BIOSENSORS

Points to be covered in this topic

1. INTRODUCTION
2. PRINCIPLE OFA BIOSENSORS
3. TYPES OF BIOSENSORS
4. WORKING ON BIOSENSORS
5. APPLICATION OF BIOSENSORS
O INTRODUCTION
Biosensor is an analytical device containing an immobilized biological
material (enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, hormone, organelle or whole
cell) which can specifically interact with an analyte and produce physical,
chemical or electrical signals that can be measured.
Biosensors basically involve the quantitative analysis of various
substances by converting their biological actions into measurable signal
Electrons
oxygen consumption
Transducer

Analyte Reduced by-products

Display
Biorccognition element
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 PRINCIPLE OF A BIOSENSORS
This immobilized biological material is in intimate
contact with the
transducer.
The analyte on binding to the biological material forms a bound
analyte
that produces a measurable electronic
response.
Sometimes due to the release of heat. gas (0xygen), electrons or
hydrogen ions, the analyte converts into a product, and changes
associated to this product is transformed by the transducer to electrical
signals that are amplified and measured.
Biological Analyte
Material

Bound Analyte

Biological Response

Electronic Response

OTYPES OF BIOSENSORS Measurement

1. Electrochemical biosensors
2. Amperometric biosensors Scan Follow Us On Instagram
3. Blood glucose biosensors
4. Potentiometric biosensors
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5. Conductometric biosensors GDC GDC CLASSES" Time to Study Smart
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6. Thermometric biosensors Google PAay SIMPLIFIEO
7. Optical biosensors
8. Fibre optic lactate biosensor
9. Optical biosensor for blood glucose
10. Piezoelectric biosensor
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1. Electrochemical biosensors
It is based on the measurements of electriccurrent, ionic or conductance
changes carried out by bioelectrodes.

Traducer Element
Electrodes Signal Processor
DNA

Antibodies
Enzymes

Ceils -01 02
Volkagt

Biological sensing elements Readable Output

2. Amperometric biosensors
It determines the movement of electrons or electronic current due to
a redox reaction catalysed by enzyme.
In the enzyme catalysed reaction, the substrate or product obtained
can transfer the electrons with the surface of electrodes to be
reduced; hence, an alternate current flow is measurable

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=analyte 2bioreceptor GPAT
DISCUSSION
CENTER

signal = current

/ transductor

sample
Japplied potential
3. Blood glucose biosensor
It is employed extensively for diabetic patients.
for single use.
It contains a watch pen-shaped disposable electrode
mediator.
This electrode has glucose oxide and derivatives of a
The electrodes are converted using hydrophilic mesh.
Working Reference
electrode electrode
(a)
Reaction
area

Gold
Nickel

Copper (c)
Reference Working
electrode clectrode
(b)
4. Potentiometric biosensOr
with the
" It measures the changes in the concentration of ionic species
help of ion-selective electrodes present in it.
" It generally employs pH electrodes, thus in the release of hydrogen
ions a large amount of enzymatic reactions are involved.

lon Selective Reference

ElectrodeElectrode
0-nng
Membrane
containing
mmobilzed
cells of 00 Data Acquisition
P. Deruginosa
Magnetic Potentiometric Computer
Stirrer Transducer
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5. Conductometric Biosensor
Many reactions occurring in the biologic system bring about a change
in the ionicspecies.
" Thischange is helpful inmeasuring the electronicconductivity.
"Urea biosensor which utilises the immobilisedareas is an example of
conductometric biosensor.
Polyaniline-antibody
(AD- P)
Peetrode Sandwieh complex
(Ab. Ag--Ab P)

Antibody (Ab)
Antigen (Ag)
YYYY No signel Signal gener ated

6. Thermometric biosensors
" Biological reactions are associated with the production of heat and
this forms the basis of thermometricbiosensors.
Enzyme Amplifier
pre-coturnn

Injection
valve
Aluminium block

Polyurethane-toam
insulation

Metal casing
Sampie
loop
Peristaltic Electrical leads
pump
Thermistor
Enzyme column
Butfer Reterence column
7. Optical biosensors
" It is a compact analytical device containing a biore cognition sensing
element integrated with an optical transducer system.
It works on the principle of optical measurements, like fluorescence,
absorbance, etc. and is utilised in fibre optics and optoelectronic
transducers.
laer oune

RFHD antenna

Opoclatronk
arrangerncnt

Immobdized indicator

8. Fibre OpticLactate Biosensor

It measures the change in oxygen concentration of molecular level by
identifying the effects of oxygen in fluorescent dye.
Computer
Detector

Opbcal fiber
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GDC

Optical fber

Sensing
element

9. Optical Biosensor for Blood Glucose

In diabetic patients, the blood glucose level as important to be
monitored.
" It is based on a sample technique in which paper strips saturated with
reagents, like glucose oxide.
The calorimetric test strips of cellulose lavered with suitable enzymes
and reagents are also widely and for testing blood and urine
parameters.
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Measurement cell

DC sgpher Oygen Sensing film

Cut off filer
HV supplier 3)
PMT
--(1)
Amplificr l--0bject slide
Fo-Heater

Opoical fiber
Temperature
controller

AD
Computer Glucose oxidase-immobilized
membrane
()Optical window (2) Temperature probe (3) LED
10. Piezoelectric biosensors
" It is based on the principle of acoustics (sound vibrations), hence they
are also called as acoustic biosensors.
" It contains piezoelectric crystals and the characteristic frequencies
Vibrate with the positively and negatively charges crystals.
ith the help of electronic devices, certain molecules on the crysta)
Surface can be measured.

a) b)

high frequency of
oscillations

TM
GPAT
DISCUSSION
CENTER

low frequency of
oscillations
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 OwORKING ON BIOSENSORS
" The electrical signal coming from the transduceris low and
superimposed by high and noisy baseline.
*A baseline signal derived from asimilar transducer without any
biocatalyst membrane is called areference baseline signal.
Insignal processing. this reference baseline signal is subtracted from the
sample signal: the signal difference obtained is amplified and the
unwanted noise signals are electronically filtered.
" The biosensor response is slow and cases the electrical noise filtration.
The analogue signal produced directly is the output: however, it is
converted to a digital signal, passed to a microprocessor for processing
and manipulating the data to desired units, and then the output is
displaved or stored.
Bio-element Transducer Amplifier Processor Display

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2.158

REFERENCE
Schematic diagram of Biosensor

OAPPLICATION OF BIOSENSORS
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2) Screening of diseases
3) Clinical analysis and diagnosis of diseases
4) AVeterinary and agricultural applications
5) Industrial processing and monitoring
6) Environmental pollution control
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 SoilQuelity
Monitoring

Evironmental Food Qualty

Monitoring Monitoring

Disease APPLICATION Pathogen

Detection
DISEASE OF Discovery

BIOSENSORS

Water Drug
Monitoring Discovery

Toxin
Detection
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1. General healthcare monitoring

Biosensors are suitable for commonly used surveillance applications,
such as diabetes glucose surveillance, diagnostics such as maternity and
fertility testing.
2. Screening of diseases
"Early diagnosis of lung cancer helps to reduce the cancer death rate
significantly.
*Biosensor-based techniques have been recently recommended as a
rapid and cost-effective tool for early diagnosis of lung tumor
markers.
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3. Clinical analysis and diagnosis of diseases
Clinicaly applied biosensor is the glucose monitor, which is used on a
routine basis by diabetic individuals to check their blood sugar level.
These devices detect the amount of blood glucose in undiluted blood
sampies allowing for the easy self-testing and monitoring that has
revolutionized diabetes management.

4. AVeterinary and agricultural applications

Biosensors can be applied to the detection and identification of
infectious diseases in livestock, contaminants and toxins in fee,
therapeutic drug residues in animal husbandry and oestrus detection.

5. Industrial processing and monit

Biosensors are used in the food industry to measure carbohydrates,
alcohols and acids, for example, during quality control processes.
" The devices may also be used to check fermentation during the
production of beer, yoghurt and soft drinks.

. Environmental pollution control

Biosensors are used tocheck the quality of air andwater.
The devices can be used to pick up traces of organophosphates from
pesticides or to check the toxicity levels of wastewater.
Biological catalysts (enzymes) can detect the presence of certain
analytes by measuring either the consumption or production of
compounds such as CO, NH, H,0, H", or Oz, and thus transducers
identify the pollutants and correlate their existence into the
substrates.

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 GDC QUESTIONSFROM THE AB0VE TOPIC
Very Short Answer Questions (2marks) TM
1. What are biosensor ? Give their principle ? GPAT
DISCCSSIov
2. What is the Piezoelectric biosensors ? CENTER

Short Answer Questions (4 marks)

1. Discuss the working of biosensor ?
2. Discuss the type of biosensor ?
Long Answer Questions (8 marks)
1. What is biosensor ? Discuss the working type and application
of biosensor ?