BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani

Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

LABORATORY MANUAL
HEAT TRANSFER

ME F220

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

HEAT TRANSFER LAB

Course Description:

The course contents include fundamental concepts of heat transfer; steady

State and unsteady state heat conduction; analytical and empirical relations
for forced and free
Convection heat transfer; heat exchangers; boiling and condensation; heat
transfer by radiation;
Introduction to mass transfer; associated laboratory.

Scope and Objective of the course:

This course is designed to make the students familiarize with

The concepts of heat transfer and its applications. As a part of this course,
students have to do the
Experiments to correlate theoretical knowledge with the experimental results.
The specific objectives
Of this course is to understand the fundamental and subsidiary laws of heat
transfer, formulate
Governing equations for specific heat transfer systems identify suitable
solution methods, develop
The basic problem-solving skills, and analyze the results to develop useful
inferences.

2
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. To determine the thermal conductivity of a Material by Guarded Hot plate method

2. To show heat transfers from the surface of a solid bar or rod. To predict temperatures on
and heat flow through the solid bar to its surrounding.
3. To study temperature distribution along the length of cylindrical (Pin) Fin under free
and forced convective heat transfer.
4. To study the variation of heat transfer coefficient for a vertical tube loosing heat by
Natural Convection.
5. Study of convection heat transfer in forced convection.
6. To determine the Emissivity of the test plate at various temperature.
7. Radiative Heat transfer experiment and validating laws of radiation.
8. To compare the performance of heat exchanger at parallel flow and counter flow
operation. Determination of heat transfer coefficient in tubular heat exchanger
and representation of temperature curves.
9. Comparison of variation of temperature in cooling in heating with respect to time
with the corresponding values obtained theoretically.
10. To observe the formation of pool boiling and determine the critical heat flux.
11. To study the heat transfer through insulating medium.
12. Determine of the Boundary Layer on a flat plate with zero incidence to parallel flow.

3
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Index
S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NOs.
1 To determine the thermal conductivity of a Material by 5
Guarded Hot plate method.
2 To show heat transfers from the surface of a solid bar or 7
rod.
To predict temperatures on and heat flow through the solid
bar to its surrounding.
3 To study temperature distribution along the length of 10
cylindrical (Pin) Fin under free and forced convective heat
transfer.
4 To study the variation of heat transfer coefficient for a 15
vertical tube loosing heat by Natural Convection.
5 22
Study of convection heat transfer in forced convection.
6 To determine the Emissivity of the test plate at various 27
temperature.
7 32
Radiative Heat transfer experiment and validating laws of
radiation.
8 38
To compare the performance of heat exchanger at
parallel flow and counter flow operation.
Determination of heat transfer coefficient in tubular
heat exchanger and representation of temperature
curves.
9 42
Comparison of variation of temperature in cooling in
heating with respect to time with the corresponding
values obtained theoretically.
10 To observe the formation of pool boiling and determine 47
the critical heat flux.
11 To study the heat transfer through insulating medium. 50
12 Determine of the Boundary Layer on a flat plate with zero 53
incidence to parallel flow.
4
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
OBJECTIVE:

To determine the thermal conductivity of a Material by Guarded Hot plate method.

THEORY:
Guarded hot plate is one of the most dependable and reproducible method for the measurement of thermal
conductivity of insulating material. The material is laid flat between two parallel flat plates or can be loose
filled between them
The apparatus consists of main central heater and ring guard heater sandwiched between the specimens.
Cooling plates are provided on the either side of the specimen. Two identical specimens are clamped
between heater ensures unidirectional heat flow through specimen. The whole assembly is kept in chamber
and insulated by ceramic wool insulation around the set-up.
For the measurement of the thermal conductivity (k) one dimensional heat flow through the flat specimen is
required. The central plate is also surrounded by a guard ring, which is separately heated. Temperatures are
measured by calibrated temperature sensors either attached to the plates or the specimens at the hot and cold
faces. Knowing the heat input to the central plate heater, the temperature difference across the specimen, its
thickness and the area, the thermal conductivity can be calculated by

𝑞 𝑥
𝑘= ( ) 𝑊⁄𝑚𝐾
2𝐴 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐
PROCEDURE:

Start the cooling circuit by connecting continuous water supply to the inlet of the water chamber and outlet
of the chamber to drain. Then give the calculated electric input to the central and guard heater using dimmer
stat. Set the guarded heater input by the dimmer stat, voltmeter, 5 V above than central heater.
The temperatures at the hot and cold surfaces of the specimen are measured by the thermocouple. Record
the input to the heater (current and voltage) and the thermocouple reading every 10 min until a steady state
condition is reached.
Take three set of readings, at steady state, keeping voltage range from 40-100-V

Exercise
1. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the specimen
2. Compare the thermal conductivity obtained with the theoretical data.
3. Give the neat schematic of the experimental setup.

READINGS:
Physical Data: Materials used: Press wood

5
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Diameter of specimen (d): 0.18 m
Thickness of Specimen: 0.012 m
Area of specimen (A): …………

Table 1: OBSERVATION TABLE

S.N Central Heater Guarded Heater Cooling Plate
Vc Ic T1 T2 Vc IG T3 T4 T5 T6
1

Ic= Central heater current (amp),

IG = Guarded heater current (amp),
T1, T2 = Temperatures of upper heater slab (℃),
T3, T4 =Temperatures of the side guarded heater,
T5, T6 =Surface temperatures of cooling plate,

𝑄 = 𝑉𝐶 × 𝐼𝐶 = ___________𝑊
𝜋
𝐴 = × 𝑑2 = ________𝑚 2
4
𝑇1 + 𝑇2
𝑇𝐻 = ( ) = _________℃
2
𝑇5 + 𝑇6
𝑇𝐶 = ( ) = _________℃
2
𝑄×𝑥
𝑘= = ___________ 𝑊⁄𝑚𝐾
2𝐴(𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 )

Table: 2
S.N Q1 Q2 TH TC K
Units
1
2
3

6
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Objective: - To show heat transfers from the surface of a solid bar or rod.To predict temperatures on and heat flow
through the solid bar to its surrounding.

Theory: Fins are extended surface attached to bodies to increase effective heat transfer surface area and, hence,
increase the heat flow rate. Some of the most common objects to use surface heat transfer are heat sinks and heat fins-
used to transfer excess heat energy away from electrical components or combustion engines to surrounding air. They
use good thermally conductive lightweight metals machined into thin plates or rods to maximize their surface area.
To find the temperature along the fin or rod, find its ability to transfer heat- determined by its heat transfer co-efficient
(h).
h = hr + hc
(Tmean − Ta )0.25
hc = 1.32 
( D)
(T 4 mean − T 4 a )
hr = ( 5.387 10−8 ) 
(Tmean − Ta )
Chart to determine Heat Transfer Coefficient (h=hc+hr) at a given power in normal laboratory conditions

Predicting Temperatures

7
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Tx − Ta cosh  m ( L − x ) 
=
T1 − Ta cosh mL
 cosh  m ( L − x )  
Tx = (T1 − Ta )   + Ta
 cosh mL 
 
Where : m = hP / kA

Fin efficiency :
tanh ( mL )
f =
mL
Predicting Heat Flow
Q = hP / kA  (T1 − Ta )
Used when the temperature at the end of the rod or bar is the same as ambient

 h 
sinh mL +   cosh mL
Q = hP / kA  (T1 − Ta )   mk 
 h 
cosh mL +   sinh mL
 mk 
Used when the temperature at the end of the rod or bar is higher than ambient

Procedure
1. Check the local ambient air temperature for reference.
2. Switch on the heater and set to 3 watts’ power.
3. Wait at least 30 minutes for the temperatures to stables and then record T1 to T7.
4. For comparison, repeat the test at one or more heater powers less than 10 kW.
5. Switch off the heater.

Readings:

Physical Data
Bar material: Brass (k=123 W.m-1K-1)
Diameter: 10 mm A (cross-sectional) = 0.0000785 m2
Nominal exposed surface length 300mm
Thermocouple position: 50mm equally spaced centers.

8
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Experiment Details:
Ambient Temperature: ...........oC
Power (W) T1 (oC) T2 (oC) T3 (oC) T4 (oC) T5 (oC) T6 (oC) T7 (oC)
3
4
5
6
Distance from T1 (m): 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.3

Calculations:

Theoretical Details:
Ambient Temperature:
Power (W) T1 (oC) T2 (oC) T3 (oC) T4 (oC) T5 (oC) T6 (oC) T7 (oC)
3
4
5
6
Distance from T1 (m): 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.3

Results:

Questions
1. Define fin efficiency.
2. Enumerate the assumptions made in carrying out the experiments.
3. Does the addition of fins to a surface always increase the heat transfer? Find the limiting condition.
4. Under what conditions a fin of given volume gives maximum heat transfer?

Exercises
1. Calculate the average heat transfer co-efficient. (Write down a MATLAB program for same).
2. Plot temperature variation along the length of fin.
3. Compare experiment temperature with theoretical temperature profile.
4. Compute fin efficiency
5. Comment on the results obtained.

9
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Objective: To study temperature distribution along the length of cylindrical (Pin) Fin under free and forced
convective heat transfer.
.
Apparatus/ Equipment/ Accessories:

Assumptions and Precautions:

Duct Dimensions:
Normal internal cross-section = 128 mm × 75 mm = 0.0096 m2
Approximate length = 850 mm
Pin Fin Surface:
Net dimensions: 160mm×140mm×125mm
Flat plate with 18 pins at right angle to plate
Base plate material: 3 mm thick Aluminum 106 mm × 106 mm
Pin material: Stainless steel
Pin dimensions: 12 mm diameter × 73 mm
Total surface area = 0.027 m2 (including end face of pins)
(Total area of fins length wise + area of fins end face)

PROCEDURE: ----
1. Fit the Pinned and Finned Heat Transfer Surface Unit.
2. Switch on the heater and set it to 30 to50 Watts Power.
3. Wait for the temperatures to stabilize -30 to 40 minutes.
4. Using the sliding magnetic cover, uncover just the first hole (furthest left and nearest the heat
transfer surface)
5. Add a small amount of the thermal past to the probe tip.
6. Insert the probe into the first hole to last hole touches the pin and record the surface
temperatures.
7. Forced convection set the fan speed 1 m.s-1 to 3 m.s-1.

10
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

RESULTS: ----
Create a chart of temperature (vertical axis) against probe position along the pin or fin. The temperature
must the difference between the probe and ambient (Tp-Tin) to allow for changes in ambient conditions.
Add your free and forced convection results. Note the difference in gradient between free and forced
convection for each surface.
The extended surfaces are made of stainless steel, which is a relatively poor conductor. How would using
aluminum or copper (better conductors) affect the temperature gradient and the overall efficiency.

A. Free convection
Readings along the length of fins
Pin Fin surface temperature (oC)
Temperature

temperature,

at different distance from base

Air velocity
, T1, (oC)
Inlet air

T2, (oC)
Q (W)

Base

T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
(7.5mm) (19.5mm) (31.5mm) (43.5mm) (55.5mm) (67.5mm)

(m/s)
Calculation:
Sample calculation for reading no…………..
Mean temperature of fin, Tm = …………….
Ambient air temperature T9=Tf = …………………
Mean fluid temperature, Tmf = …………………..
Properties at this temperature
ρ = v = β= 1/T= Pr =
Gr = g    D 3  T =
v2

Gr.Pr =
ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = =
𝑘
ℎ𝑃
Fin parameter m =√
𝐾𝑏 𝐴

H= h =
( kb m )
Theoretical temperature at x = …………………:

11
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

(T ( x ) − T ) = cosh m ( L − x )
f

(T − T )
b f
cosh mL
T ( x ) x =................. =

Theoretical temperature distribution along the length

Pin Fin surface temperature (oC)
Temperature

temperature,

at different distance from base

Air velocity
, T1, (oC)
Inlet air

T2, (oC)
Q (W)

Base

T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
(7.5mm) (19.5mm) (31.5mm) (43.5mm) (55.5mm) (67.5mm)

(m/s)
B. Force convection

Readings along the length of fins

Pin Fin surface temperature (oC)
Temperature

temperature,

at different distance from base

Air velocity
, T1, (oC)
Inlet air

T2, (oC)
Q (W)

Base

T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
(7.5mm) (19.5mm) (31.5mm) (43.5mm) (55.5mm) (67.5mm)
(m/s)

12
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Calculation:
Sample calculation for reading no…………..
Mean temperature of fin, Tm = …………….
Ambient air temperature T9=Tf = …………………
Mean fluid temperature, Tmf = …………………..
Properties at this temperature
ρ = v = β= 1/T=
  2
Volumetric flow rate of air: Q = C0   d 2 g  H  w  air
4

Q Tmf
Velocity of air at Tmf =  =
Ad T f

Reynolds no. Re =  vD  =
Nu=
Nu = hD k = >h=
ℎ𝑃
Fin parameter m =√
𝐾𝑏 𝐴

H= h =
( kb m )
Theoretical temperature at x = …………………:

T ( x ) x =................. =

Theoretical temperature distribution along the length

Pin Fin surface temperature (oC)
Temperature

temperature,

at different distance from base

Air velocity
, T1, (oC)
Inlet air

T2, (oC)
Q (W)

Base

T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
(7.5mm) (19.5mm) (31.5mm) (43.5mm) (55.5mm) (67.5mm)
(m/s)

13
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Results

Exercises
1. Plot graph of experimental and theoretical temperature vs distance along the length of Pin & Fin.
2. Discuss the results.
3. Differentiate between Pin / Fin efficiency and Pin / Fin effectiveness.

14
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

15
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

16
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

17
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

18
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

19
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

20
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

21
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
1. OBJECTIVE:
Study of convection heat transfer in forced convection.

3. INTRODUCTION:
Convection is defined as process of heat transfer by combined action of heat conduction and mixing motion.
Convection heat transfer is further classified as Natural Convection and Forced Convection. If the mixing
motion takes place due to density difference caused by temperature gradient, then Natural or Free
Convection knows the process of heat transfer as heat transfer. If the mixing motion is induced by Forced
Convection knows some external means such as a pump or blower, then the process as heat transfer.

4. THEORY:
Air flowing into the heated pipe with very high flow rate the heat transfer rate increases. The temperature
taken by the cold air from the bulk temperature and rises its temperature. Thus, for the tube the total energy
added can be expressed in terms of a bulk-temperature difference by
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝(𝑇𝑏2 − 𝑇𝑏1 )
Bulk temperature difference in terms of heat transfer coefficient
𝑞 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑏2 − 𝑇𝑏1 )
5. DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists of blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is surrounding by nichrome
heater. Four Temperature Sensors are embedded on the test section and two temperature sensors are placed
in the air stream at the entrance and exit of the test section. Test Pipe is connected to the delivery side of the
blower along with the Orifice. Input to the heater is given through a dimmer-stat and measured by volt
meter & Ampere meter. Digital temperature indicator is provided to measure Temperature. Airflow is
measured with the help of Orifice meter and the water manometer fitted on the board.

6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
1. Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 VAC, 50Hz, 5-15Amp socket with earth connection.
2. Floor area required: 1.5 𝑚 × 0.5 𝑚

22
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Starting Procedure:
1. Ensure that Mains ON/OFF switch given on the panel is at OFF position & dimmer stat is at zero
position.
2. Connect electric supply to the set up.
3. Fill water in manometer up to half of the scale, by opening PU pipe connection from the air flow pipe and
connect the pipe back to its position after doing so.
4. Switch ON the Mains ON/OFF switch.
5. Set the heater input by the dimmer stat, voltmeter in the range 40 to 100 V.
6. Switch ON the blower.
7. Set the flow of air by operating the valve.
8. After 0.5 hrs. note down the reading of voltmeter, ampere meter, manometer and temperature sensors in
the observation table after every 10 minutes’ interval till observing change in consecutive readings of
temperatures (± 0.2 °C).

23
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

8. NOMENCLATURE:

24
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

DATA:
Di (Inner diameter of the test section) = 0.028 m

Do (Outer diameter test section) = 0.038 m

L (Length of the test section) = 0.4 m

Cd (Coefficient of discharge) = 0.64

dp= Diameter of pipe = 0.028 m

do = Diameter of orifice =0.014 m

T1 = Air inlet temperature ℃

T2, T3, T4, T5 = Surface temperature of test section, ℃

T6 = Air outlet temperature, ℃

T5 = average surface temperature, ℃

m = mass flow rate of the air, kg/s

Table : Observations

S.N V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 H1 H2

25
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

CALCULATIONS:

𝑇2 +𝑇3 +𝑇4 +𝑇5

𝑇𝑆 = , ℃ = ____________℃
4

𝑇1 +𝑇6
𝑇𝑎 = , ℃ = ___________.℃
2

𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐿, 𝑚2 = _________ 𝑚2

ℎ1 − ℎ2 𝜌𝑤
∆𝐻 = ( − 1) , 𝑚 = ___________ 𝑚
100 𝜌𝑎

𝐶𝑂 𝑎𝑝 𝑎𝑜 √2𝑔∆𝐻 , 𝑚3 3
𝑄= ⁄𝑠 = _________ 𝑚 ⁄𝑠
√𝑎𝑃2 − 𝑎𝑂2

𝑘𝑔⁄ 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 𝑄 × 𝜌𝐴 , 𝑠 = _________ ⁄𝑠

𝑄𝑎 = 𝑚𝐶𝑃 (𝑇6 − 𝑇1 ), 𝑊 = _________W

𝑄𝑎
𝑈= , 𝑊⁄𝑚2 ℃ = ____________ 𝑊⁄𝑚2 ℃
𝐴(𝑇𝑆 − 𝑇𝑎 )

RESULT:

26
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 6

27
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

28
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

29
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

30
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

31
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

Objective:
Radiative heat transfer experiment and validating laws of radiation.

Introduction:
Radiation heat transfer is the energy that is emitted by matter in the form of photons or electromagnetic
waves.Radiationcanbeimportanteveninsituationsinwhichthereisaninterveningmedium.Anexample is the heat
transfer that takes place between living entities with its surrounding.
All bodies radiate energy in the form of photons. A photon is the smallest discrete amount of electromagnetic
radiation (i.e., one quantum of electromagnetic energy is called a photon). Photons are mass less and move in a
random direction, with random phase and frequency. The origin of radiation is electromagnetic and is based on
the Ampere law, the Faraday law and the Lorentz force. Maxwell analytically showed the existence of
electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic waves transport energy at the speed of light in empty space and are
characterized by their frequency (ν) and wavelength (λ) as follow:
𝑐 (1.30)
𝜆=
𝑣
Where C is the speed of light in the medium.

The intensity of the light to an observer from a source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from
the observer to the source. This statement is named as Lambert’s Inverse square law of radiation. Mathematically:
1 (1.31)
𝐼∝ 2
(𝐷)

32
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Where, Intensity of Light is termed as I and Distance of the object from the source is denoted by D.
A black body is an ideal thermal radiator. It absorbs all incident radiation (absorptive, α=1), regardless of
wavelength and direction. It also emits maximum radiation energy in all directions (diffuse emitter). The energy
radiated per unit area is given by Joseph Stefan as:

𝐸𝑏=𝜎𝑇4 (1.32)
Eq.(1.32)iscalledStefan-Boltzmannlaw,σistheStefan-Boltzmannconstantandisequalto
5.67×10−8W/m2K4,Eb is blackbody emissive power, and T is the absolute temperature.
Radiation energy can be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted when reaches a surface in human body. The sum of
the absorbed, reflected, and transmitted fraction of radiation energy is equal to unity:

𝛼+ 𝜌+ 𝜏=1 (1.32)
Where α is absorptive (fraction of incident radiation that is absorbed),ρ is reflectivity (fraction of incident
radiation that is reflected), and τ is transmissivity (fraction of incident radiation that is transmitted). Reflective
energy may be either diffuse or specular (mirror-like). Diffuse reflections are independent of the incident radiation
angle. For specular reflections, the reflection angle equals the angle of incidence.

32
Objectives:
i) To know the radiative heat transfer apparatus.
ii) To validate the Lambert’s Inverse Square Law through experiments.
iii) To validate the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation through experiment.

33
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Apparatus:
At the heart of the experimental unit is a metallic sample heated by a concentrated light beam. The light beam is
generated by a continuously adjustable halogen lamp and a parabolic reflector. The reflector concentrates the
radiation to a focal point. A sample is placed at the focal point of a beam of energy, and a thermocouple is used to
measure the temperature of the sample. The thermal radiation emitted by the sample is measured by a thermopile.
In order to be able to measure the radiation at different distances, the thermopile is mounted on a moveable
carriage.
Samples with different surfaces are available to be selected. Perfectly matched components ensure rapid heating
and trouble-free measurements.

1lamphousing, 2 sample placed on thermocouple, 3 thermopile, 4movable carriage,5 orifice plate

In the course work two experiments are included based on the curriculum. First one is Lambert’s Inverse- Square
Law validation and second experiment is Stefan-Boltzmann Law validation.

34
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Procedure of Lambert’s Inverse-Square Law validation Experiment (Exp.1):

1. Start the device and software.
2. Select the" Distance Law" experiment in the software.
3. If necessary, calibrate the thermopile.
4. No need to place any sample on the sample holder. Remove if any sample exists.
5. Measure the distance from sample holder to thermopile. Enter distance in the software.
7. Switch on the lamp, set lamp power to 40-60%.
8. Oncethemeasuredvaluesinthegraphofthechartrecorderhavestoppedfluctuating, record the measuring
point.
9. Increase/reduce the distance and enter it into the software.
10. Repeatsteps8and9untilenoughpointshavebeenrecorded.Fivemeasurementpointsoftenresultin very
clear curves.
11. Save the measured values.
12. Convert the diagram to a logarithmic representation.

35
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Procedure of Stefan-Boltzmann Law validation Experiment (Exp.2):

1. Start the device and software.
2. In the software, select the "Stefan-Boltzmann law" experiment.
3. If necessary, calibrate the thermopile.
4. The thermopile is screwed in to place at a given distance, e.g.100mm.Other lengths are possible.
5. Select the heavily oxidized copper sample and place on to the first sample holder.
6. In the" Modules "menu, open "Chart recorder.
7. Switch on the lamp to about 40%.
8. Once the measured values in the graph of the chart recorder have stopped fluctuating.
9. Increase lamp power.
10. Repeatsteps7to9.
Five measured values are often sufficient for a meaningful illustration.

11. Save the measured values.

12. Convert the diagram to a logarithmic representation.

Observations:
P = Constant = %
Table1:Lambert’sInverse-SquareLaw validation
Sl. Distance(d) Distance2(D2) Intensity(I)
2
No. (mm) (mm ) (W/m2)
1 100
2 150
3 200
4 250
5 300

36
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Distance = Constant = mm
Table2:Stefan-Boltzmann Law validation
Sl. Power of Light(P) (%) Temperature of specimen Temperature4(T4)
No. (T) (K) (K4)
1 40
2 45
3 50
4 55
5 65

Precautions:
i) Do not change the position of the apparatus or your own position when recording the
measurement series so that your own body heat does not influence the thermocouple.
ii) The Intensity of the light is bright enough to damage the eyes, so use safety goggles when
conducting the experiments.
iii) Only operate the electric device in presence of supervision.
iv) Read the Instruction Sheet for the experimental setup carefully, and observe all instructions
v)

37
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
OBJECTIVE:
To compare the performance of heat exchanger at parallel flow and counter flow operation.

Determination of heat transfer coefficient in tubular heat exchanger and representation of

temperature curves.

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND:
The heat exchanger service unit is used for indirect heat transfer. In indirect heat transfer the heat is
transferred from one fluid to another through a partition in a heat exchanger. The fluid flows on the two
sides of the partition do not mix. In terms of the flow directions of the fluids on both sides of the
partition, we differentiate between parallel flow, counter flow and cross flow. In other words the fluid
either flow in the same direction, in opposing directions or perpendicular to one another.

The tubular heat exchanger consists of two double tubes. In the double tubes, the
transparentoutertubeallowsthestainless-steelinnertubetobeseen.Twoseparateareas is created, the tube
area (inside the inner tube) and the shell area (between the inner tube and outer tube).

The heat flow (Q) is determined from the mass flow rate m, the specific heat capacity and the absolute
temperature (T).

Q=m CpT … (1)

For hot fluid

Q=mhCph (Th,in-Th,out) …(2)

For cold fluid

Q=mc Cpc(Tc,out– Tc,in) ...(3)

With no exchange of heat with the surroundings Q = Qh=

Qc

If the heat flow figures differ, his main value Qm is calculated as,

Qm=Qh+Qc/2 … (4)

38
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
This enables the mean coefficient of heat transfer Km for the heat exchanger to be calculated

U=Qm/Am∆Tlm …(5)

Where,

∆Tlm=∆Tmax-∆Tmin/ln[∆Tmax/∆Tmin] …(6)

For parallel flow

∆Tmax=Th,in–Tc,in …(7)

∆T min=Th,out–Tc,out …(8)

For counter flow

∆Tmax=Th,in– Tc,out …(9)

∆T min=Th,out – Tc,in …(10)

39
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE:
The experimental procedure is as follows.

1. Set the main switchto“1”.

2. Checkthewaterlevelinthehotwatertank.Ifthehotwaterisemptyaddwateruntil the low level is
reached.
3. Start the PC. Start the data acquisition program.
4. Open the cold-water feed at the cold water mains.
5. Open the regulator valve for cold water V2.
6. Open the regulator valve for hot water V1.
7. Start the pump (P).
8. Turn on the heater and set the desired hot water set point SP(T7).
9. Set the desired hot and cold-water flow rates.
10. Observed the measured values. Wait until a steady state is reached.

REFERENCES
Heat exchanger with service Unit, WL 110-01, Experiment Instructions, GUNT.

NOTATION
A : Heat Transfer Area, m2
Am : Mean heat transfer area, m2Cp :
Specific Heat Capacity, J/kg. K
Tlm : Logarithmic mean temperature difference, K
h : Heat Transfer Coefficient, W/m2.K
m : Mass flow rate, kg/s Q :
Amount of heat, KJ
Km : Mean coefficient of heat transfer, KW/m2.K
: Density, kg/m3

Appendix Technical
Data
Mean logarithmic heat transfer area: 0.025 m²
T1= inlet temperature hot water
T3= Outlet temperature hot water
T2= Middle Temperature hot water
T5= Middle Temperature cold water
40
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
T4= inlet temperature cold water
T6= Outlet temperature cold water

WORKSHEET
Experiment H.E Flow Cold Hot T1 T3, T4, C T6 U,KW/m2K Qm,KW
direction water water C C C
volume flow
flow volume
rate(Vc) rate(Vh)
L/min L/min

Answer the following questions.

1. What are heat exchangers? Enlist some uses of the heat exchangers?

2. Differentiate direct and indirect heat transfer?

41
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 9

OBJECTIVE:
Comparison of variation of temperature in cooling in heating with respect to time with the
corresponding values obtained theoretically.

ACCESSORIES:
Specimen material (Aluminum/Mild Steel/Brass), Stirrer & Water Bath.

THEORY:
All the experiments in the laboratory are conducted under steady state conditions except this one.
Before steady state conditions are reached, some time must be clasped. In heat transfer the
temperature changes and the analysis must include changes in internal energy.

The temperature variation with time for unsteady state conductions can be approximated by
𝑇−𝑇∞ −𝐵 𝐹
=𝑒 𝑖 𝑂 …………….[1]
𝑇𝑂−𝑇∞

42
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

A= 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡o𝑛
V = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
t=𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
h=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒f𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐿𝑐=𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝑇∞=𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑂=𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
∆𝑇=𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑜𝑟 & 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝

PROCEDURE:
Heat the water of the constant temperature bath and allow the bath to attain the constant temperature with the
help of temperature controls.
Measure the bath temperature and temperature at the center of test specimen. Place the specimen into hot water
and record the time temperature history of the specimen's centerline temperature. After the temperature of the
specimen stops rising, take out the specimen from the bath and record the time - temperature history of the
specimen during cooling till it attains steady state.

EXERCISES:
1 .Plot the experimentally determined time-temperature record on a graph paper along with the temperature
determined theoretically at the given time during heating process of each specimen.
2. Plot the experimentally determined time - temperature record on a graph paper for cooling of each specimen.

43
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
PRACTICALHINTS:
1. Note the dimensions and properties of the specimens.
2. Take the temperature at an interval of 2 seconds till 20th second and thereafter every5 seconds till
steady state is attained.
3. Placing of the specimen in bath and start of the stopwatch must be simultaneous.

Values for calculation must be observed from table for natural convection from external surfaces ,under
vertical planes and cylinders.
• During calculations for heating of specimen, the values corresponding to the surrounding fluid
should be taken with respect to the water and during cooling; the air should be taken as the
surrounding fluid.
• For calculation purposes,
The value of G, and P, (equation 4 & 5) should be calculated first and then from the table the value of C &
m (equation 7) are noted down.
Now the Nu, value is calculated and from it the value of h (equation6)is calculated.

ASSUMPTIONSANDPRECAUTIONS:

READINGS:
Bath Temperature:
Initial centerline temperature of specimen:
Aluminum:
Mild Steel:
Brass:

44
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Table 1: Length and Diameter of Specimen

S.N Material of Specimen Specimen Length(L) Specimen Diameter(D)

1 Aluminum

2 Mild Steel

3 Brass

Table 2: Time–Temperature Record ( Aluminum )

S.N Parameters Unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Time Sec
1
(Heating) °C
Temperature

Time Sec
2
(Cooling) °C
Temperature

Table 3: Time– Temperature Record(Mild Steel)

S.N Parameters Unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Time Sec
1
(Heating) °C
Temperature

Time Sec
2
(Cooling) Temperature °C

45
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Table 4: Time–Temperature Record(Brass)

S.N Parameters Unit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Time Sec
1
(Heating) °C
Temperature

Time Sec
2
(Cooling) °C
Temperature

CALCULATIONS:
Table 5: Calculations

Material 𝒌 ρ c α A V

Aluminum

Mild Steel

Brass

46
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 10
OBJECTIVE:
1. To observe the formation of pool boiling and determine the critical heat flux.

INTRODUCTION:
Boiling and Condensation are the specific convection processes which is associated with
change of phase. The co –efficient of heat transfer are correspondingly very high when compared to
natural conventional process while the accompanying temperature difference are small (quite).

However, the visualization of this mode of heat transfer is more difficult and the actual
solutions are still difficult than conventional heat transfer process.

Commonly, this mode of heat transfer with change of phase is seen in Boilers, condensers in
power plants and evaporators in refrigeration system.

DESCRIPTIONOFAPPARATUS
1. The apparatus consists of a specially designed Glass Cylinder.

2. An arrangement above the Cylinder in the form of Bakelite plate is provided to place the
main Heater and the Nichrome wire heater arrangement.
3. The base is made of MS .
4. Heater regulator to supply the regulated power input to the heater.
5. Digital Volt meter and Ammeter to measurer input to the heater.
6. Thermocouples at suitable position to measure the temperatures of body and the air.
7. Digital Temperature Indicator with channel selector to measure the temperatures.
8. The whole arrangement is mounted on an aesthetically designed sturdy frame made of MS
tubes and NOVAPAN Board with all the provisions for holding the tanks and accessories.

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill in the Glass Cylinder with Distilled Water above the heater level.
2. Connect the Nichrome Wire(Test Wire) of suitable length.
3. Keep the heater regulator to the minimum position.

47
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
4. Connectthepowercableto1Ph, 220V, 10Ampswithearth connection.
5. Switch on the Mains On to activate the control panel.
6. ByusingtheMainHeaterheatthewatertotheknowntemperatureandswitchoffthe same.
7. Now, using the Dimmer provided start heating the Test Wire by slowly rising the Current till
the wire breaks.
8. Meanwhile, record the temperature, voltage and Current till the wire breaks. (also note the
above parameters even at the break point.)
9. Repeat the above experiment by replacing the Test Wire and for Different Temperatures of
Water.
OBSERVATIONS

Heater
Sl. Temperatures Input
No.

T1 T2 V I

T1 = AMBIENT TEMP

T2 = Bulk Temperature of Water

48
 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

CALCULATIONS:
1. Surface Area of the Wire ,A
a= πDLm2
where d= diameter of Test Wire IS

0.25 MM. 33 SWG

We can use 33 SWG to 40 SWG.

L =Length of Test Wire IS

2. Heat Input, Q
Q =VxIWatts.

Where,

V=Voltage in Volts.

I=Current in Amps.

3. Heat Flux, q

PRECAUTIONS

1. Clean the tank regularly after every use.

2. Do not run the equipment if the voltage is below 180V.
3. Check all the electrical connections before running.

49
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 11

50
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

51
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

52
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO. 12

53
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

54
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

55
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

56
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,Pilani
Heat Transfer Lab (ME F220)
Department of Mechanical Engineering

57