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Lecture - 5 (Analog Transmission)

The document discusses digital-to-analog conversion, highlighting the process of modulating digital data into an analog signal for transmission over band-pass channels. It covers various modulation techniques including Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK), along with their implementations and examples. Additionally, it touches on analog-to-analog conversion methods such as Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Modulation (PM).

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4 views28 pages

Lecture - 5 (Analog Transmission)

The document discusses digital-to-analog conversion, highlighting the process of modulating digital data into an analog signal for transmission over band-pass channels. It covers various modulation techniques including Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK), along with their implementations and examples. Additionally, it touches on analog-to-analog conversion methods such as Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Modulation (PM).

Uploaded by

afrozesadia101
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Digital-to-Analog Conversion

 Converting digital data to an analog signal


 Required to send digital data over a band-pass channel
 Also known as modulation

(band-pass channel)
Carrier Signals
 In analog Transmission, the sending device produces a
high-frequency signal that acts as a base for the
information signal, which is known as Carrier Signal or
Carrier Frequency.
 The receiving device is tuned to the frequency of the
carrier signal that it expects from the sender.
 Digital information then changes the carrier signal by
modifying one or more of its characteristics (amplitude,
frequency or phase).This is called Modulation.
Conversion Techniques
Bit Rate vs. Baud Rate
 Data Rate/Bit rate  the number of bits per second
 Signal Rate/Baud rate  the number of signal elements
per second.

 In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is


less than or equal to the bit rate
 The relationship between them is:
S = N x 1/r baud; where r =log2L and L is the
number of signal elements
Example 5.2
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud
rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are
carried by each signal element? How many different
signal elements do we need?
Solution
In this example, S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and L are
unknown. We find first the value of r and then the
value of L.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied.
 ASK is normally implemented using only two levels and
known as Binary ASK or On-Off Keying (OOK)

fc – Carrier frequency
0 < d < 1; where d depends on the modulation and filtering
process
Implementation of Binary ASK
Example 5.3
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans
from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier frequency and
the bit rate if we modulated our data by using ASK with d
= 1?
Solution
The middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This
means that our carrier frequency can be at fc = 250 kHz. We
can use the formula for bandwidth to find the bit rate (with d
= 1 and r = 1).
Frequency Shift Keying
 In FSK, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied.
 Binary FSK (BFSK) considers two carrier frequencies, f1
and f2.
 We use the first carrier if the data element is 0 and the
second if the data element is 1.
Implementation of Binary FSK
Example 5.6
We need to send data 3 bits at a time at a bit rate of 3
Mbps. The carrier frequency is 10 MHz. Calculate the
number of levels (different frequencies), the baud rate, and
the bandwidth.
Solution
We can have L = 23 = 8.
The baud rate is S = 3 Mbps/3 = 1 Mbaud.
For multilevel FSK, the bandwidth is B = L x S = 8 × 1M =
8M.
Phase Shift Keying
 In PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is varied.
 The simplest PSK is Binary PSK.
Implementation of Binary PSK
Phase Shift Keying
 PSK is much more robust than ASK as it is not that
vulnerable to noise, which changes amplitude of the
signal.
 PSK is also superior to FSK because it does not need
two carrier signals.
 However, PSK needs more sophisticated hardware to
be able to distinguish between phases.
Quadrature PSK
 Each signal element carries 2 bits
 Uses two separate BPSK modulations; one in-phase and
the other out-of-phase
Implementation of QPSK
Example 5.7
Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12
Mbps for QPSK. The value of d = 0.

Solution
For QPSK, 2 bits is carried by one signal element.
This means that r = 2. So the signal rate (baud rate) is
S = N × (1/r) = 6 Mbaud. With a value of d = 0, we
have B = S = 6 MHz.
Constellation Diagrams
 A constellation diagram helps define the amplitude and
phase of a signal element
Example 5.8
 Show the constellation diagrams for OOK, BPSK, and
QPSK modulations
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 Or QAM
 A combination of ASK and PSK
Analog-to-Analog Conversion
 Process of transmitting analog information by an analog
signal
 Although the signal is already analog, modulation is
needed if only a band-pass channel is available to us.
Types of Analog-to-Analog Modulations
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 The amplitude of the carrier signal is modulated so that its
amplitude varies
 Process of transmitting analog information by an analog signal
AM Band Allocation
Frequency Modulation (FM)
FM Band Allocation
Phase Modulation (PM)
 Considered a variation of FM
Home Work
 Example 5.1-5.7.

A number of slides modified from Chaiporn Jaikaeo


and borrowed from the book website

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