Original article

Effect of monomer treatment and polymerisation methods on

the bond strength of resin teeth to denture base material

Debora Barros Barbosa1, Douglas Roberto Monteiro1, Valentim Adelino Ricardo Barão1,
Ana Carolina Pero2 and Marco Antonio Compagnoni2
1
Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP, SP, Brazil; 2Department of Dental Materials and
Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, SP, Brazil

doi:10.1111/j.1741-2358.2008.00262.x

Effect of monomer treatment and polymerisation methods on the bond strength of resin teeth to
denture base material
Background: The fracture between acrylic denture base material and artificial teeth is a common clinical
occurrence in dental prosthodontic practice.
Objective: To evaluate the bond strength between acrylic resins and resin denture teeth when submitted
by two protocols of monomer liquid application on the tooth surface and using different polymerisation
methods.
Material and methods: Microwave-polymerised (Onda-Cryl), heat-polymerised (Clássico) and autop-
olymerising (Jet) acrylic resins and a brand of resin denture teeth (Biotone) were used. The acrylic resins
were polymerised according to the cycles: (A) microwave – fast cycle, Onda-Cryl; (B) microwave – long
cycle, Onda-Cryl; (C) microwave – manufacturer’s cycle, Onda-Cryl; (T) water bath – long cycle, Clássico
and (Q) bench polymerisation cycle, Jet. Thirty specimens were prepared for each polymerisation method;
10 were packed with acrylic resin after 60 s of monomer liquid application on the tooth surface, 10 after
180 s and 10 without any monomer liquid application. For the purpose of the study, a shear test was used.
ANOVA and Tukey tests were performed to identify significant differences (a = 0.05).
Results: The highest bond strength values were found for monomer surface treatments, regardless of the
polymerisation cycles. The highest significant values were found for cycles B (15.4 ± 1.8 MPa), C
(11.9 ± 4.9 MPa) and T (15.4 ± 2.6 MPa) for non-treated and 60 s methylmethacrylate treated groups.
Comparing the monomer liquid treatment, they did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), except for cycle A
(p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Chemical treatment using monomer on the tooth surface prior to the acrylic resin packing
improved the bond strength between resin denture tooth and acrylic resin, regardless of monomer liquid
treatment protocols. The microwavable resin, polymerised by fast cycle and autopolymerising resin should
be avoided for processing denture and denture repairs, respectively.

Keywords: acrylic resins, bonding, shear strength, denture bases, tooth, artificial, chemical treatment.

Accepted 2 July 2008

als with superior properties have been on the

Introduction
market for the same time, acrylic resin still remains
It is widely understood that many elderly people the most popular choice3. However, debonding of
require dental treatment that involves provision of acrylic teeth from the acrylic resin denture base
complete dentures1. Studies have shown that var- continues to present problems2,4.
ious materials and fabrication techniques can be The literature shows that approximately 22–30%
used to produce dentures2. An acrylic resin denture of denture repairs involve tooth debonding, usually
base material has been available to the dental in the anterior region of the denture5,6. This
profession for over 60 years, and although materi- detachment may be attributed to a lesser ridge lap
 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation  2008 The Gerodontology Society and Blackwell Munksgaard Ltd, Gerodontology 2009; 26: 225–231 225
 17412358, 2009, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2008.00262.x by Universite Saint-Joseph, Wiley Online Library on [02/03/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
226 D. B. Barbosa et al.

surface area available for bonding, and the direc- tions would be significant and repeated repairs or
tion of the stress encountered during function5–8. corrections to dentures could become unneces-
Denture base polymerisation through microwave sary2. This study aimed to evaluate the bond
irradiation was introduced by Nishii9 and has be- strength between three types of acrylic resins and
come a popular alternative to conventional water one brand of resin denture teeth when submitted
bath processing. The microwave energy activates to two different protocols of monomer liquid
the decomposition of benzoyl peroxide creating application to the tooth surface and using different
free radicals for the polymerisation process10. polymerisation methods. The null hypothesis was
Microwave-polymerised acrylic resin has lower that neither monomer liquid application protocols
residual monomer levels relative to conventionally nor polymerization methods would affect the shear
polymerised resins11. It has been suggested that bond strength between the acrylic resins and the
residual monomer levels have an effect on the artificial teeth.
overall strength of repaired specimens11. A lower
level of residual monomer increases the bond
Material and methods
strength of specimens11.
Most attempts to improve the bond strength of A representative brand of resin cross-linked den-
denture teeth to the acrylic resin denture base have ture teeth, composed of PMMA, ethylene glycol
involved chemical treatment or mechanical modifi- dimethacrylate, mineral pigments and fluorescent
cation on the ridge lap surface of the denture tooth. organic pigment (Biotone, Dentsply Ind. e Com.,
Conflicting results with the use of monomer, the Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil), was bonded to three
removal of the denture glaze and the placement of a types of acrylic resin: a heat-polymerised resin, a
diatoric have been reported. Spratley12 concluded microwave-polymerised resin, and an autop-
that painting the ridge lap surface with monomer or olymerising resin. Table 1 lists the acrylic resins
grinding the ridge laps before packing did not seem to with the polymerisation methods used in this
change bond strength significantly, whereas Mor- study. Thirty specimens were prepared for each
row et al.7 determined that painting unmodified polymerisation method; 20 were chemical treated,
ridge laps of plastic teeth with monomer actually and 10 did not receive any treatment. The speci-
decreased bond strength8. Geerts and Jooste13 and mens’ fabrication was reported in a previous
Saavedra et al.14 demonstrated significantly higher study29, in which each acrylic tooth was embedded
bond strengths when painting the denture tooth in autopolymerising polymer PMMA (Jet, Artigos
surface with methylmethacrylate (MMA). Odontológicos Clássico Ltd, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil)
Organic solvents such as chloroform15, ace- with an embedding machine (Arotec Ind. e Com.
tone16,17 and methylene chloride18,19 have also Ltd, Cotia, SP, Brazil).
been used for this purpose. Vallittu et al.20 stated In 20 specimens, the tooth surface was primed
that wetting the repair surface of acrylic resin with with the corresponding acrylic resin monomer be-
MMA dissolved the surface structure of polymethyl fore processing. A drop of monomer was applied
methacrylate (PMMA). A duration of 180 s of with a small brush on the denture tooth surface.
wetting with MMA actually enhanced adhesion, After monomer application, the groups were
compared with shorter durations of wetting. divided according to the waiting time of 60 and
However, the application time for other chemical 180 s before packing the acrylic resin denture base.
treatments was generally stated as 30 s. Although The microwave, water bath and auto-polymerised
an effective application time of MMA for increasing resins were mixed according to the manufacturer’s
the repair strength was reported by Vallittu et al.20, recommendations (Table 1) and then polymerised.
the literature did not identify guidelines concerning The autopolymerising acrylic resin was packed
the most effective application time of MMA to directly into the silicone mold29. The resin process-
improve the bond strength between denture teeth ing for these specimens also followed the manu-
and acrylic resin denture base. facturer’s instructions and was not performed in the
In addition, most of the bond strength studies denture flask. The autopolymerising resin was
concerned conventional heat-polymerised denture polymerised on the bench top and then the silicone
base materials and autopolymerising acrylic res- mould was carefully removed. The thermopoly-
ins6–8,12,21–24. Studies on the effects of microwave- merised-resin specimens were deflasked after the
polymerised denture base materials on bond final polymerisation and flask cooling.
strengths are more rare13,25–27. All specimens were stored at 37C for 50 ± 2 h in
If the problem of debonding teeth was carefully distilled water before the shear bond strength test
evaluated, the benefit to denture wearing popula- has been carried out. The testing was performed on
 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation  2008 The Gerodontology Society and Blackwell Munksgaard Ltd, Gerodontology 2009; 26: 225–231
 17412358, 2009, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2008.00262.x by Universite Saint-Joseph, Wiley Online Library on [02/03/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Denture teeth to acrylic resin bond strength 227

a Universal testing machine (EMIC-DL 3000; EMIC

1.097 g/0.5 ml

1.097 g/0.5 ml

1.097 g/0.5 ml

1.097 g/0.5 ml

1.097 g/0.5 ml
Equip. e Sist. de Ensaios Ltd, Curitiba, PR, Brazil)
Mixing ratio
using a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min29,30 with an
application force of 0.50 ± 0.02 mm29 on the
joint surface (Fig. 1). The load at fracture was
recorded.
Data were analysed by two-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA) and mean values were compared
by Tukey test (a = 0.05). In addition, a scanning
electronic microscope (SEM) (Scanning Microscope
Artigos Odontológicos Clássico Ltd,

Artigos Odontológicos Clássico Ltd,

Artigos Odontológicos Clássico Ltd,

Artigos Odontológicos Clássico Ltd,

Artigos Odontológicos Clássico Ltd,

Jeol JSM-T330a; JEOL Ltd, Tokyo, Japan), at mag-
nifications of 100· and 350· was used to determine
the failure patterns at the acrylic resin/denture
tooth interface. Failure in this study was classified as
São Paulo, SP, Brazil

São Paulo, SP, Brazil

São Paulo, SP, Brazil

São Paulo, SP, Brazil

São Paulo, SP, Brazil

an adhesive failure at the acrylic resin-denture

tooth interface, cohesive failure within the resin or
a mixture of adhesive failure and cohesive failure.
Manufacturer

Results
The mean shear bond strength and standard devi-
ation values of the groups are presented in Table 2.
A two-way ANOVA was used to test for differences
among the groups (Table 3). The comparisons
among cycles according to each treatment modality
CYCLE T – water bath: 74C/9 h28

are illustrated in Table 4.

The highest bond strength values were found for
90 W/13 min + 500 W/90 s28

320 W/3 min + 0 W/4 min

monomer surface treatments on denture teeth,

regardless of the polymerisation cycles (Table 2).
polymerisation at 23C
CYCLE A – microwave:

CYCLE B – microwave:

CYCLE C – microwave:

When comparing the waiting time of monomer

liquid application on the tooth surface, we
CYCLE Q – bench
Polymerisation cycle

+ 720 W/3 min*

observed that the shear bond strength decreased

500 W/3 min28

as the waiting time increased, except for cycle

Table 1 Acrylic resins and polymerising cycles used in the study.

A (Table 2). However, these did not differ

(a) (b)
5 5
*Cycle recommended by Onda-Cryl manufacturer.

3 3
Clássico (conventional thermopolymerised
Onda-Cryl (microwavable denture resin)

Onda-Cryl (microwavable denture resin)

Onda-Cryl (microwavable denture resin)

1 1
2 2
Jet (autopolymerising acrylic resin)

4 4
denture resin)
Acrylic resin

Figure 1 Schematic drawing of the shear bond test: (a)

frontal view; (b) lateral view. 1 – acrylic resin sample; 2 –
denture tooth; 3 – autopolymerising polymer; 4 –
metallic matrix. 5 – shear load (load rate 1 mm/mim).
 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation  2008 The Gerodontology Society and Blackwell Munksgaard Ltd, Gerodontology 2009; 26: 225–231
 17412358, 2009, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2008.00262.x by Universite Saint-Joseph, Wiley Online Library on [02/03/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
228 D. B. Barbosa et al.

Table 2 Mean of shear bond strength (MPa) and standard deviation for each group.

Polymerisation cycles

Groups A B C T Q

Non-treatment 4.57 ± 1.18 a 9.1 ± 2.78 a 10.18 ± 2.45 a 9.74 ± 1.50 a 4.22 ± 1.22 a
60 s – MMA treatment 7.84 ± 2.92 a 15.49 ± 1.88 b 11.91 ± 4.93 b 15.42 ± 2.64 b 10.73 ± 1.20 b
180 s – MMA treatment 11.26 ± 2.13 b 14.66 ± 2.94 b 10.70 ± 2.72 b 13.16 ± 1.35 b 8.30 ± 1.98 b
Same letters indicate values that were not statistically different in same column (p > 0.05).

significantly (p > 0.05), except for cycle A where strength was affected by polymerisation cycles for
the bond strength was significantly higher for the all groups evaluated.
180-s monomer liquid treatment than for the 60 s The efficacy of monomer application in improv-
(p < 0.05) (Table 2). ing the bond strength of denture teeth to acrylic
Regarding the polymerisation cycles, the highest resin has been cited in previous studies13,14. The
values were found for cycles B, C and T, and there present study is in agreement with this observation.
was no significant difference between them, except Although the different protocols of monomer
for the 180-s monomer liquid treatment (Table 4). application did not significantly affect the bond
For the 60-s monomer liquid treatment, cycle A strengths, in general, the 60-s monomer treatment
showed statistically lower bond strength values group showed a higher bond strength than the
than cycles B, C, T and Q (p < 0.05) (Table 4). 180-s treatment group. Using 180 s, higher mono-
Comparing the cycles for the 180-s monomer liquid mer evaporation could have occurred, so less MMA
treatment group, cycle B showed statistically higher would be available to react with the denture base
bond strength than cycles A, C and Q (p < 0.05) resin.
(Table 4). Resin denture teeth are primarily composed of
Adhesive failures occurred most in the non- PMMA and polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) with
treatment group, mainly in cycles A and Q 15% silica in composite teeth31. To enhance a
(Fig. 2a). For the chemical treatment group, cohe- possible chemical bond between teeth and denture
sive and mixed failures were more common in
cycles B and T (Fig. 2b–d).
Table 4 Comparison between cycles in each treatment
according to Tukey test.
Discussion
The present results did not support the hypothesis B C T Q
that neither cycle nor treatment would affect the
shear bond strength between acrylic resins and Non-treatment
artificial teeth. This study demonstrated that A * * * NS
chemical treatment improved the bond strength of B – NS NS *
C – NS *
denture teeth to acrylic resin and that the bond
T – *
Q –
60 s – MMA treatment
Table 3 ANOVA of two factors for shear bond strengths. A * * * *
B – NS NS *
Source of Sum of Mean C – NS *
variation squares d.f. square F p-value T – *
Q –
Treatment 651.4693 2 325.7346 52.38 0.000* 180 s – MMA treatment
Polymerisation 792.4084 4 198.1021 31.85 0.000* A * NS * NS
cycles B – * NS *
Treatment 209.8859 8 26.2357 4.22 0.000* C – * NS
· cycle T – *
Residual 839.5957 135 Q –
Total 2493.3594 149
NS, non-significant difference (p > 0.05).
*Significant difference at a = 0.05. *Significant difference (p < 0.05).
 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation  2008 The Gerodontology Society and Blackwell Munksgaard Ltd, Gerodontology 2009; 26: 225–231
 17412358, 2009, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2008.00262.x by Universite Saint-Joseph, Wiley Online Library on [02/03/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Denture teeth to acrylic resin bond strength 229

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 2 (a) SEM view of adhesive acrylic resin surface failure. (b) SEM view of mixed adhesive-cohesive surface
failure within acrylic resin. (c) SEM view of mixed adhesive–cohesive surface failure within denture tooth. Note
adhesive surface failure in the acrylic resin (AR) and cohesive surface failure within denture tooth (DT). (d) SEM view
of cohesive surface failure within acrylic resin and denture tooth. Note junctions of acrylic resin fractured (ARF), acrylic
resin (AR) and denture tooth fractured (DTF). (a–c) Original magnification 350·, bar = 50 lm. (d) Original
magnification 100·, bar = 100 lm.

base resin, the tooth surface is treated with A, which represented a fast microwave polymeri-
monomer31. This dissolves part of the PMMA of the sation method, and cycle Q achieved the lowest
tooth and provides free double bonds that may co- shear bond strength values. These results may
polymerise with the PMMA of the denture base suggest that these cycles resulted in less monomer
resin31. However, Vallittu32 stated that the mono- inter-penetration in the tooth and acrylic resin
mer dissolves the tooth surface and forms a durable polymer networks. The bond strength depends on
secondary semi-interpenetrating polymer networks the degree of penetration of the monomer and the
(IPN) structure. Probably, in polymerisation of the strength of the secondary-IPN formed thereafter26.
acrylic resin, a bond based on a secondary semi-IPN In cycles B, C and T, unpolymerised acrylic resin
structure is formed, improving the bond between was in contact with the tooth surface for a greater
the tooth and the acrylic resin. time compared with the other cycles. It may be that
Takahashi et al.26 explained that the polymeri- a greater amount of swelling monomer led to more
sable monomer plasticises the surface of denture inter-penetration and thus higher strength25.
teeth and diffuses into the denture tooth acrylic These results disagree with previous findings of
resin. Upon polymerisation, a secondary-IPN of Polyzois and Dahal34 and Takahashi et al.26. In
polymer chains bond the denture base to the general, the bond strength with microwave-poly-
acrylic resin tooth33, thus improving the bond merised denture base resin showed higher values
between those materials26. than water bath-polymerised resin, except for cycle
With regard to the polymerisation methods, the A where the bond strength was significantly lower
microwave-polymerised cycles B and C, and the than cycle T, corroborating Geerts and Jooste13. In
conventional water bath-polymerised cycle (T) cycle A, a rise in the temperature above the boiling
exhibited higher bond strengths. Generally, cycle point of the monomer may have occurred. More
 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation  2008 The Gerodontology Society and Blackwell Munksgaard Ltd, Gerodontology 2009; 26: 225–231
 17412358, 2009, 3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2008.00262.x by Universite Saint-Joseph, Wiley Online Library on [02/03/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
230 D. B. Barbosa et al.

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Tel.: (55) 18 3636 3284
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strength of denture teeth to acrylic resin: effect of

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