Engineers Guide To MATLAB 3rd Edition Magrab

Solutions Manual pdf download

https://testbankfan.com/product/engineers-guide-to-matlab-3rd-
edition-magrab-solutions-manual/
We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit testbankfan.com
to discover even more!

MATLAB for Engineers 5th Edition Moore Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/matlab-for-engineers-5th-edition-
moore-solutions-manual/

MATLAB for Engineers 4th Edition Moore Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/matlab-for-engineers-4th-edition-
moore-solutions-manual/

Introduction to MATLAB 3rd Edition Etter Solutions

Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/introduction-to-matlab-3rd-
edition-etter-solutions-manual/

Financial and Managerial Accounting 8th Edition Wild

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/financial-and-managerial-
accounting-8th-edition-wild-solutions-manual/
Calculus 3rd Edition Rogawski Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/calculus-3rd-edition-rogawski-
test-bank/

Chemistry A Molecular Approach 4th Edition Tro

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-a-molecular-
approach-4th-edition-tro-solutions-manual/

Organizational Communication Balancing Creativity and

Constraint 8th Edition Eisenberg Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/organizational-communication-
balancing-creativity-and-constraint-8th-edition-eisenberg-
solutions-manual/

E-Commerce 2015 11th Edition Laudon Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/e-commerce-2015-11th-edition-
laudon-test-bank/

Sociology Your Compass for a New World Canadian 5th

Edition Brym Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/sociology-your-compass-for-a-new-
world-canadian-5th-edition-brym-test-bank/
Fit and Well Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness
and Wellness 12th Edition Fahey Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/fit-and-well-core-concepts-and-
labs-in-physical-fitness-and-wellness-12th-edition-fahey-test-
bank/
 Solution to Exercises
Chapter 7

7.1
% Spherical helix
t = linspace(0, 10*pi, 300);
x = t/(2*5);
plot3(sin(x).*cos(t), sin(x).*sin(t), cos(x), 'k-')
axis equal

Answer:
1

0.5

-0.5

-1

0.5
0.5
0
0
-0.5
-0.5

% Toroidal spiral
a = 0.2; b = 0.8; c = 20;
t = linspace(0, 2*pi, 400);
plot3((b+a*sin(c*t)).*cos(t), (b+a*sin(c*t)).*sin(t), a*cos(c*t), 'k-')
axis equal

Answer:

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1

0.8
0.6
0.4 0.8
0.2 0.6
0 0.4
0.2
-0.2 0
-0.4 -0.2
-0.6 -0.4
-0.8 -0.6
-0.8

% Sine wave on sphere

a = 10; b = 1; c = 0.3;
t = linspace(0, 2*pi, 200);
z = sqrt(b^2-c^2*cos(a*t).^2);
plot3(z.*cos(t), z.*sin(t), c*cos(a*t), 'k-')
axis equal

Answer:

1
 0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2

0.8
0.6
0.4 0.8
0.2 0.6
0 0.4
0.2
-0.2 0
-0.4 -0.2
-0.6 -0.4
-0.6
-0.8 -0.8

% Concho-spiral
a = 1; b = 1.05; c = 3;
u = linspace(0, 12*pi, 200);
bu = b.^u;
plot3(a*bu.*cos(u), a*bu.*sin(u), c*bu, 'k-')
axis equal

Answer:

18

16

14

12

10

4
2 5
0
-2 0
-4
-5

% Intersection of two cylinders

a = 1; b = 1.3;
phi = linspace(0, 2*pi, 200);
plot3(a*cos(phi), a*sin(phi), sqrt(b^2-a^2*sin(phi).^2), 'k-')
axis equal
view([-15, 20])

Answer:
1.2
1.1
1
0.9

0.5

-0.5
0.8 1
0.4 0.6
0 0.2
-0.4 -0.2
-0.8 -0.6

% Baseball seam
a = 0.4;
t = linspace(0, 4*pi, 200);
g = pi/2-(pi/2-a)*cos(t);
h = t/2+a*sin(2*t);
plot3(sin(g).*cos(h), sin(g).*sin(h), cos(g), 'k-')

2
 axis equal

Answer:
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

0.5
0.5
0
0
-0.5 -0.5

% Spherical spiral
a = 0.08;
phi = linspace(-12*pi, 12*pi, 400);
p = atan(a*phi);
plot3(cos(phi).*cos(p), sin(phi).*cos(p), -sin(p), 'k-')
axis equal

Answer:
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

0.5

0 0.5
0
-0.5
-0.5

7.2
% Seashell
vv = linspace(0, 2*pi, 25); uu = linspace(0, 6*pi, 45);
[u, v] = meshgrid(uu, vv);
E = exp(u/6/pi); C2 = cos(0.5*v).^2;
x = 2*(1-E).*cos(u).*C2;
y = 2*(-1+E).*sin(u).*C2;
z = 1-exp(u/3/pi)-sin(v)+E.*sin(v);
surf(x, y, z)
axis vis3d equal

Answer:

3
 0

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-7

-8

2
1 2
0 1
0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3

% Figure eight torus

c = 1; vv = linspace(-pi, pi, 25); uu = linspace(-pi, pi, 45);
[u, v] = meshgrid(uu, vv);
C = c+sin(v).*cos(u)-sin(2*v).*sin(u)/2;
x = cos(u).*C;
y = sin(u).*C;
z = sin(u).*sin(v)+cos(u).*sin(2*v)/2;
surf(x, y, z)
axis vis3d equal

Answer:

0.5

-0.5

-1
1.5 2
1
0.5 1
0 0
-0.5
-1 -1
-1.5 -2

% Helical spring
r1 = 0.25; r2 = 0.25; T = 2.0; n = 6;
[u, v] = meshgrid(linspace(0, 2*n*pi, 140), linspace(0, 2*pi, 25));
x = [1-r1.*cos(v)].*cos(u);
y = [1-r1*cos(v)].*sin(u);
z = r2*[sin(v)+T*u/pi];
surf(x, y, z)
view([-64 0])
surf(x, y, z)
axis vis3d equal off

Answer:

4
% Cornucopia
a = 0.3; b = 0.5;
[u, v] = meshgrid(linspace(0, 2*pi, 22), linspace(-3, 3, 20));
x = exp(b*v).*cos(v)+exp(a*v).*cos(v).*cos(u);
y = exp(b*v).*sin(v)+exp(a*v).*sin(v).*cos(u);
z = exp(a*v).*sin(u);
surf(x, y, z)

Answer:

% Astroidal ellipsoid
[u, v] = meshgrid(linspace(-pi/2, pi/2, 40), linspace(-pi, pi, 40));
a = 1; b = 1; c = 1;
x = (a*cos(u).*cos(v)).^3;
y = (b*sin(u).*cos(v)).^3;
z = (c*sin(v)).^3;
surf(x, y, z)
axis vis3d equal off

Answer:

5
% Mobius strip
[s, t] = meshgrid(linspace(0, 2*pi, 30), linspace(-0.4, 0.4, 15));
x = cos(s)+t.*cos(s/2).*cos(s);
y = sin(s)+t.*cos(s/2).*sin(s);
z = t.*sin(s/2);
surf(x, y, z)
axis vis3d equal off

Answer:

% Bow curve
T = 0.7;
[u, v] = meshgrid(linspace(0, 2*pi, 20), linspace(0, 2*pi, 40));
x = (2+T*sin(u)).*sin(2*v);
y = (2+T*sin(u)).*cos(2*v);
z = T*cos(u)+3*cos(v);
surf(x, y, z)
axis off equal vis3d
shading interp

Answer:

6
% Hyperbolic helicoid
tau = 7;
[u, v] = meshgrid(linspace(-pi, pi, 100), linspace(0, 0.5, 8));
D = 1+cosh(u).*cosh(v);
x = sinh(v).*cos(tau*u)./D;
y = sinh(v).*sin(tau*u)./D;
z = sinh(u).*cosh(v)./D;
surf(x, y, z)
axis vis3d equal off

Answer:

% Apple surface
[u, v]= meshgrid(linspace(0, 2*pi, 30), linspace(-pi, pi, 50));
x = cos(u).*(4 + 3.8*cos(v));
y = sin(u).*(4 + 3.8*cos(v));
z = (cos(v) + sin(v) - 1).*(1 + sin(v)).* log(1 - pi*v / 10) + 7.5*sin(v);
h = surf(x, y, z);
set(h, 'FaceAlpha', 0.4)
axis off equal vis3d
shading interp

Answer:

7
7.3
function Exercise7_3
the = linspace(0, 2*pi, 30);
rad = linspace(0, 1, 15)';
xc = rad*cos(the);
yc = rad*sin(the);
options = optimset('display','off');
nm = 2; nk = 3; n = 0;
for m = 0:1:nm
vs = m+2.8;
for k = 1:nk
v = fzero(@circularplate, [vs vs+3], options, m);
mode = circularplatemode(m, v, rad, the);
vs = 1.2*v;
n = n+1;
subplot(nm+1, nk, n)
meshc(yc, xc, mode)
colormap([0 0 1])
title([num2str(v) ' m=' num2str(m) ' n=' num2str(k)])
axis off
end
end

function d = circularplate(x, n)
d = besselj(n, x)*besseli(n+1, x)+besseli(n, x)*besselj(n+1, x);

function [mod]= circularplatemode(m, omn, rad, the)

c1mn = -besseli(m, omn)/besselj(m, omn);
mod = (c1mn*besselj(m, omn*rad)+ besseli(m, omn*rad))*cos(the*m);
mod = mod/max(max(abs(mod)));

Answer:

8
 3.1962 m=0 n=1 6.3064 m=0 n=2 9.4395 m=0 n=3

4.6109 m=1 n=1 7.7993 m=1 n=2 10.9581 m=1 n=3

5.9057 m=2 n=1 9.1969 m=2 n=2 12.4022 m=2 n=3

7.4
function Exercise7_4
heatslab = inline('cos(x)-x.*sin(x)/b', 'x', 'b');
tau = [linspace(0, 0.5, 9) linspace(0.6, 2, 9)];
eta = linspace(0, 1, 11);
bi = 0.7; Nroot = 20; %x = linspace(0, 20*pi, 200);
r = FindZeros(heatslab, Nroot, linspace(0, 20*pi, 200), bi);
s = meshgrid(sin(r)./(r+sin(r).*cos(r)), eta);
th = (2*cos(r*eta).*s')'*exp(-r.^2*tau);
surf(tau, eta, th)
xlabel('\tau')
ylabel('\eta')
zlabel('\theta/\theta_i')
title(['Boit number = ',num2str(bi)])
axis vis3d
view(-32.5, 36)

function Rt = FindZeros(FunName, Nroot, x, w)

f = feval(FunName, x, w);
indx = find(f(1:end-1).*f(2:end)<0);
L = length(indx);
if L<Nroot
Nroot = L;
end
Rt = zeros(Nroot, 1);
for k = 1:Nroot
Rt(k) = fzero(FunName, [x(indx(k)), x(indx(k)+1)], [], w);
end

Answer:

9
 Boit number = 0.7

0.9

0.8

0.7
/ i

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.8

0.6 2
1.5
0.4
1
0.2
0.5
 0 0


7.5
[x, y] = meshgrid(linspace(0, 1, 25), linspace(0, 1, 25));
surf(x, y, sin(2*pi*x).*sin(3*pi*y))

Answer:

0.5

-0.5

-1
1
0.8 1
0.6 0.8
0.4 0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0 0

7.6
[re, pr] = meshgrid(logspace(5.699, 7, 10), logspace(-0.2218, 3.301, 15));
nu = 0.037*re.^.8.*pr./(1+2.443*re.^-.1.*(pr.^(2/3)-1));
surf(log10(re), log10(pr), log10(nu))
xlabel('log_{10}(Re)')
ylabel('log_{10}(Pr)')
zlabel('log_{10}(Nusselt)')
hold on
xc = [5.699, 5.699, 7 7];
yc = [-0.2218, 3.301, -0.2218, 3.301];
zc = log10([nu(1,1), nu(end,1), nu(1,end), nu(end,end)]);
plot3([xc; xc], [yc; yc], [repmat(2, 1, 4); zc], 'k')

Answer:

10
 6

5.5

4.5
log (Nusselt)

4
10

3.5

2.5

2
4
3 7
2
6.5
1
0 6

-1 5.5
log10(Pr)
log10(Re)

7.7
n = linspace(6, 12, 10);
rho = [0.001:0.002:0.009 linspace(0.01, 0.1, 10)];
[nn rr] = meshgrid(n, rho);
rn = nn.*rr;
surf(nn, rr, -rn+sqrt(rn.^2+2*rn))
xlabel('n')
ylabel('\rho')
zlabel('k')
title('Location of neutral axis in a steel reinforced concrete beam')

Answer:
Location of neutral axis in a steel reinforced concrete beam

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
k

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
0.1
0.08 12
0.06 11
10
0.04 9
0.02 8
7
0 6
 n

7.8
% function Exercise7_10
x = stem3data;
stem3(x(:,1), x(:,2), x(:,3), 'ks', 'fill');
view(-30, 7);
hold on
x1 = 0:5:20;
x2 = 0:200:600;
mesh(x1, x2, zeros(length(x2), length(x1)));
view([-30, 7])
colormap([0 0 1])
title('Deviations from mean output response')
xlabel('x_1')
ylabel('x_2')

11
 zlabel('Deviations')
box off

function dat1 = stem3data

dev = [1.5713, -1.1460, -2.2041, -1.5968, -2.8937, 1.1136, 1.9297, 1.1962, -3.8650, -0.4763,- 1.3223,...
-0.4619, 0.4911, -0.6023, 5.8409, -0.3620, 4.3341, -2.0368, -1.5415, 0.0302, -2.1809, 1.5587,...
0.3222, 2.1478, 0.1537];
x1 = [2, 8, 11, 10, 8, 4, 2, 2, 9, 8, 4, 11, 12, 2, 4, 4, 20, 1, 10, 15, 15, 16, 17, 6, 5];
x2 = [50, 110, 120, 550, 295, 200, 375, 52, 100, 300, 412, 400, 500, 360, 205, 400, 600, 585, 540, 250,...
290, 510, 590, 100, 400];
dat1 = [x1', x2', dev'];

Answer:
Deviations from mean output response

2
Deviations

-1

-2

-3

-4
600
400 20
200 10 15
0 0 5

x2 x1

7.9
eta = linspace(1, 3, 100); th = linspace(-pi, pi, 80);
x = eta'*cos(th);
y = eta'*sin(th);
[t, et] = meshgrid(th, eta);
sigr = 1-1./et.^2+(1+3./et.^4-4./et.^2).*cos(2*t);
sigt = 1+1./et.^2-(1+3./et.^4).*cos(2*t);
shear = -(1-3./et.^4+2./et.^2).*sin(2*t);
z = sqrt(((sigr-sigt).^2+sigr.^2+sigt.^2)/2+3*shear.^2);
[c, h] = contour(x, y, z, 15);
set(h, 'LineColor','k')
axis equal off

Answer:

12
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 THE MARSH TIT
Parus palustris, Linnæus

This bird is the rarest of our common species of Tits, although in

some places it outnumbers the Coal. In habits it is very similar to its
congeners, but is perhaps more partial to young alder and willow
plantations than some of the others. Its name would lead us to
suspect that it especially frequents marshy spots, but this is not the
case. It chooses for its nesting-site a hole in some decayed stump
which it not infrequently hews out for itself, and the nest consists of
the usual materials, but sometimes willow-down is used in addition
for a lining, a material never found in the nests of other Tits.
 MARSH TIT
Parus palustris
The note is a three-syllabled chirp bearing a family 79
resemblance to that of the other species. The food consists of
insects and seeds of various kinds which it seeks with the unceasing
energy characteristic of this genus.

The sexes are alike and of an olive brown colour on the back; head
and nape glossy black; cheeks white; chin black; under parts whitish,
becoming buff on the flanks. Length 4·5 in.; wing 2·45 in.

The young are duller and have no gloss on the head and nape.

This species is local, but well distributed in England and Wales; in

Scotland it is rare and only recorded from two or three counties.

Recently it has been suggested that there is in our islands another

species of Tit (P. salicaria) called the Willow Tit. Except that in habits
it is apparently more local and restricted to marshy places, there
seems to be little to distinguish it, and in plumage it is practically
identical with the young Marsh Tit, the absence of gloss on the head
being the most characteristic feature.
 THE BLUE TIT
Parus cœruleus, Linnæus

This bird is very similar in its actions to the Great Tit, but is more
often seen in gardens than the latter. It is ever on the move 80
and is extremely fond of a bit of suet—a piece hung on a string
in the garden affords throughout the winter months endless
opportunities of watching its pretty and fascinating ways. In summer,
sunflower seeds are a great attraction; these are removed as soon as
they ripen, and taken to some convenient post or branch; there he
will hold one between his feet and split it with a few well-directed
blows of his bill, and having swallowed the tender kernel he will
return again and again to the same sunflower until not a seed is left.

Any dark cavity will suit it for a nesting-site, either a hole in some
tree or post, an old tin carelessly thrown in a hedge, or some artificial
nest-box in the garden, but it will rarely be nearer the ground than
about six feet. It has a very short but bright song, which may often
be heard in spring, and its call-note is a single “tzee.”

It is a very common resident, wandering in small parties all over the

country during the winter months and even penetrating the heart of
our large cities, where it becomes very tame and confiding.

The sexes are alike in plumage. The back is yellowish green; tail and
wings blue; wing coverts tipped with white; the crown is cobalt blue
encircled by a white line running backwards across the forehead. The
chin is blue, and a blue line runs through each eye to the nape, and,
encircling the white cheeks, runs forward again to meet the blue
chin. Under parts sulphur yellow with a black streak down the centre
of the chest. Length 4·3 in.; wing 2·4 in.
The young are very similar but rather duller in colour.

NUTHATCH
Sitta cæsia
It is common and generally distributed throughout our islands, 81
becoming rather scarce and more local in the northwest of
Scotland.
 THE CRESTED TIT
Parus cristatus, Linnæus

A few favoured spots in Scotland are the only resorts of this bird in
our islands.

It is a forest species, haunting pine woods, from which it seldom

wanders far. Like the Marsh Tit, it frequently excavates its own
nesting-hole, which is generally at no great distance from the ground.
In all its actions and habits it resembles its congeners.

The sexes are alike. The general colour above is olive brown, beneath
white, turning to buff on the flanks. The feathers of the head are
black, broadly edged with white and prolonged into a conspicuous
crest. A black streak runs backwards from the eye on each side to
join its fellow on the nape, whence it turns forward and encircling the
cheeks, which are white mottled with black, joins up with the black
chin. Length 4·5 in.; wing 2·5 in.

The young are duller and have hardly any crest.

 THE NUTHATCH
Sitta cæsia, Wolf

The Nuthatch is fairly well distributed over the woodland portions of

our southern and midland counties, becoming rarer towards 82
the north. In Scotland it has only been observed in a few
counties, and has never been met with in Ireland.

It is a very shy bird, but is most interesting to observe, as he runs up

and down with extreme facility, assuming, as he does so, many
graceful and curious positions. Unlike the Woodpeckers, which only
run up the trees, it seems quite immaterial to this species whether he
be going up, down, or sideways, forwards or backwards, for in all
positions he seems equally at home. He will be more often heard
than seen as the sharp, shrill note will betray his whereabouts,
though by keeping on the far side of the tree he avoids being seen.
Insects are largely eaten in summer, but seeds, berries, nuts, and
beechmast form his chief food. Nuts and hard seeds are taken to
some convenient crevice in the bark and hammered with the sharp,
hard bill until an entrance having been effected, the kernel can be
pulled out and eaten. Some hole in a tree or wall, or more rarely in a
bank, is chosen as the nesting-site; the entrance is generally
plastered up with mud till only a small circular hole, just large enough
to admit the bird, is left. The inside of the cavity is lined with a few
leaves and scraps of bark on which five to seven eggs, boldly marked
with reddish brown, are laid. These eggs bear a close resemblance to
those of the Great Tit, but are, as a general rule, rather larger. In the
courting season the male has a pretty little song, and “shows off” to
the female as he chases her up and down the trees. It is a strictly
resident species and may be found in the same spot throughout the
year.
The general colour of the upper parts is bluish grey, but all the tail
feathers, except the central pair, are blackish, barred and tipped with
white and grey. A black stripe runs through the eye from the base of
the bill. The under parts are pale rufous shading to chestnut on the
flanks and under-tail coverts. Length 5·7 in.; wing 3·4 in.

The female and young are rather duller in colour.

 COMMON WREN
Troglodytes parvulus
Lower figure St. Kilda variety
 83

THE WREN
Troglodytes parvulus, K. L. Koch

There must be few people who have not heard a long and clear song
sounding almost at their side, when walking along some garden path
or along the edge of a wood, and on investigation have found that
this song, so disproportionate in volume to the size of the bird that
utters it, proceeds from one of the smallest of our birds, the Wren.
Skulking as a rule in the thick hedge bottom, among undergrowth in
woods, or in a tangle of brambles on a common, he will suddenly hop
on to an outstanding spray, rattle off his little song, and then with
quick whirring beats of his wings dive into the undergrowth again a
few yards off. Always bright and perky as he hops along, with his
short tail held up at right angles to the body, he searches for any
small seeds or insects which he can find, and as he appears so
cheerful, even in the most severe weather, it is not surprising that he
has won a way to our hearts, and next to the Robin is the most
favoured bird in England. The nest is a beautiful domed 84
structure, very cleverly concealed among the ivy on a wall or
tree, or sometimes in a grassy bank or the side of a stack. It is
composed of leaves, moss, bents, etc., so arranged and chosen as to
harmonise well with its surroundings. The entrance is a narrow round
hole, and the interior is warmly lined with hair and feathers.

Nest-building seems to be an occupation in which these birds delight,

and several nests are generally built by each pair; one only, however,
is lined, the others being left quite rough inside. These so-called
“cocks’ nests” are used, however, as roosting-places, and if the eggs
be destroyed they may be lined and used as their home for a second
clutch. The eggs, six to eight in number, are white, sparsely spotted
with red. In this country the wren is a resident and seldom wanders
far from its home, a habit which has resulted in the birds inhabiting
some of our outer islands, like St. Kilda, becoming recognisable as
distinct from the mainland form. In winter, however, our native stock
receives considerable additions from the Continent, but a return
migration in spring has not been noticed.

The whole bird is of a uniform reddish brown, rather lighter on the

chin and throat, minutely barred with black. There is a dull white
streak over each eye. Length 3·5 in.; wing 1·9 in.

The female is rather smaller and duller, and the young are less
distinctly barred.
 TREE-CREEPER
Certhia familiaris

85
 THE TREE-CREEPER
Certhia familiaris, Linnæus

The Tree-Creeper is a common species, but from its quiet ways and
dull colour seldom noticed. It is with us the whole year, spending its
time in an unceasing search for small insects on the bark of trees. In
its habits and food it is not unlike the Woodpeckers, climbing up with
a series of jerks, and, when observed, shifting at once to the far side
of the tree.

It has a short but pleasing little song, which is not often heard, and
the call-note is a low and plaintive “cheep.” It is solitary in habits, and
more than one are seldom seen together, except in the breeding
season. The nest is placed behind a piece of loose bark and is merely
an accumulation of roots, grass, and moss, with a lining of wool and
feathers. The eggs are white, minutely spotted with reddish.

The sexes are alike and have the feathers of the upper parts dark
brown with pale centres, becoming lighter on the rump; under parts,
silvery white. Flight feathers dark brown, barred with buffish white.
Tail feathers stiff and pointed and dull reddish brown in colour.
Length 4·75 in.; wing 2·5 in.

It is common and abundant throughout our islands.

 THE WALL-CREEPER
Tichodroma muraria (Linnæus)

Very few examples of this species, whose home is in the mountainous

regions of Europe, have occurred in these islands. It spends its 86
life climbing over the bare and precipitous surfaces of rock,
searching for spiders and other insects on which it feeds.

The general colour is slate grey with crimson wing coverts and a
black throat. The tail feathers are not stiff as in the preceding
species. Length 6 in.; wing 3·9 in.
 THE PIED WAGTAIL
Motacilla lugubris, Temminck

“Chizzit, chizzit,” and looking round we see our little grey friend as he
passes with his peculiar and characteristic dipping flight across the
field towards the ivy-clad wall. Every year he comes with unfailing
regularity to rear his brood near the same spot. It is an old red-brick
wall, thickly covered with ivy, which has concealed the various nooks
and crannies brought about by the winter’s frosts and the heat of the
summer sun. In such a place the Pied Wagtail delights to build his
nest. Although not strictly speaking a migrant, for some individuals
spend the whole year with us, he nevertheless appears with unfailing
regularity towards the end of April at his accustomed haunt, and
probably brings his mate with him, for we seldom see more than a
pair together at their breeding quarters, and thus quietly, and without
any demonstration, the nest-building is begun. This is usually done in
the very early hours of the morning, and the day is spent in some
neighbouring field among the cattle, with occasional excursions to the
side of the stream for the frequent bath which has earned for this
species the name of “Polly Dishwasher.”
 PIED WAGTAIL
Motacilla lugubris

When the nest, which is composed of grass and bents lined 87

with horsehair, is completed, the six grey and speckled eggs
are laid and incubation, which is solely carried on by the hen, begins.

If we did not know the habits of our friend, the first signs of his
presence in the garden would be when he flies up to feed his mate
with some special titbit, and then as he jumps out from the ivy we
see him winging his way with elegant flight across the meadow to his
favourite feeding-ground. In due course the young are hatched, and
as the needs of the growing family become greater, we can often see
the parents coming and going with unceasing energy till night brings
compulsory rest to their labours. When the young leave the nest they
are almost immediately taken into the grass fields, where the flies,
attracted by the feeding cattle, offer them an easy livelihood.

September comes, and in company with the Meadow Pipits, they

wander over the country and along the salt marshes near the sea
previous to seeking other countries, or settling in the warmer parts of
England near some sheltered farm where they may find food until the
returning spring reminds them of their old haunts, or impels the
younger generation to seek a mate and home.

In winter the sexes are alike, and grey in general colour with dark
wings and tail (except the two outer feathers, which are white), while
the inner secondaries are also broadly edged with white; under parts
white.

In summer the chin and back are black, the forehead and a 88
stripe across the face being white. Length 7·3 in.; wing 3·5 in.

The young bird resembles the adult in winter, but the white portions,
especially on the throat and breast, are tinged with yellowish and the
breast is slightly spotted.

This bird is generally distributed throughout the British Isles, rarer in

the north and resident in the warmer portions of the south and west.
 WHITE WAGTAIL
Motacilla alba, Linnæus

This is the Continental form of the preceding species, which passes

through the country every year on migration and occasionally stays to
breed. In habits it is precisely similar to its congener the Pied Wagtail.
It may be distinguished by its rather lighter colour, and in summer it
retains the light grey back but assumes the black chin.

The females, however, of our own species frequently do not assume

a black back, so that the colour of the back when seen in the field
will not be sufficient to identify this species. When it can be closely
compared it may always be recognised by the clearer grey of the
back and pure grey upper tail coverts. In the Pied Wagtail the mantle
has a greenish tinge, and the proximal tail coverts are nearly black.
Length 7·5 in.; wing 3·5 in.
 GREY WAGTAIL
Motacilla melanope

89
 GREY WAGTAIL
Motacilla melanope, Pallas

The Grey Wagtail is a close inhabitant of rocky streams, and we have

to go to the more mountainous parts of our islands to find this
species “at home.”

Like the Pied Wagtail it is a partial migrant, seeking the warmer

portions in the south and west during the winter and moving back to
the same rushing streams with the return of spring.

The nest is placed in one of the loose stone walls so common near its
haunts, or on the ground in some cleft of the rocks. The eggs
resemble those of the Yellow Wagtail, but are slightly larger.

It is a very handsome bird, the handsomest perhaps of all our

Wagtails. The back and upper parts are of a deep bluish grey: wings
and tail (except the two outer feathers, which are white, a
characteristic of all wagtails), dark brown; under parts clear lemon
yellow, paler on the vent. Length 7 in.; wing 3·3 in.

Female and young resemble the male, but are paler. In summer the
male has a jet black gorget.

This species has a much longer tail than our other species, the Yellow
Wagtail having the shortest tail.

Generally distributed throughout our islands but only found during

summer near rushing torrents, wandering at other times throughout
the country, but always in the vicinity of running water.

The note is very similar to that of the Pied Wagtail.

 90

THE BLUE-HEADED WAGTAIL

Motacilla flava, Linnæus

This species resembles the Yellow Wagtail very closely in all respects,
and is the common Continental “Yellow Wagtail,” many different races
of which are found. It occurs yearly in the south-east of England on
migration and sometimes stays to breed.

The adults may be distinguished from our Yellow Wagtail by having

the upper part of the head and neck, including the cheeks, bluish
grey and the stripe over the eye white. Young birds are practically
indistinguishable from those of our common species, but the eye
stripe is constantly whiter. Length 6·3 in.; wing 3·2 in.

A closely allied race is M. beema, which breeds in Western Siberia

and occurs on migration in India. It is very closely allied to M. flava,
but is paler on the head and has the cheeks and chin white. This
form has been taken in England on one occasion, viz. in Sussex, in
April 1898. Faded and worn specimens of M. flava appear at first
sight to belong to this form, so that excessive caution is necessary
before finally identifying British specimens as belonging to this race.

The Scandinavian form, known as M. borealis, with a dark grey crown

and no eye stripe, has been obtained on several occasions, and even
remained to breed in Sussex in 1906.
 BLUE-HEADED WAGTAIL
Motacilla flava (left)
Young (centre); var. melanocejala (right)

M. cinereocephala, which has not yet been obtained in 91

England, but breeds in South Europe from Italy eastwards, may
be recognised from M. borealis by its rather darker head and cheeks
and by having the entire throat white.

Lastly, we have the Black-headed Wagtail, M. melanocephala, which

inhabits South-eastern Europe and has a black head with hardly any
trace of an eye stripe, and which was also obtained on the south
coast in 1906. In this form the cheeks and under parts, including the
chin, are bright yellow.
 THE YELLOW WAGTAIL
Motacilla raii (Bonaparte)

In the flat meadow-lands and pastures intersected by ditches or

bordering some sluggish river, we may see this brilliant little fellow as
he struts about under the feet of the cattle. At one moment he is
running forward to pick some insect off the grass with an audible
snap of his slender bill, and the next jumping up to seize, after the
manner of the Flycatcher, some winged insect that has come within
range of his sharp eyes.

This bird is a true migrant, reaching our shores during the latter half
of April and leaving us again in September. The males arrive, as is the
case with so many species, a few days before the hens, and on their
arrival nest-building is begun without further delay. The site chosen is
on the ground in the middle of an open field and generally near some
upturned sod or in the deep footprints of the cattle. A few grass
stems loosely laid together and lined with horsehair suffices for a
nest, and the eggs, five to six in number, are of a pale clay- 92
brown with no spots or markings. The birds are very shy when
at the nest, leaving it long before the intruder has approached, and
only running on again when he is well away. The young are fed
exclusively on insects, and when they are fledged remain in their
summer home till shorter days and colder nights warn them that
autumn has come. Old and young then collect in enormous numbers
in the salt marshes along the sea-shore, until with favourable
weather they pass on to warmer and more congenial climes.

The male above is of a uniform bright greenish yellow, with a yellow

eye stripe; under parts bright lemon yellow. Females and young are
similar but duller, the latter sometimes showing in autumn some dark
spots on the breast. Length 6·25 in.; wing 3·15 in.

This bird is distributed in suitable localities throughout England, with

the exception of the extreme south-west. In Wales it is chiefly seen
on migration, and in Ireland it is only found nesting in a few places.
In Scotland it does not nest north of Perthshire, and to the north of
the Great Glen it is only a rare straggler. Abroad it is confined to
North-west France and the Iberian peninsula, wandering in winter to
West Africa.