UNIT I - Introduction to Gerontology the health of older adults at all levels of

prevention.
> Gerontology
- study of aging and or the aged. This · Gerontological Rehabilitation Nursing
includes the biopsychosocial aspects of – combines expertise in gerontological
aging. nursing with rehabilitation concepts and
practice. Nurses working in gerontological
>Subfields of Gerontology: rehabilitation often care for older adults
· Geriatrics with chronic illnesses and long-term
- is the branch of medicine that disease.
specializes in the health care delivery care
of older people, which often involves · Geriatric Nursing
managing many disorders and problems - relates more to treatment of older people
associated with aging and old age. with health problems.

> Geriatricians · Gerontic Nursing

- are physicians trained in geriatric - is a combination of geriatric and
medicine. gerontologic nursing that encompasses
- studied the aging process to distinguish both health problems and holistic aspects
which changes result from aging itself and of older adult
which indicate a disorder.
History of Gerontological Nursing
· Social Gerontology 1960s: ANA forms gerontological nursing
- A subfield of gerontology focused on the specialty
social aspects of aging
1970s: Veterans Administration (VA) funds
>Social Gerontologist Geriatric Research Education and Clinical
- person who seek to understand how the Centers
biological processes of aging influence the
social aspects of aging. 1980s: The National Gerontological Nursing
Association (NGNA) established
· Geropsychology
– is a branch of psychology concerned 1990s: Hartford Foundation Institute for
with helping older persons and their Geriatric Nursing established at NYU
families maintain well-being, overcome
problems and achieve maximum potential 21st century: “baby boomers” begin turning
during later life. 65; growing interest in gerontological care

· Geropharmacology Other terms

- is the study of pharmacology as it relates Aging
to older adults. - process of growing old, regardless of
chronological age.
· Financial Gerontology
– combines knowledge of financial Senescence
planning and services with a special - describe the group of deleterious effects
expertise in the needs of older adults. that lead to a decrease in the efficient
functioning of an organism with increasing
· Gerontological Nursing age and to an increased probability of
- A specialty within nursing practice where death.
the clients/patients/residents are older
persons. It involves nurses advocating for Senility
- the physical and mental deterioration often
associated with old age. Innovator
– assume an inquisitive style, making
Gerascophobia conscious decisions and efforts to
– Fear of growing old or aging experiment for an end result of an improved
gerontological practice.
WHO classification
· Elderly - 60 to 75 years of age Functions of the Gerontological Nurse
· Old - 76 to 90 years of age, G- guide persons of all ages toward a
· Very - over 90 years of age healthyaging process

Longevity E- eliminate ageism

- duration of life of an individual.
R- respect the rights of the older adults and
Life expectancy/ Mean longevity ensure others to do the same
- average longevity of a population.
O- oversee and promote the
Maximum longevity quality-of-servicedelivery
- age at death of the longest-lived member
of the population. N- notice and reduce risks to health and
well- Being
Demography
- statistical study of human populations T- teach and support caregivers
collectively, including geographic changes
and trends in births, marriages, diseases,
O- open channels for continued growth
and deaths.
L- listen and support
Gerontological Nursing Roles
Healer
- recognizes that most human being value O- offer optimism, encouragement and
health, are responsible and active hope
participants in their health maintenance and
illness management. G- generate, support, use and participate in
research
Caregiver
– the active participation of the older adults I- implement restorative and rehabilitative
and their significant others and promotion of measures
self-care of the elderly. Nurses are
challenged to gain knowledge and skills that C- coordinate and manage care
will enable them to meet unique needs of
elders. A- assess, plan, implement and evaluate
care in an individualized, holistic manner
Educator
- prepared to take advantage of formal and L- link services with needs
informal opportunities to share knowledge
and skills related to the care of older adults. N- nurture future gerontological nurses for
advancement of the specialty
Advocate
– advocacy for individual clients is essential U- understand the unique physical,
and can aid the clients in asserting their emotional,social and spiritual aspects of
rights. each elder
R- recognize and encourage the appropriate Long-Term Care
management of ethical concerns • These may include assisted living,
intermediate care, skilled care, and
S- support and comfort through the dying Alzheimer’s units. Facilities that offer
process these services are generally called by
one of several names: nursing homes,
E- educate to promote self-care and optimal long-term care facilities (LTCFs), skilled
Independence nursing facilities (SNFs), retirement
homes, assisted living facilities, or
Principles of Gerontological Nursing rehabilitation and health
Practice
●​ Aging is a natural process common Assisted Living
to all living organisms. • provides an alternative for those older
●​ Various factors influence the aging adults who do not feel safe living alone,
process. who wish to live in a community setting,
●​ Unique data and knowledge are or who need some additional help with
used in applying the nursing process activities of daily living (ADLs).
to the older population
●​ The elderly share similar self-care Intermediate Care
and human needs with all other • This level of care provides 24-hour per
human beings day direct nursing contact and may be
●​ strives to help older adults achieve considered to be the entry level into
optimum levels of physical, nursing home care. Intermediate care
psychological, social and spiritual units may be named differently
health so that they can achieve depending upon the facility.
wholeness.
• Older persons are unable to live on their
Holistic Gerontological Care own because of a number of factors,
• Holism- refers to the integration of the including numerous medications to
biologic, psychological, social and manage, mobility problems, or the
spiritual dimensions of an individual to presence of chronic diseases that
form a sum that is greater than its parts. require an amount of nursing
supervision beyond what a person could
Holistic gerontological care is concerned manage independently (like diabetes,
with: severe arthritis, multiple medications, or
> Facilitating growth toward wholeness amputations complicated by mobility
> Promoting recovery and learning from changes).
an illness
> Maximizing quality of life when one Subacute or Transitional Care
possesses an incurable illness or • Subacute care is generally for patients
disability who require more intensive nursing care
> Providing peace, comfort and dignity as than the traditional nursing home can
death is approached. provide, but less than the acute care
hospital. Frequent patient assessments
Settings of Care are needed for a limited time period for
• Acute Care Hospital stabilization or completion of a treatment
• focus on treatment and nursing care of regimen.
acute problems such as those occurring
from trauma, accidents, orthopedic Skilled Care
injuries, respiratory ailments, or serious • Skilled care units or skilled nursing
circulatory problems. facilities (SNFs) are for those older
 adults requiring more intensive nursing Home Health Care
care. Some units are found within • Older adults requiring a longer period of
nursing homes, others within hospitals. observation or care from nurses may be
candidates for home health care
• On this unit, one would expect to see services. Visiting nurse associations
persons with tube feedings, IV fluids, (VNAs) have long been known for their
multiple medications, chronic wounds, positive reputation in providing home
and even ventilators in some cases. The care.
care required is at a higher level, and • Home care is designed for those who
the higher acuity of the residents or are homebound due to severity of illness
patients demands a greater or immobility.
nurse-to-patient ratio.
Foster Care or Group Homes
Alzheimer’s Care • Foster care and/or group homes are for
• A growing trend in LTCFs today is to those older adults who can do most of
offer units dedicated to the major their ADLs, but may have safety issues
phases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). and require supervision with some
Because of the higher incidence of AD activities such as dressing or taking
with advanced age, there is a growing medications. Foster or group homes
need for units that provide nursing care generally offer more personalized
for elders in the various stages of supervision in a smaller, more family-like
dementia that occur with Alzheimer’s. environment than a traditional nursing
home and should be licensed to provide
Hospice such services
• Gerontological nurses may also choose
to work in hospice, caring for dying Independent Living
persons and their families. Although • Independent living for older adults is
many patients in hospice are not elderly, often in the community, but as
the majority of the dying are older. The previously stated, may be available in
concept of hospice is centered around many LTCFs. In the community setting,
holistic, interdisciplinary care that helps independent living arrangements often
the dying person “live until they die”. take the form of senior housing, such as
with apartment complexes that are
Rehabilitation exclusively devoted to the elderly.
• Rehabilitation may be found in various • The accommodations will be as
degrees in several settings, including homelike as possible with kitchens,
the acute care hospital, subacute or bathrooms, living areas, and the like,
transitional care, and LTCFs. similar to assisted living.
Regardless of the setting, rehabilitation
is done through the work of an UNIT II. OVERVIEW OF AGING
interdisciplinary team that includes Aging
nurses, therapists, and physicians as - a gradual, continuous process of natural
well as other professional staff as change that begins in early adulthood.
needed. During early middle age, many bodily
functions begin to gradually decline.
• The goals of rehabilitation are to
maximize independence, promote 3 types
maximal function, prevent complications, Primary aging
and promote quality of life within each -Is the basic, shared, inevitable set of
person’s strengths and limitations. gains or declines governed by some
kind of maturational process
Secondary aging Unique Subsets of Elderly
- Is the product of environmental • Young Old: 65-75 years
influences, health habits, or disease and • Old: 75-85 years
is neither inevitable nor shared by all • Old-Old: 85 -100 years
adults • Elite Old: Over 100 years

Tertiary aging Republic Act No. 9994.

- Refers to quickly deficit in the last few - "Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010."
years prior to death - any resident citizen of the Philippines at
least sixty (60) years old
>Chronologic age
- based solely on the passage of time. The Aging Population:
- age in years. - pace of population ageing is much faster
- limited significance in terms of health than in the past
- Population ageing will put increased
>Biologic age financial pressure on old-age support
- changes in the body that commonly systems.
occur as people age. Because these
changes affect some people sooner > Aging pop. double in four regions
than others, some people are 2019-2050:
biologically old at 65, and others not 1. Northern Africa and Western Asia
until a decade or more later. 2. Central and Southern Asia
3. Latin America and the Caribbean
>Psychologic age 4. Eastern and South-Eastern Asia.
- based on how people act and feel. For
example, an 80-year-old who works, Healthy (successful) aging
plans, looks forward to future events, - postponement of or reduction in the
and participates in many activities is undesired effects of aging.
considered psychologically young
- The goals of healthy aging are
The Development Process and Aging maintaining physical and mental health,
1. Germinal Period avoiding disorders, and remaining active
– period of conception to 2 weeks of life. and independent
The germinal period (about 14 days in > Following a nutritious diet
length) lasts from conception to > Exercising regularly
implantation of the zygote (fertilized egg) > Staying mentally active
in the lining of the uterus
Life expectancy
2. Embryonic Period - estimate of the average number of
– from 2 weeks to 8 weeks. This period additional years that a person of a given
begins once the organism is implanted age can expect to live.
in the uterine wall. It lasts from the third
through the eighth week after - US is home to 97,000 centenarians
conception. (highest in the world)
- Japan has the highest rate of centenarians
3. Fetal period
– from 8 weeks to 40 weeks. From the Leading cause of death PH
ninth week until birth, the organism is - cardiovascular disease 35%
referred to as a fetus. - Communicable maternal, perinatal and
nutritional conditions caused approximately
a quarter of all deaths.
- Cancer caused another 10% Health care: Preventing disorders or treating
- injuries 7% disorders after they are contracted,
especially when the disorder can be cured
helps increase life expectancy

Factors Contributing to a long ang healthy

life: Diet: reducing saturated fats in the diet,
limiting daily fat consumption, avoiding
obesity, decreasing amount of animal foods
eaten, increasing consumption of whole
grains, vegetables and fruits
PH life expectancy:
Activity: Exercise is an important ingredient
2019 – 71.16 y.o
to good health. It increases strength and
2020 – 71.28. y.o
endurance, promotes cardiopulmonary
2021 – 71.41. y.o
function and other beneficial effects
2022 – 71.53. y.o
Play and laughter: Laughter causes a
PHILIPPINES: LIFE EXPECTANCY
release of endorphins, stimulates the
• Male ​ Female
immune system and reduces stress. Finding
• 66.2 72.6
humor and experiencing joy contributes to
• Total World Rank
good health.
• 69.3 ​ 123
Empowerment: Losing control over one’s
> Life expectancy 2022
life can threaten self-confidence and
• 71.7 years (68.7 - men, 74.7 - women)
diminish self-care independence. Maximum
control and decision making can have a
Premature death NCDs
positive effect on morbidity and mortality.
- 30% more in males
- 20% more in females
Stress management: onset of chronic
diseases, retirement, deaths of significant
Risk
others and change in body appearance are
- obesity
negative consequences of stress if not
- hypertension
manage could be detrimental to health.
- tobacco use
Stages of Aging:
Several factors influence life expectancy:
The First Stage: Self-Sufficiency
Heredity: Heredity influences whether a
- completely self-reliant.
person will develop a disorder. There is
- live in their own homes, apartments or
good evidence that living to a very old
retirement communities.
age—to 100 or older—runs in families.
-They don't need support to manage the
tasks of daily living and require little or
Lifestyle: Avoiding smoking, not abusing
no support from family members to
drugs and alcohol, maintaining a healthy
manage any chronic disease or
weight and diet, and exercising help people
disabilities.
function well and avoid disorders.
The Second Stage: Interdependence
Exposure to toxins in the environment: Such
- begin to need some support from their
exposure can shorten life expectancy even
family caregivers.
among people with the best genetic
- notice the initial stages of memory loss.
makeup.
- changing physical needs may result in • middle old (66–85)
their having increased difficulty with the • Old-old (85 and older)
tasks of daily living or with management
of their own health. · The bones become more brittle as they
lose calcium and other minerals.
• And they may begin to feel emotional or Similarly, joints become less flexible as
spiritual strain: anxiety, depression, fear the joints lose fluid and cartilage begins
of the future, or loneliness (especially if to rub together.
they have recently lost friends or a life
partner). · Though the degree of vision impairment
varies among individuals, almost
The Third Stage: Full Dependency everyone over 55 will need glasses at
- no longer able to safely live on his or her least part of the time.
own without daily support.
- may still be able to age in place, with · The most common visual difficulty at this
in-home nursing or other community age is focusing on things very close.
based services
- a fully dependent senior will need · sense of touch starts to decline. This
residential retirement care in the very decreased ability to detect vibration and
near future. pressure may result in injury. In fact,
many older people have a reduced
The Fourth Stage: Infirmity sensitivity to pain.
- survival is dependent upon close
medical support. · more susceptible to chronic diseases
- may still be mentally aware, but such as diabetes, lung disease, arthritis,
worsening chronic illness or advanced and hypertension.
age is taking its toll. may be in the
moderate to late stages of dementia and Cognitive Development
require residential memory care. · older individuals can train specific, but
not general, areas of cognition. Memory
The Fifth Stage: End of Life training, for instance, has been effective
• People at this stage of life are for adults in their 60s through 80s.
approaching the end. But that doesn't
mean that they feel sad — especially if · Physical training can also improve
they continue to have close emotional cognition in old age. Exercise can
and spiritual support from their loved enhance brain function and delay brain
ones, neighbors and friends. atrophy.

• Positive aging can extend to the moment · reasoning as it applies to complex

of death, if a senior knows that he or she matters of daily life seems relatively
is cherished and loved, and never feels unaffected by normal aging.
alone. The most important responsibility
of the family caregiver at this stage is · memory, spatial processing, and
just to be present and emotionally attention may decline at different rates
available among people and within individuals.

Old Age: 65 years and older · The rate of decline of a particular

Physical Development function in one person is unlikely to
match its rate of decline in another.
three stages:
• young old (55–65 years of age)
· Technology can help counter the effects causes cellular injury and aging. Free
of cognitive decline. radicals are self-perpetuating generating
other free radicals overtime as these
Emotional Development molecules accumulate and cause
· Older people more than younger adults physical decline.
are more likely to pursue emotionally
meaningful goals. Younger adults tend - Lipofuscin- “age pigments”, a lipoprotein,
to pursue goals that expand their which is a byproduct of oxidation
horizons or generate new social
contacts. 2. Orgel/error theory
- Leslie Orgel 1960
· Views of the self during aging may - Errors in DNA and RNA synthesis occur
influence the course of aging. Positive with aging. Genetic mutations thought to
attitudes toward the aging self-tended to be responsible for aging by causing
live, on average, 7.5 years longer than organ decline as a result of self-
those with negative attitudes. perpetuating cellular mutations.

Cultural and Social Development - error catastrophe theory of aging,

· In the United States during the 20th arguing that errors in protein translation
century, the average retirement age fell that reduce the fidelity of the
from 74 to 63. protein-translating enzymes would lead
to a feedback loop of increasingly
· social networks tend to shrink and a inaccurate protein synthesis, terminating
larger proportion of one’s social network in the death of the organism
becomes comprised of emotionally close
partners. 3. Wear & tear theory
- German Biologist Dr. August Weismann
· This change in social habits reflects in 1882
emotional development in old age, - Cells wear out and cannot function with
where individuals begin prioritizing aging. Attributes to aging due to the
emotional goals repeated use and injury of the body as it
performs its highly specialized functions.
UNIT III. THEORIES OF AGING
- asserts that the effects of aging are
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES ON AGING caused by progressive damage to cells
PROGRAMMED and body systems over time. Essentially,
human bodies "wear out" due to use.
STOCHASTIC THEORIES Once they wear out, they can no longer
- Based on random events that cause function correctly
cellular damage that accumulates as the
organism ages. 4. Connective tissue cross-link theory
- Johan Bjorksten in 1942.
1. Free radical theory - With aging, proteins impede metabolic
- Denham Harman in 1956 processes and cause trouble with
- inborn process of aging is caused by getting nutrients to cells and removing
cumulative oxidative damage to cells by cellular waste products.
free radicals produced during aerobic
respiration. - cellular division is threatened as a result
of radiation or chemical reaction in
- Membranes, nucleic acids, and proteins which a cross linking agent attaches
are damaged by free radicals, which
 itself to DNA strand and prevents normal
parting of the strands during mitosis.
NONSTOCHASTIC THEORIES 3. Subculture theory `
- Based on genetically programmed - The elderly prefer to segregate from
events that cause cellular damage that society in an aging subculture sharing
accelerates aging of the organism. loss of status and societal negativity
regarding the aged. Health and mobility
1. Programmed theory are key determinants of social status
- Cells divide until they are no longer able
to, and this triggers apoptosis or cell 4. Continuity Theory
death. - Personality influences roles and life
satisfaction and remains consistent
- Hayflick (1965)- humans are born with a throughout life. Past coping patterns
genetic program or biological clock that recur as older adults adjust to physical,
predetermines life span. financial, and social decline and
contemplate death. Identifying with
2. Gene/biological clock theory. one’s age group, finding a residence
- Cells have a genetically programmed compatible with one’s limitations, and
aging code. learning new roles postretirement are
major tasks.
3. Neuroendocrine theory
-Problems with the hypothalamus 5.Age stratification theory
pituitary-endocrine gland feedback - Society is stratified by age groups that
system cause disease; increased insulin are the basis for acquiring resources,
growth factor accelerates aging. roles, status, and deference from others.
Age cohorts are influenced by their
4. Immunological theory historical context and share similar
-Aging is due to faulty immunological experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and
function, which is linked to general expectations of life course transitions.
well-being.
6. Person-Environment theory
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGING - Function is affected by ego strength,
-Changing roles, relationships, status, mobility, health, cognition, sensory
and generational cohort impact the older perception, and the environment.
adult’s ability to adapt. Competency changes one’s ability to
adapt to environmental demands.
1.Activity theory
- Remaining occupied and involved is 7.Gerotranscendence Theory
necessary to a satisfying late-life. The - The elderly transform from a
older person should continue a middle materialistic/rational perspective toward
-aged lifestyle oneness with the universe. Successful
transformation includes an outward
2. Disengagement theory focus, accepting impending death,
- Gradual withdrawal from society and substantive relationships,
relationships serves to maintain social intergenerational connectedness, and
equilibrium and promote internal unity with the universe.
reflection. It views aging as a process in
which society and the individual PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
gradually withdraw, or disengage from -Explain aging in terms of mental
each other. processes, emotions, attitudes,
motivation, and personality development
 that is characterized by life stage contribute to disharmony among these
transitions elements.
1.Human needs
- Five basic needs motivate human 3.Developmental tasks
behavior in a lifelong process toward -Are the challenges that must be met and
need fulfillment. adjustments that must be made in
response to life experiences
2.Individualism
- Personality consists of an ego and > FREUD'S THEORY (PSYCHOSEXUAL)
personal and collective -largely focuses on the period between
unconsciousness that views life from a birth and adolescence, implying that
personal or external perspective. Older personality is largely set in stone by
adults search for life meaning and adapt early childhood. According to Freud, the
to functional and social losses. genital stage lasts throughout
adulthood. The goal is to develop a
3.Stages of personality development balance between all areas of life.
- The eighth phase, integrity versus
despair, is characterized by evaluating • Stage V: 13-18 years old, genital, mature
life accomplishments; struggles include sexual feelings: To explicate Freud's
letting go, accepting care, detachment, developmental theories one must
and physical and mental decline address his structural theory of mind.
The latter suggests that the psyche
4. Life-course/lifespan development (personality) encompasses three
- Life stages are predictable and psychic structures: the id, ego, and
structured by roles, relationships, superego.
values, and goals. Persons adapt to
changing roles and relationships. Age • Freud's developmental theories form the
group norms and characteristics are an basis for psychoanalysis and
important part of the life course. subsequent derivatives that make up
contemporary psychotherapy.
5.Selective optimization with
compensation > ERIKSON’S DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
- Individuals cope with aging losses (PSYCHOSOCIAL)
through activity/role selection,
optimization, and compensation. Critical • Old age – Integrity vs. Despair
life points are morbidity, mortality, and
quality of life facilitates successful aging • From the mid-60s to the end of life, late
adulthood. He said that people in late
Nursing Theories of AGING adulthood reflect on their lives and feel
1.Functional consequences theory either a sense of satisfaction or a sense
- Environmental and biopsychosocial of failure.
consequences impact functioning. Risk
reduction to minimize age-associated • People who feel proud of their
disability in order to enhance safety and accomplishments feel a sense of
quality of living. integrity, and they can look back on their
lives with few regrets.
2.Theory of thriving
-Failure to thrive results from a discord • However, people who are not successful
between the individual and his or her at this stage may feel as if their life has
environment or relationships. Nurses been wasted. They focus on what
identify and modify factors that “would have,” “should have,” and “could
 have” been. They face the end of their > Most old people are in the nursing
lives with feelings of bitterness, homes
depression, and despair. > Senility comes with old age
> Either get cranky or very tranquil as they
• Generativity vs. Self-absorption or age
Stagnation > Lower intelligence and are resistant to
- 40-65 years old; Middle adulthood change
- Mode: Nurturing > There are few satisfactions in old age
- Virtue: Care
> Role transition
• Ego Integrity vs. Despair Grand parenting
- 65 years to death; older adulthood – grandchildren can bring considerable joy
- Mode: Acceptance and meaning to the lives of elders. The
- Virtue: Wisdom grandparents who are not burdened with
childrearing responsibilities of parents
• Robert Peck theory detailed the three can offer love, guidance and enjoyment.
specific challenges that influence the
outcome of ego integrity or despair Widowhood
–The death of a spouse affects more
1. Ego differentiation vs role women than men because most older
pre-occupation: to develop satisfaction men are married and most older women
from oneself as a person rather than become widows.
through parental or occupational roles
> Retirement- one of the major
2. Body transcendence vs body adjustments of an aging individual is the
pre-occupation: to find psychological loss of work role. Work is often viewed
pleasures rather than become absorbed as the dues required for active
with health problems or physical membership in a productive society.
limitations imposed by aging Occupational identity is responsible for
an individual’ social position and for the
3. Ego transcendence vs ego social role attached to the position.
pre-occupation: to satisfaction through
reflections of one’s past life and >The phases of retirement:
accomplishments rather than be Remote Phase
pre-occupied with the finite number of - early in the occupational career, future
years to live. retirement is anticipated, but rational
preparation is seldom done.
• Task:
> Adjusting to one’s infirmities Near Phase
> Developing a sense of satisfaction with - When the reality of retirement is evident,
the life that has been lived preparation for leaving one’s job begins,
> Preparing for death as does fantasy regarding the retirement
role.
4. Life Transitions and Roles
>Ageism – the prejudices and Honeymoon Phase
stereotypes that are applied to older - Euphoric period begins, in which
people on the basis of their age. fantasies from the pre-retirement phase
are tested. Retirees attempt to do
• Stereotyping of Elderly: everything they never had time
> Old people are sick and disabled simultaneously.
- for active membership in a productive
society. Occupational identity is
responsible for an individual’ social
position and for the social role attached
to the position.

Disenchantment phase
- as life begins to stabilize, a letdown,
sometimes a depression is experienced.
The more unrealistic the pre-retirement
fantasy, the greater the degree of
disenchantment.

Re-orientation phase
- as realistic choices and alternative
sources of satisfaction are considered,
the disenchantment with the new
retirement routine can be replaced by
developing a lifestyle that provides some
satisfaction

Stability Phase
- an understanding of the retirement role
is achieved and this provides a
framework for concern, involvement and
action in the elderly person’s life.

Termination phase
- the retirement role is lost as a result of
either the resumption of a work role or
dependency due to illness.