Units
Measurement Values
Unit % in cm mm em Description percentage inch centimeter millimeter 1em is equal to the current font size. 2em means 2 times the size of the current font. E.g., if an element is displayed with a font of 12 pt, then '2em' is 24 pt. The 'em' is a very useful unit in CSS, since it can adapt automatically to the font that the reader uses one ex is the x-height of a font (x-height is usually about half the font-size) point (1 pt is the same as 1/72 inch) pica (1 pc is the same as 12 points) pixels (a dot on the computer screen)

ex pt pc px

CSS Colors
Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.

Color Values
CSS colors are defined using a hexadecimal (hex) notation for the combination of Red, Green, and Blue color values (RGB). The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources is 0 (hex 00). The highest value is 255 (hex FF). Hex values are written as 3 double digit numbers, starting with a # sign.

Color Examples

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Color

Color HEX #000000 #FF0000 #00FF00 #0000FF #FFFF00 #00FFFF #FF00FF #C0C0C0 #FFFFFF

Color RGB rgb(0,0,0) rgb(255,0,0) rgb(0,255,0) rgb(0,0,255) rgb(255,255,0) rgb(0,255,255) rgb(255,0,255) rgb(192,192,192) rgb(255,255,255)

16 Million Different Colors


The combination of Red, Green and Blue values from 0 to 255 gives a total of more than 16 million different colors to play with (256 x 256 x 256). Most modern monitors are capable of displaying at least 16384 different colors. If you look at the color table below, you will see the result of varying the red light from 0 to 255, while keeping the green and blue light at zero. To see a full list of color mixes when the red light varies from 0 to 255, click on one of the hex or rgb values below. Red Light HEX #000000 #080000 #100000 #180000 #200000 #280000 #300000 RGB rgb(0,0,0) rgb(8,0,0) rgb(16,0,0) rgb(24,0,0) rgb(32,0,0) rgb(40,0,0) rgb(48,0,0)

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#380000 #400000 #480000 #500000 #580000 #600000 #680000 #700000 #780000 #800000 #880000 #900000 #980000 #A00000 #A80000 #B00000 #B80000 #C00000 #C80000 #D00000 #D80000 #E00000 #E80000 #F00000

rgb(56,0,0) rgb(64,0,0) rgb(72,0,0) rgb(80,0,0) rgb(88,0,0) rgb(96,0,0) rgb(104,0,0) rgb(112,0,0) rgb(120,0,0) rgb(128,0,0) rgb(136,0,0) rgb(144,0,0) rgb(152,0,0) rgb(160,0,0) rgb(168,0,0) rgb(176,0,0) rgb(184,0,0) rgb(192,0,0) rgb(200,0,0) rgb(208,0,0) rgb(216,0,0) rgb(224,0,0) rgb(232,0,0) rgb(240,0,0)

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#F80000 #FF0000

rgb(248,0,0) rgb(255,0,0)

Shades of Gray
Gray colors are displayed using an equal amount of power to all of the light sources. To make it easier for you to select the right gray color we have compiled a table of gray shades for you: Gray Shades HEX #000000 #080808 #101010 #181818 #202020 #282828 #303030 #383838 #404040 #484848 #505050 #585858 #606060 #686868 #707070 #787878 #808080 RGB rgb(0,0,0) rgb(8,8,8) rgb(16,16,16) rgb(24,24,24) rgb(32,32,32) rgb(40,40,40) rgb(48,48,48) rgb(56,56,56) rgb(64,64,64) rgb(72,72,72) rgb(80,80,80) rgb(88,88,88) rgb(96,96,96) rgb(104,104,104) rgb(112,112,112) rgb(120,120,120) rgb(128,128,128)

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#888888 #909090 #989898 #A0A0A0 #A8A8A8 #B0B0B0 #B8B8B8 #C0C0C0 #C8C8C8 #D0D0D0 #D8D8D8 #E0E0E0 #E8E8E8 #F0F0F0 #F8F8F8 #FFFFFF

rgb(136,136,136) rgb(144,144,144) rgb(152,152,152) rgb(160,160,160) rgb(168,168,168) rgb(176,176,176) rgb(184,184,184) rgb(192,192,192) rgb(200,200,200) rgb(208,208,208) rgb(216,216,216) rgb(224,224,224) rgb(232,232,232) rgb(240,240,240) rgb(248,248,248) rgb(255,255,255)

Web Safe Colors?


Some years ago, when computers supported max 256 different colors, a list of 216 "Web Safe Colors" was suggested as a Web standard, reserving 40 fixed system colors. This is not important now, since most computers can display millions of different colors, but the choice is left to you. The 216 cross-browser color palette was created to ensure that all computers would display the colors correctly when running a 256 color palette: 000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF

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003300 006600 009900 00CC00 00FF00 330000 333300 336600 339900 33CC00 33FF00 660000 663300 666600 669900 66CC00 66FF00 990000 993300 996600 999900 99CC00 99FF00 CC0000

003333 006633 009933 00CC33 00FF33 330033 333333 336633 339933 33CC33 33FF33 660033 663333 666633 669933 66CC33 66FF33 990033 993333 996633 999933 99CC33 99FF33 CC0033

003366 006666 009966 00CC66 00FF66 330066 333366 336666 339966 33CC66 33FF66 660066 663366 666666 669966 66CC66 66FF66 990066 993366 996666 999966 99CC66 99FF66 CC0066

003399 006699 009999 00CC99 00FF99 330099 333399 336699 339999 33CC99 33FF99 660099 663399 666699 669999 66CC99 66FF99 990099 993399 996699 999999 99CC99 99FF99 CC0099

0033CC 0066CC 0099CC 00CCCC 00FFCC 3300CC 3333CC 3366CC 3399CC 33CCCC 33FFCC 6600CC 6633CC 6666CC 6699CC 66CCCC 66FFCC 9900CC 9933CC 9966CC 9999CC 99CCCC 99FFCC CC00CC

0033FF 0066FF 0099FF 00CCFF 00FFFF 3300FF 3333FF 3366FF 3399FF 33CCFF 33FFFF 6600FF 6633FF 6666FF 6699FF 66CCFF 66FFFF 9900FF 9933FF 9966FF 9999FF 99CCFF 99FFFF CC00FF

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CC3300 CC6600 CC9900 CCCC00 CCFF00 FF0000 FF3300 FF6600 FF9900 FFCC00 FFFF00

CC3333 CC6633 CC9933 CCCC33 CCFF33 FF0033 FF3333 FF6633 FF9933 FFCC33 FFFF33

CC3366 CC6666 CC9966 CCCC66 CCFF66 FF0066 FF3366 FF6666 FF9966 FFCC66 FFFF66

CC3399 CC6699 CC9999 CCCC99 CCFF99 FF0099 FF3399 FF6699 FF9999 FFCC99 FFFF99

CC33CC CC66CC CC99CC CCCCCC CCFFCC FF00CC FF33CC FF66CC FF99CC FFCCCC FFFFCC

CC33FF CC66FF CC99FF CCCCFF CCFFFF FF00FF FF33FF FF66FF FF99FF FFCCFF FFFFFF

CSS Legal Color Values


CSS Colors
Colors in CSS can be specified by the following methods:

Hexadecimal colors RGB colors RGBA colors HSL colors HSLA colors Predefined/Cross-browser color names

Hexadecimal Colors
Hexadecimal color values are supported in all major browsers. A hexadecimal color is specified with: #RRGGBB, where the RR (red), GG (green) and BB (blue) hexadecimal integers specify the components of the color. All values must be between 0 and FF. For example, the #0000ff value is rendered as blue, because the blue component is set to its highest value (ff) and the others are set to 0.

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Example
p { background-color:#ff0000; }

RGB Colors
RGB color values are supported in all major browsers. An RGB color value is specified with: rgb(red, green, blue). Each parameter (red, green, and blue) defines the intensity of the color and can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage value (from 0% to 100%). For example, the rgb(0,0,255) value is rendered as blue, because the blue parameter is set to its highest value (255) and the others are set to 0. Also, the following values define the same color: rgb(0,0,255) and rgb(0%,0%,100%).

Example
p { background-color:rgb(255,0,0); }

RGBA Colors
RGBA color values are supported in IE9+, Firefox 3+, Chrome, Safari, and in Opera 10+. RGBA color values are an extension of RGB color values with an alpha channel - which specifies the opacity of the object. An RGBA color value is specified with: rgba(red, green, blue, alpha). The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (fully opaque).

Example
p { background-color:rgba(255,0,0,0.5); }

HSL Colors
HSL color values are supported in IE9+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, and in Opera 10+. HSL stands for hue, saturation, and lightness - and represents a cylindrical-coordinate representation of colors. An HSL color value is specified with: hsl(hue, saturation, lightness).

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Hue is a degree on the color wheel (from 0 to 360) - 0 (or 360) is red, 120 is green, 240 is blue. Saturation is a percentage value; 0% means a shade of gray and 100% is the full color. Lightness is also a percentage; 0% is black, 100% is white.

Example
p { background-color:hsl(120,65%,75%); }

HSLA Colors
HSLA color values are supported in IE9+, Firefox 3+, Chrome, Safari, and in Opera 10+. HSLA color values are an extension of HSL color values with an alpha channel - which specifies the opacity of the object. An HSLA color value is specified with: hsla(hue, saturation, lightness, alpha), where the alpha parameter defines the opacity. The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (fully opaque).

Example
p { background-color:hsla(120,65%,75%,0.3); }

Predefined/Cross-browser Color Names


147 color names are predefined in the HTML and CSS color specification.

CSS Color Names


Color Names Supported by All Browsers
147 color names are defined in the HTML and CSS color specification (17 standard colors plus 130 more). The table below lists them all, along with their hexadecimal values. Tip: The 17 standard colors are: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, grey, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow. Click on a color name (or a hex value) to view the color as the background-color along with different text colors:

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Sorted by Color Name


Color Name AliceBlue AntiqueWhite Aqua Aquamarine Azure Beige Bisque Black BlanchedAlmond Blue BlueViolet Brown BurlyWood CadetBlue Chartreuse Chocolate Coral CornflowerBlue Cornsilk Crimson Cyan HEX #F0F8FF #FAEBD7 #00FFFF #7FFFD4 #F0FFFF #F5F5DC #FFE4C4 #000000 #FFEBCD #0000FF #8A2BE2 #A52A2A #DEB887 #5F9EA0 #7FFF00 #D2691E #FF7F50 #6495ED #FFF8DC #DC143C #00FFFF Color Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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DarkBlue DarkCyan DarkGoldenRod DarkGray DarkGrey DarkGreen DarkKhaki DarkMagenta DarkOliveGreen Darkorange DarkOrchid DarkRed DarkSalmon DarkSeaGreen DarkSlateBlue DarkSlateGray DarkSlateGrey DarkTurquoise DarkViolet DeepPink DeepSkyBlue DimGray DimGrey DodgerBlue

#00008B #008B8B #B8860B #A9A9A9 #A9A9A9 #006400 #BDB76B #8B008B #556B2F #FF8C00 #9932CC #8B0000 #E9967A #8FBC8F #483D8B #2F4F4F #2F4F4F #00CED1 #9400D3 #FF1493 #00BFFF #696969 #696969 #1E90FF

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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FireBrick FloralWhite ForestGreen Fuchsia Gainsboro GhostWhite Gold GoldenRod Gray Grey Green GreenYellow HoneyDew HotPink IndianRed Indigo Ivory Khaki Lavender LavenderBlush LawnGreen LemonChiffon LightBlue LightCoral

#B22222 #FFFAF0 #228B22 #FF00FF #DCDCDC #F8F8FF #FFD700 #DAA520 #808080 #808080 #008000 #ADFF2F #F0FFF0 #FF69B4 #CD5C5C #4B0082 #FFFFF0 #F0E68C #E6E6FA #FFF0F5 #7CFC00 #FFFACD #ADD8E6 #F08080

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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LightCyan LightGoldenRodYellow LightGray LightGrey LightGreen LightPink LightSalmon LightSeaGreen LightSkyBlue LightSlateGray LightSlateGrey LightSteelBlue LightYellow Lime LimeGreen Linen Magenta Maroon MediumAquaMarine MediumBlue MediumOrchid MediumPurple MediumSeaGreen MediumSlateBlue

#E0FFFF #FAFAD2 #D3D3D3 #D3D3D3 #90EE90 #FFB6C1 #FFA07A #20B2AA #87CEFA #778899 #778899 #B0C4DE #FFFFE0 #00FF00 #32CD32 #FAF0E6 #FF00FF #800000 #66CDAA #0000CD #BA55D3 #9370D8 #3CB371 #7B68EE

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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MediumSpringGreen MediumTurquoise MediumVioletRed MidnightBlue MintCream MistyRose Moccasin NavajoWhite Navy OldLace Olive OliveDrab Orange OrangeRed Orchid PaleGoldenRod PaleGreen PaleTurquoise PaleVioletRed PapayaWhip PeachPuff Peru Pink Plum

#00FA9A #48D1CC #C71585 #191970 #F5FFFA #FFE4E1 #FFE4B5 #FFDEAD #000080 #FDF5E6 #808000 #6B8E23 #FFA500 #FF4500 #DA70D6 #EEE8AA #98FB98 #AFEEEE #D87093 #FFEFD5 #FFDAB9 #CD853F #FFC0CB #DDA0DD

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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PowderBlue Purple Red RosyBrown RoyalBlue SaddleBrown Salmon SandyBrown SeaGreen SeaShell Sienna Silver SkyBlue SlateBlue SlateGray SlateGrey Snow SpringGreen SteelBlue Tan Teal Thistle Tomato Turquoise

#B0E0E6 #800080 #FF0000 #BC8F8F #4169E1 #8B4513 #FA8072 #F4A460 #2E8B57 #FFF5EE #A0522D #C0C0C0 #87CEEB #6A5ACD #708090 #708090 #FFFAFA #00FF7F #4682B4 #D2B48C #008080 #D8BFD8 #FF6347 #40E0D0

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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Violet Wheat White WhiteSmoke Yellow YellowGreen

#EE82EE #F5DEB3 #FFFFFF #F5F5F5 #FFFF00 #9ACD32

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

CSS Colors HEX Values


Sorted by HEX Value
Same list sorted by color name Color Name Black Navy DarkBlue MediumBlue Blue DarkGreen Green Teal DarkCyan DeepSkyBlue DarkTurquoise HEX #000000 #000080 #00008B #0000CD #0000FF #006400 #008000 #008080 #008B8B #00BFFF #00CED1 Color Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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MediumSpringGreen Lime SpringGreen Aqua Cyan MidnightBlue DodgerBlue LightSeaGreen ForestGreen SeaGreen DarkSlateGray DarkSlateGrey LimeGreen MediumSeaGreen Turquoise RoyalBlue SteelBlue DarkSlateBlue MediumTurquoise Indigo DarkOliveGreen CadetBlue CornflowerBlue MediumAquaMarine

#00FA9A #00FF00 #00FF7F #00FFFF #00FFFF #191970 #1E90FF #20B2AA #228B22 #2E8B57 #2F4F4F #2F4F4F #32CD32 #3CB371 #40E0D0 #4169E1 #4682B4 #483D8B #48D1CC #4B0082 #556B2F #5F9EA0 #6495ED #66CDAA

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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DimGray DimGrey SlateBlue OliveDrab SlateGray SlateGrey LightSlateGray LightSlateGrey MediumSlateBlue LawnGreen Chartreuse Aquamarine Maroon Purple Olive Gray Grey SkyBlue LightSkyBlue BlueViolet DarkRed DarkMagenta SaddleBrown DarkSeaGreen

#696969 #696969 #6A5ACD #6B8E23 #708090 #708090 #778899 #778899 #7B68EE #7CFC00 #7FFF00 #7FFFD4 #800000 #800080 #808000 #808080 #808080 #87CEEB #87CEFA #8A2BE2 #8B0000 #8B008B #8B4513 #8FBC8F

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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LightGreen MediumPurple DarkViolet PaleGreen DarkOrchid YellowGreen Sienna Brown DarkGray DarkGrey LightBlue GreenYellow PaleTurquoise LightSteelBlue PowderBlue FireBrick DarkGoldenRod MediumOrchid RosyBrown DarkKhaki Silver MediumVioletRed IndianRed Peru

#90EE90 #9370D8 #9400D3 #98FB98 #9932CC #9ACD32 #A0522D #A52A2A #A9A9A9 #A9A9A9 #ADD8E6 #ADFF2F #AFEEEE #B0C4DE #B0E0E6 #B22222 #B8860B #BA55D3 #BC8F8F #BDB76B #C0C0C0 #C71585 #CD5C5C #CD853F

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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Chocolate Tan LightGray LightGrey PaleVioletRed Thistle Orchid GoldenRod Crimson Gainsboro Plum BurlyWood LightCyan Lavender DarkSalmon Violet PaleGoldenRod LightCoral Khaki AliceBlue HoneyDew Azure SandyBrown Wheat

#D2691E #D2B48C #D3D3D3 #D3D3D3 #D87093 #D8BFD8 #DA70D6 #DAA520 #DC143C #DCDCDC #DDA0DD #DEB887 #E0FFFF #E6E6FA #E9967A #EE82EE #EEE8AA #F08080 #F0E68C #F0F8FF #F0FFF0 #F0FFFF #F4A460 #F5DEB3

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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Beige WhiteSmoke MintCream GhostWhite Salmon AntiqueWhite Linen LightGoldenRodYellow OldLace Red Fuchsia Magenta DeepPink OrangeRed Tomato HotPink Coral Darkorange LightSalmon Orange LightPink Pink Gold PeachPuff

#F5F5DC #F5F5F5 #F5FFFA #F8F8FF #FA8072 #FAEBD7 #FAF0E6 #FAFAD2 #FDF5E6 #FF0000 #FF00FF #FF00FF #FF1493 #FF4500 #FF6347 #FF69B4 #FF7F50 #FF8C00 #FFA07A #FFA500 #FFB6C1 #FFC0CB #FFD700 #FFDAB9

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

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NavajoWhite Moccasin Bisque MistyRose BlanchedAlmond PapayaWhip LavenderBlush SeaShell Cornsilk LemonChiffon FloralWhite Snow Yellow LightYellow Ivory White

#FFDEAD #FFE4B5 #FFE4C4 #FFE4E1 #FFEBCD #FFEFD5 #FFF0F5 #FFF5EE #FFF8DC #FFFACD #FFFAF0 #FFFAFA #FFFF00 #FFFFE0 #FFFFF0 #FFFFFF

Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades Shades

Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix Mix

CSS Properties
CSS Property Groups

Animation Background Border and outline Box Color Content Paged Media Dimension Flexible Box Font Generated content

Grid Hyperlink Linebox List Margin Marquee Multi-column Padding Paged Media Positioning

Print Ruby Speech Table Text 2D/3D Transform Transition User-interface

The "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1, CSS2, or CSS3).

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Animation Properties
Property @keyframes animation Description Specifies the animation A shorthand property for all the animation properties below, except the animation-play-state property Specifies a name for the @keyframes animation Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds an animation takes to complete one cycle Specifies the speed curve of the animation CSS 3 3

animation-name animation-duration

3 3

animation-timingfunction animation-delay animation-iterationcount animation-direction

Specifies when the animation will start Specifies the number of times an animation should be played

3 3

Specifies whether or not the animation should play in reverse on alternate 3 cycles Specifies whether the animation is running or paused 3

animation-play-state

Background Properties
Property background background-attachment Description Sets all the background properties in one declaration CSS 1

Sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of the 1 page Sets the background color of an element Sets the background image for an element Sets the starting position of a background image Sets how a background image will be repeated Specifies the painting area of the background Specifies the positioning area of the background images 1 1 1 1 3 3

background-color background-image background-position background-repeat background-clip background-origin

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background-size

Specifies the size of the background images

Border and Outline Properties


Property border border-bottom border-bottom-color border-bottom-style border-bottom-width border-color border-left border-left-color border-left-style border-left-width border-right border-right-color border-right-style border-right-width border-style border-top border-top-color border-top-style border-top-width border-width outline Description Sets all the border properties in one declaration Sets all the bottom border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the bottom border Sets the style of the bottom border Sets the width of the bottom border Sets the color of the four borders Sets all the left border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the left border Sets the style of the left border Sets the width of the left border Sets all the right border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the right border Sets the style of the right border Sets the width of the right border Sets the style of the four borders Sets all the top border properties in one declaration Sets the color of the top border Sets the style of the top border Sets the width of the top border Sets the width of the four borders Sets all the outline properties in one declaration CSS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

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outline-color outline-style outline-width border-bottom-leftradius border-bottom-rightradius border-image border-image-outset

Sets the color of an outline Sets the style of an outline Sets the width of an outline Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-left corner

2 2 2 3

Defines the shape of the border of the bottom-right corner

A shorthand property for setting all the border-image-* properties Specifies the amount by which the border image area extends beyond the border box Specifies whether the image-border should be repeated, rounded or stretched Specifies the inward offsets of the image-border Specifies an image to be used as a border Specifies the widths of the image-border A shorthand property for setting all the four border-*-radius properties Defines the shape of the border of the top-left corner Defines the shape of the border of the top-right corner

3 3

border-image-repeat

border-image-slice border-image-source border-image-width border-radius border-top-left-radius border-top-right-radius box-decoration-break box-shadow

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Attaches one or more drop-shadows to the box

Box Properties
Property overflow-x Description Specifies whether or not to clip the left/right edges of the content, if it overflows the element's content area Specifies whether or not to clip the top/bottom edges of the content, if it overflows the element's content area Specifies the preferred scrolling method for elements that overflow CSS 3

overflow-y

overflow-style

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rotation

Rotates an element around a given point defined by the rotation-point property Defines a point as an offset from the top left border edge

rotation-point

Color Properties
Property color-profile opacity rendering-intent Description Permits the specification of a source color profile other than the default Sets the opacity level for an element Permits the specification of a color profile rendering intent other than the default CSS 3 3 3

Content for Paged Media Properties


Property bookmark-label bookmark-level bookmark-target float-offset Description Specifies the label of the bookmark Specifies the level of the bookmark Specifies the target of the bookmark link Pushes floated elements in the opposite direction of the where they have been floated with float Specifies the minimum number of characters in a hyphenated word after the hyphenation character Specifies the minimum number of characters in a hyphenated word before the hyphenation character CSS 3 3 3 3

hyphenate-after

hyphenate-before

hyphenate-character Specifies a string that is shown when a hyphenate-break occurs hyphenate-lines Indicates the maximum number of successive hyphenated lines in an element Specifies a comma-separated list of external resources that can help the browser determine hyphenation points Sets how to split words to improve the layout of paragraphs Specifies the correct resolution of images Adds crop and/or cross marks to the document

3 3

hyphenate-resource

hyphens image-resolution marks

3 3 3

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string-set

Dimension Properties
Property height max-height max-width min-height min-width width Description Sets the height of an element Sets the maximum height of an element Sets the maximum width of an element Sets the minimum height of an element Sets the minimum width of an element Sets the width of an element CSS 1 2 2 2 2 1

Flexible Box Properties


Property box-align box-direction box-flex box-flex-group box-lines Description Specifies how to align the child elements of a box Specifies in which direction the children of a box are displayed Specifies whether the children of a box is flexible or inflexible in size Assigns flexible elements to flex groups Specifies whether columns will go onto a new line whenever it runs out of space in the parent box Specifies the display order of the child elements of a box Specifies whether the children of a box should be laid out horizontally or vertically Specifies the horizontal position in horizontal boxes and the vertical position in vertical boxes CSS 3 3 3 3 3

box-ordinal-group box-orient

3 3

box-pack

Font Properties
Property font font-family Description Sets all the font properties in one declaration Specifies the font family for text CSS 1 1

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font-size font-style font-variant font-weight @font-face

Specifies the font size of text Specifies the font style for text Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a small-caps font Specifies the weight of a font A rule that allows websites to download and use fonts other than the "web-safe" fonts Preserves the readability of text when font fallback occurs Selects a normal, condensed, or expanded face from a font family

1 1 1 1 3

font-size-adjust font-stretch

3 3

Generated Content Properties


Property content Description Used with the :before and :after pseudo-elements, to insert generated content Increments one or more counters Creates or resets one or more counters Sets the type of quotation marks for embedded quotations Allows a replaced element to be just a rectangular area of an object, instead of the whole object Causes an element to be removed from the flow and reinserted at a later point in the document CSS 2

counter-increment counter-reset quotes crop

2 2 2 3

move-to

page-policy

Determines which page-based occurance of a given element is applied to a 3 counter or string value

Grid Properties
Property grid-columns grid-rows Description Specifies the width of each column in a grid Specifies the height of each column in a grid CSS 3 3

Hyperlink Properties
Property Description CSS

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target

A shorthand property for setting the target-name, target-new, and targetposition properties Specifies where to open links (target destination) Specifies whether new destination links should open in a new window or in a new tab of an existing window Specifies where new destination links should be placed

target-name target-new

3 3

target-position

Linebox Properties
Property alignment-adjust alignment-baseline baseline-shift Description Allows more precise alignment of elements Specifies how an inline-level element is aligned with respect to its parent Allows repositioning of the dominant-baseline relative to the dominantbaseline Specifies a scaled-baseline-table Sets the alignment point of the drop initial for the primary connection point CSS 3 3 3

dominant-baseline drop-initial-afteradjust drop-initial-afteralign drop-initial-beforeadjust drop-initial-beforealign drop-initial-size drop-initial-value inline-box-align

3 3

Sets which alignment line within the initial line box is used at the primary connection point with the initial letter box Sets the alignment point of the drop initial for the secondary connection point

Sets which alignment line within the initial line box is used at the secondary 3 connection point with the initial letter box Controls the partial sinking of the initial letter Activates a drop-initial effect Sets which line of a multi-line inline block align with the previous and next inline elements within a line A shorthand property for setting the line-stacking-strategy, line-stackingruby, and line-stacking-shift properties 3 3 3

line-stacking

line-stacking-ruby

Sets the line stacking method for block elements containing ruby annotation 3 elements Sets the line stacking method for block elements containing elements with 3

line-stacking-shift

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base-shift line-stackingstrategy text-height Sets the line stacking strategy for stacked line boxes within a containing block element Sets the block-progression dimension of the text content area of an inline box 3

List Properties
Property list-style list-style-image list-style-position Description Sets all the properties for a list in one declaration Specifies an image as the list-item marker Specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside or outside the content flow Specifies the type of list-item marker CSS 1 1 1

list-style-type

Margin Properties
Property margin margin-bottom margin-left margin-right margin-top Description Sets all the margin properties in one declaration Sets the bottom margin of an element Sets the left margin of an element Sets the right margin of an element Sets the top margin of an element CSS 1 1 1 1 1

Marquee Properties
Property marquee-direction marquee-play-count marquee-speed marquee-style Description Sets the direction of the moving content Sets how many times the content move Sets how fast the content scrolls Sets the style of the moving content CSS 3 3 3 3

Multi-column Properties
Property Description CSS

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column-count column-fill column-gap column-rule column-rule-color column-rule-style column-rule-width column-span column-width columns

Specifies the number of columns an element should be divided into Specifies how to fill columns Specifies the gap between the columns A shorthand property for setting all the column-rule-* properties Specifies the color of the rule between columns Specifies the style of the rule between columns Specifies the width of the rule between columns Specifies how many columns an element should span across Specifies the width of the columns A shorthand property for setting column-width and column-count

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Padding Properties
Property padding padding-bottom padding-left padding-right padding-top Description Sets all the padding properties in one declaration Sets the bottom padding of an element Sets the left padding of an element Sets the right padding of an element Sets the top padding of an element CSS 1 1 1 1 1

Paged Media Properties


Property fit Description CSS Gives a hint for how to scale a replaced element if neither its width nor its 3 height property is auto Determines the alignment of the object inside the box Specifies a rotation in the right or clockwise direction that a user agent applies to an image Specifies a particular type of page where an element SHOULD be displayed 3 3

fit-position image-orientation

page

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size

Specifies the size and orientation of the containing box for page content

Positioning Properties
Property bottom clear Description Specifies the bottom position of a positioned element CSS 2

Specifies which sides of an element where other floating elements are not 1 allowed Clips an absolutely positioned element Specifies the type of cursor to be displayed Specifies the type of box an element should generate Specifies whether or not a box should float Specifies the left position of a positioned element Specifies what happens if content overflows an element's box Specifies the type of positioning method used for an element (static, relative, absolute or fixed) Specifies the right position of a positioned element Specifies the top position of a positioned element Specifies whether or not an element is visible Sets the stack order of a positioned element 2 2 1 1 2 2 2

clip cursor display float left overflow position

right top visibility z-index

2 2 2 2

Print Properties
Property orphans Description CSS Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at the bottom of a page 2 when a page break occurs inside an element Sets the page-breaking behavior after an element Sets the page-breaking behavior before an element Sets the page-breaking behavior inside an element Sets the minimum number of lines that must be left at the top of a page when a page break occurs inside an element 2 2 2 2

page-break-after page-break-before page-break-inside widows

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Ruby Properties
Property ruby-align Description Controls the text alignment of the ruby text and ruby base contents relative to each other Determines whether, and on which side, ruby text is allowed to partially overhang any adjacent text in addition to its own base, when the ruby text is wider than the ruby base Controls the position of the ruby text with respect to its base Controls the spanning behavior of annotation elements CSS 3

ruby-overhang

ruby-position ruby-span

3 3

Speech Properties
Property mark Description A shorthand property for setting the mark-before and mark-after properties Allows named markers to be attached to the audio stream Allows named markers to be attached to the audio stream Specifies a phonetic pronunciation for the text contained by the corresponding element CSS 3

mark-after mark-before phonemes

3 3 3

rest rest-after

A shorthand property for setting the rest-before and rest-after properties 3 Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be observed after speaking an element's content Specifies a rest or prosodic boundary to be observed before speaking an element's content Specifies the balance between left and right channels 3

rest-before

voice-balance voice-duration voice-pitch voice-pitch-range voice-rate voice-stress

Specifies how long it should take to render the selected element's content 3 Specifies the average pitch (a frequency) of the speaking voice Specifies variation in average pitch Controls the speaking rate Indicates the strength of emphasis to be applied 3 3 3 3

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voice-volume

Refers to the amplitude of the waveform output by the speech synthesises

Table Properties
Property border-collapse border-spacing caption-side empty-cells Description Specifies whether or not table borders should be collapsed Specifies the distance between the borders of adjacent cells Specifies the placement of a table caption Specifies whether or not to display borders and background on empty cells in a table Sets the layout algorithm to be used for a table CSS 2 2 2 2

table-layout

Text Properties
Property color direction letter-spacing line-height text-align text-decoration text-indent text-transform unicode-bidi vertical-align white-space word-spacing Sets the vertical alignment of an element Specifies how white-space inside an element is handled Increases or decreases the space between words in a text Description Sets the color of text Specifies the text direction/writing direction Increases or decreases the space between characters in a text Sets the line height Specifies the horizontal alignment of text Specifies the decoration added to text Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text-block Controls the capitalization of text CSS 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3

hanging-punctuation Specifies whether a punctuation character may be placed outside the line box

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punctuation-trim text-align-last

Specifies whether a punctuation character should be trimmed Describes how the last line of a block or a line right before a forced line break is aligned when text-align is "justify" Specifies the justification method used when text-align is "justify" Specifies a text outline Specifies what should happen when text overflows the containing element Adds shadow to text Specifies line breaking rules for text Specifies line breaking rules for non-CJK scripts Allows long, unbreakable words to be broken and wrap to the next line

3 3

text-justify text-outline text-overflow text-shadow text-wrap word-break word-wrap

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2D/3D Transform Properties


Property transform transform-origin transform-style perspective perspective-origin backface-visibility Description Applies a 2D or 3D transformation to an element Allows you to change the position on transformed elements Specifies how nested elements are rendered in 3D space Specifies the perspective on how 3D elements are viewed Specifies the bottom position of 3D elements Defines whether or not an element should be visible when not facing the screen CSS 3 3 3 3 3 3

Transition Properties
Property transition transition-property transition-duration Description A shorthand property for setting the four transition properties Specifies the name of the CSS property the transition effect is for Specifies how many seconds or milliseconds a transition effect takes to complete Specifies the speed curve of the transition effect CSS 3 3 3

transition-timingfunction

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transition-delay

Specifies when the transition effect will start

User-interface Properties
Property appearance Description Allows you to make an element look like a standard user interface element Allows you to define certain elements to fit an area in a certain way Provides the author the ability to style an element with an iconic equivalent CSS 3

box-sizing icon

3 3

nav-down nav-index nav-left nav-right nav-up outline-offset resize

Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-down navigation key 3 Specifies the tabbing order for an element Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-left navigation key 3 3

Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-right navigation key 3 Specifies where to navigate when using the arrow-up navigation key Offsets an outline, and draws it beyond the border edge Specifies whether or not an element is resizable by the user 3 3 3

By

Vikas Kadakkal

CSS Notes by Vikas Kadakkal

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