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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

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1. With business becoming increasingly global, its success, fortunately, depends only on the domestic
environment.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

2. Key aspects of globalization include the elimination of barriers to trade and information technology.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

3. The world economy is quickly shifting away from countries with emerging economies.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

4. The “soft” qualities essential to globalization include openness, protectionism, accountability, connectivity,
democracy, and centralization.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

5. A sustainable decoupling process would eventually lead to a multi-polar world—a world economy in which
the engines of growth could comprise the United States, the European Union, China, India, Brazil, Russia, and
South Africa rather than the United States alone.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

6. The openness and proliferation of globalization and free trade rules can best be attributed to the interwar
period between World War I and II.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

7. As part of the World Bank’s Strategic Framework, there are five focus areas that accommodate and facilitate
the globalization process including its analytical and advisory role supporting national policies to strengthen
free market institutions and infrastructure that has provided the potential for creating large gains from trade.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

8. For the World Trade Organization, increasing trade barriers has been one of the most simple ways to
encourage trade and globalization.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

9. The foundations of the globalized business world are political—and so are the biggest threats to the system.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

10. Countries that have successfully adapted to globalization realize that they cannot succeed without high-
quality government management at home.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

11. In communist and state-controlled economies like those in Central Asia property rights either do not exist or
are not well defined which discourages domestic and foreign investors from making long-term commitments in
these countries.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

12. Globalized economies like New Zealand and Singapore rank at the top in index for absence of corruption by
Transparency International.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

13. Text messaging will likely be an unimportant component of emerging economies' mobile phone usage
because most people in these countries cannot read or write.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

14. Critics argue that open trade and foreign direct investment always take jobs from workers in developing
economies and transfer them to workers in advanced industrial countries which leave the workers in the
developing country, out of work.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

15. There appears to be a clear connection between economic freedom and political freedom.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

16. Brazilian Juice, a manufacturer of healthy fruit juices in Brazil, sells juice in six different countries
including United States. Brazilian juice is engaging in
a. economic development in United States.
b. exercising nontariff barriers in Brazil.
c. unfair trade practices.
d. globalization.
e. the World Trade Bank Group.
ANSWER: d

17. Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of globalization?

a. The elimination of barriers to trade
b. Investment
c. Financial independence
d. Culture
e. Information technology
ANSWER: c

18. Countries that have been moving toward more open trade and free market policies are known as _____.
a. African countries
b. open-door economies
c. industralized countries
d. globalized economies
e. emerging economies
ANSWER: e

19. Increasingly, emerging economies are

a. innovative and technologically advanced.
b. sources of inexpensive labor.
c. largely agricultural.
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

d. simply copying the technologies used in more advanced economies.
e. being left behind in the global economy.
ANSWER: a

20. A sustainable decoupling process would eventually lead to _____.

a. a multi-polar world
b. globalization
c. outsourcing
d. transparency
e. income inequity
ANSWER: a

21. A world economy in which the engines of growth could comprise the United States, the European Union,
China, India, Brazil, Russia, and South Africa rather than the United States alone can be described as a(n)
__________.
a. interdependent world
b. industrialized world
c. globalized economy
d. multi-polar world
e. diverse world
ANSWER: d

22. According to the authors, which of the following is NOT true regarding globalization lessons for developing
countries?
a. Import oriented nations must switch to concentrate on domestication.
b. Export oriented nations must diversify their market to include major emerging economies.
c. Countries emphasizing exports should base their strategy on their true competitive advantage.
d. For countries with large populations, the size of the domestic market remains most important.
e. Overindulgence can lead to disaster.
ANSWER: a

23. Which of the following is NOT a main purpose of the IMF?

a. Provide a forum for cooperation on international monetary problems
b. Facilitate the sustainable growth of international trade
c. Promote exchange rate stability
d. Lend countries foreign exchange when needed
e. Provide long-term low-interest social sector and infrastructure loans
ANSWER: e

24. What was the initial primary role of the World Bank?
a. To aide in the reconstruction of Europe after World War II
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

b. To provide low-interest mortgage loans to minorities
c. To try to avoid a repetition of the disastrous economic policies that had contributed to the Great
Depression.
d. To deal primarily with tariff negotiations
e. To provide loans and take equity position in private companies
ANSWER: a

25. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development performs which of the following functions?
a. Provides long-term low-interest social sector and infrastructure loans to the poorest members
utilizing foreign aid funds provided by rich nation members
b. Provide loans and take equity position in private companies of developing countries and works
toward developing capital markets in those economies
c. Supports reconstruction and restructuring of member countries utilizing funds raised in international
capital markets
d. Provides political risk coverage for private investments made in developing countries
e. Works on issues related to foreign investment disputes
ANSWER: c

26. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency performs which of the following functions?
a. Provides long-term low-interest social sector and infrastructure loans to the poorest members
utilizing foreign aid funds provided by rich nation members
b. Provide loans and take equity position in private companies of developing countries and works
toward developing capital markets in those economies
c. Supports reconstruction and restructuring of member countries utilizing funds raised in international
capital markets
d. Provides political risk coverage for private investments made in developing countries
e. Works on issues related to foreign investment disputes
ANSWER: d

27. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) performs which of the following functions?
a. Provides long-term low-interest social sector and infrastructure loans to the poorest members
utilizing foreign aid funds provided by rich nation members
b. Provide loans and take equity position in private companies of developing countries and works
toward developing capital markets in those economies
c. Supports reconstruction and restructuring of member countries utilizing funds raised in international
capital markets
d. Provides political risk coverage for private investments made in developing countries
e. Works on issues related to foreign investment disputes
ANSWER: b

28. Which of the following is NOT an objective of the WTO?

a. Reviewing national trade policies
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Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

b. Acting as a forum for trade negotiations
c. Naming commissioners to local trade organizations
d. Settling trade disputes
e. Administering trade agreements
ANSWER: c

29. Trade without discrimination, freer trade, predictability, promotion of fair competition, and _____ are the
five principles of the multilateral trading system.
a. integrated capital markets
b. encouragement of economic reform in developing countries
c. liberalization of the trading system
d. nontariff trade
e. establishment of "most favored nation" status
ANSWER: b

30. In Brazil, if there are government organizations that create strong incentives for private investment and
operate under a system of checks and balances that function best in a democratic system of government, they
could be classified as which of these?
a. Transparent organizations
b. Antitrust corporations
c. Adaptive institutions
d. Emerging markets
e. Capital markets
ANSWER: c

31. To sustain globalization, nations must build institutions that support all of the following EXCEPT
a. democratic systems of government.
b. free markets.
c. command economies.
d. independent judiciaries.
e. a free press.
ANSWER: c

32. The most recent devices that enable the greatest ease in portability and accessibility of information are
______.
a. magazines
b. newspapers
c. advertisements
d. smart phones
e. computers
ANSWER: d
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

33. In India, several politicians are working very hard toward a system of full disclosure and openness that aims
to avoid any semblance of corruption and cronyism. These efforts can be described as creating a system focused
on _____.
a. politics
b. integrity
c. accountability
d. transparency
e. democracy
ANSWER: d

34. Which of the following is NOT true regarding competitive markets?

a. Successfully globalized economies strive to attain competitive markets at home.
b. Governments try to minimize the role of state-owned enterprises in market economies.
c. Regulations that promote free domestic markets also tend to promote globalization.
d. Antitrust laws must be eliminated if competitive markets re to be sustained.
e. Antitrust laws interfere with the natural growth of successful businesses.
ANSWER: d

35. Illicit dealings undermine economic performance by doing all of the following EXCEPT:
a. decreasing costs.
b. raising competition.
c. thwarting competition.
d. reducing transparency.
e. raising insecurity.
ANSWER: a

36. ABC Technology touts in their advertisements that their technology can transfer huge amount of data and
other information in a second via the Internet. This describes ABC’s _____ in technology.
a. bandwith
b. digital server
c. digital divide
d. gigabytes
e. Y2K
ANSWER: a

37. The rapid fall in prices of digital IT equipment and services may
a. reduce the importance of IT in the global economy.
b. spell the end of the digital era.
c. make digital divide a myth.
d. reduce the availability of bandwidth in developed economies.
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

e. localize the production of goods and services.
ANSWER: c

38. Of the following, which is NOT true regarding the Internet and cell phone era?
a. Fortunately, the next billion users will be the same as the first billion
b. The majority of users will be from developing countries
c. Text messaging will likely predominate emerging economies; mobile phone usage
d. Countries are skipping the use of land-line technology and jumping to wireless systems
e. Developing countries may “leapfrog” an entire generation of technology
ANSWER: a

39. All of the following are arguments against globalization EXCEPT:

a. it may lead to an increase in the appearance of old industries.
b. it may lead to a loss of control over economic policies and developments.
c. it may lead to an erosion of communities.
d. it can be a force of exploitation and injustice.
e. it can cause job losses and stagnant wages.
ANSWER: a

40. The only way workers in industrialized countries can compete with their counterparts in the developing
world will be through:
a. increased use of the cost leadership strategy.
b. increased diversity within the organization.
c. increased empowerment of employees.
d. increased productivity by using technologically-intensive manufacturing technologies.
e. increased flat organization structure.
ANSWER: d

41. An office uses printer paper made primarily of recycled paper. This is an example of a ______ policy.
a. future sourcing
b. global warming
c. next-generation consumer hook
d. digital divide
e. sustainable development
ANSWER: e

42. Which of the following is NOT true regarding results from a survey by the World Bank on corporate social
responsibility (CSR)?
a. CSR practices are now a significant factor in determining where multinational companies conduct
business.
b. 90% of the companies surveyed have board-approved policies on environmental management.
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

c. 90% of multinationals will make their decisions based on CSR issues with regard to foreign direct
investment.
d. CSR issues consistently implemented for the long term lead to sustainable business and development.
e. CSR includes issues such as labor rights, corruption, human rights, community health, and land
rights.
ANSWER: c

43. Successive waves of globalization include characteristics such as the expansion of trade, the diffusion of
technology, extensive migration, and _____.
a. improvements in country infrastructure
b. increased employee morale
c. improved healthcare
d. financial independence
e. cross-fertilization of diverse cultures
ANSWER: e

44. Which of the following is NOT true regarding globalization?

a. It guarantees that quality of life for all people will increase.
b. It creates winners and losers.
c. It has the potential to increase the quality of life for people.
d. Some multinational companies will utilize globalization may try to pay substandard wages to the
workers they employ in developing countries.
e. Export barriers may need to be imposed by the WTO to help regulate the actions of multinational
companies.
ANSWER: a

45. All of the following countries can be considered globalization “winners” EXCEPT:
a. China
b. North Korea
c. India
d. Brazil
e. South Africa
ANSWER: b

46. _______ refers to a fundamental global shift in which industrialized country-dependent developing
economies begin to grow based on their own underlying economic strengths rather than the ups and downs of
the world’s richest countries.
ANSWER: Decoupling

47. A world economy in which the engines of growth could comprise several major industrialized and emerging
market economies such as the United States, the European Union, China, India, Brazil, Russia, and South Africa
rather than the United States alone is called ______.
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

ANSWER: multi-polar world

48. The World Bank was conceived at the ________ Conference in 1944.
ANSWER: Bretton Woods

49. A stock exchange where long-term financial instruments such as stocks and bonds can be bought and sold
refers to _______.
ANSWER: capital markets

50. The rules, enforcement mechanisms, and organizations that support market transactions are called ______.
ANSWER: institutions

51. A system of responsibility in which an authority, such as the government, is answerable for its actions refers
to ________.
ANSWER: accountability

52. National laws aimed at maintaining competition in all sectors of the economy and preventing monopolistic
behavior of firms are called _______.
ANSWER: antitrust laws

53. The period of transformation that adjusts lifestyles to make the Internet and wireless technologies a part of
everyday life refers to the ______.
ANSWER: digital era

54. The _______ is a system of interlinked documents contained and accessed via the Internet.
ANSWER: web

55. Economic development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs, whether environmentally, socially or economically is called ______.
ANSWER: sustainable development

56. Differentiate between the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank as institutions facilitating
globalization.
ANSWER: Student answers will vary.

57. Analyze the impact of transparency on globalization.

ANSWER: Student answers will vary.

58. Identify and describe any two key policy measures that make globalization sustainable.
ANSWER: Student answers will vary.

59. Given the rapid advancements in technology in developed countries and fast pace of globalization, it is not
possible to bridge the global digital divide. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not? Explain.
ANSWER: Student answers will vary.

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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

60. What are the best ways industrialized countries can support globalization's "losers"? Support your position
using examples.
ANSWER: Student answers will vary.

Scenario – T & M Computers

Thomas Benson and Matthew Roderick started a small computer business ten years ago in Rapid City, South
Dakota. Armed only with determination and innovative designs, Thomas and Matthew were driven to achieve
success for their company, T & M Computers. Their hard work has indeed, paid off. Since the inception of the
company, the two owners have watched their business grow and demand for their products increase.

Four years ago due to this high product demand, they went international with their business operations. Thomas
and Matthew now have international business operations in Singapore, France, Turkey, and Great
Britain. Further operational expansion is anticipated within the next year and the company plans to begin
operations in Spain, Greece, and Italy.

The owner’s hard work and dynamic ideas have proven quite profitable for the company. Thomas and Matthew
are pleased with how their operation has grown into becoming a major international business worthy of
competing with Intel and Microsoft. T & M Computers may well be the next giant recognized in the field of
computer software.
61. T & M Computers are conducting international business operations in world areas, which have recently
undergone financial turmoil. Of the following, which organization is most likely to provide assistance in
providing global financial stability?
a. International Monetary Fund
b. The United Nations
c. The World Bank
d. The Global Center for Financial Restructuring
e. The World Trade Organization
ANSWER: a

62. Which one of the following would T & M Computers least expect to be a negative influence from the
sovereign governments within the nations where their business operations are located?
a. Military hostilities
b. Protectionist policies
c. Promotion of economic growth and job creation
d. Stiff environmental standards
e. Stringent immigration policies
ANSWER: c

63. T & M Computers plans to begin operations in areas that recently needed financial assistance and undergone
certain levels of reconstruction and reorganizing to their economies. Which organization listed below is most
likely to have played an integral part in this?
a. The World Trade Organization
b. The World Bank Group
c. The International Development Association
d. The International Finance Corporation
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

e. The sovereign government of Greece
ANSWER: b

Scenario – The Everline Corporation

The Everline Corporation is a multinational business that provides state-of-the-art digital communication
capabilities to its global customers. Originally operating as a U.S. domestic business based in Duluth,
Minnesota, Everline quickly seized on the opportunity provided by international expansion. Within two years,
the corporation had expanded into fourteen foreign nations found throughout the Middle East, Europe, Asia, and
South America.

Everline understands the vital importance of offering effective and affordable communication products to its
customers. It realizes the value consumers place on being able to communicate with businesses without delays
or hassles. The corporation recognizes its customers need to quickly and efficiently communicate with others in
the global marketplace of today.

Fueled by its staff of innovative and highly skilled communication engineers, the future for Everline looks more
and more promising. Communication needs around the globe continue to grow and this business stands ready
to fill the demand. With net profits expected to reach one billion dollars in the next year, this company is
decidedly reaping the rewards of its hard work.
64. The Everline Corporation is currently conducting its international communication business during a period
of time that is experiencing rapid changes and challenges. Individuals and organizations are adjusting their
lifestyles and methods of operations to fully utilize the modern communication technologies available in the
marketplace. The time period Everline is currently operating under is best classed as which one of the
following terms?
a. Digital proliferation
b. Modern communication era
c. Digital divide
d. Communication decade
e. Digital era
ANSWER: e

65. There is a perceived economic gap among the various foreign customers of the Everline Corporation. This
is thought to be mainly the result of the level of access or lack thereof to modern digital information
technologies experienced within these individual countries. Considering this perceived economic gap,
Everline’s operations may be experiencing influence identified as which of the following?
a. Digital stagnation
b. Digital era
c. Digital divide
d. Bandwidth technology era
e. Web revolution
ANSWER: c

66. The Everline Corporation’s future business plans include expanding into foreign markets where the use of
mobile Web browsing is growing rapidly. Which one of the following countries would this organization be
least likely to look toward to include in their future expansion plans?
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

a. Vietnam
b. Kenya
c. India
d. Germany
e. Nigeria
ANSWER: d

67. The mangers of the Everline Corporation attribute their company’s continued profitability to the idea that
globalization and information technology are closely related to one another. They acknowledge that the
information technology revolution has occurred almost instantaneously. Which one of the following would not
be considered a benefit derived from this so-called revolution?
Societal hierarchies have grown in number to better accommodate information
a.
technology changes.
b. A more free flow of capital across national boundaries has occurred.
c. Operating costs have decreased for many businesses.
d. The production of goods and services has become globalized.
e. The costs of communication are reduced.
ANSWER: a

Scenario – The Renna Company

Established in 1956, the Renna Company has always maintained its operations within the boundaries of the
United States. Originally based in Lexington, Kentucky, this company has now expanded operations into
thirteen other U.S. states. While it’s inexpensive and efficient cooling and heating products are in high demand
even in foreign markets, this company contends it has no desire for international expansion.

Conducting operations strictly within the U.S. borders does not appear to have limited this company overly
much. It realized net profits of two billion dollars last year and provided gainful employment for over four
thousand workers. The leaders of the Renna Company realize greater profits could be attained through
international expansion. However, they stand in agreement when they state, “It is not always the money that
best defines the worth of an organization.”

The company desire to stay true to its mission statement, which claims, “It will serve the marketplace of the
United States with its superior products and provide job opportunities with a fair wage for its employees.” The
Renna Company is very proud of its products and enjoys the fact they are produced and sold in the United
States of America. This company truly reflects the success possible when holding to the fact that “Made in
America” is still a winner.
68. Which one of the following statements is least likely to be a rationale explaining why the Renna Company
staunchly desires to avoid global expansion?
a. Globalization can create a wearing away of old industries.
b. Globalization brings into play the concept of sustainable development.
c. Globalization can contribute to an increase in environmental degradation.
Global expansion often leads to greater integration and interdependence among
d.
economies and societies, which can bring about injustices.
Economic change comes with a high price tag including job losses and wages
e.
that become stagnant.
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Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

ANSWER: b

69. All of the following are examples of counterarguments the Renna Company should consider before
continuing with their stand of keeping their operations strictly within the borders of the United States except
which one?
Global expansion affords a strong potential for costs of both product production
a.
and product purchase to decrease.
Life expectancy may increase for members of the population within the nations
b.
involved in globalization due to the increased quality of life.
c. Globalization contributes to faster economic growth for the nations involved.
The quality of life is most likely to improve for the citizens of the nations that are
d.
involved with globalization and trade.
The wage levels of each nation may become stagnant and some workers may
e.
become displaced, having been replaced by less expensive foreign labor.
ANSWER: e

70. The Renna Company has a clear understanding of the benefits of economic development. Economic
development which meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs, whether environmentally, socially or economically is best identified as
which one of the following?
a. Sustainable development
b. Reform process
c. Trade liberalization
d. Corporate social responsibility
e. Environmental degradation
ANSWER: a

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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
engaged in mining. In the course of time he became a large stock-raiser, and
went, ten years ago, with his herds of cattle and horses, into the Modoc
country.
He soon learned a lesson that our Government has not, viz., that it is
cheaper to feed Indians than to fight them. Soon after his arrival he arranged
a treaty with the Modocs, paying them a small compensation for the use of the
country for stock uses. During the time, he has made the personal
acquaintance of nearly every Indian of Captain Jack’s band.
His home is situated on Hot Creek, near its rise at the foot of the
mountains that divide the Modoc from the Shasta country.
It will be remembered that the head-quarters of the Peace Commission
was at Fairchild’s ranch during the first days of its organization. This was also
the original home of a part of Jack’s band.
At the beginning of the late Modoc war some fourteen warriors and their
families were living near Mr. Fairchild’s house; by his management of them
they were prevented from joining Captain Jack for several days. He, together
with Mr. Press Dorris, who lives near him, and is also a stock-raiser, called
together these fourteen men, including “Bogus Charley” (who gets his name
from his birthplace on Bogus creek), “Shacknasty Jim” (so named from his
mother), “Steamboat Frank” (so called in honor of his squaw, whose name was
Steamboat, because of her great size and her habit of puffing and blowing like
the aforesaid vessel), Ellen’s man George, and ten others,—who all
distinguished themselves in the war,—and started with them and their families
to Klamath Reservation. They notified Agent Dyer, of Klamath, of their coming,
and requested him to meet them and take charge of the Indians.
Dyer responded, and, hastening to meet them on Klamath river, passed
through Linkville en route. While there he heard intimations of the danger of
passing through the town with the above-named Modocs.
The news of the battle had reached Linkville, and the people were
aroused to madness at the sight of the mangled bodies of the soldiers and
citizens that had been brought in. It is not strange that such sights should call
out a demand for vengeance; that the citizens, feeling outraged, should make
threats.
It is certain that a party left Linkville before Agent Dyer arrived, and went
in the direction of Bob Whittle’s, where Fairchild and Dorris were guarding the
Hot Creek Modocs, now so anxious to reach the Reservation that they might
escape any kind of entanglement with the rebels.
The party found Fairchild and Dorris fully prepared to protect those under
their charge, and no attack was made, whatever may have been the first
intention. On Mr. Dyer’s arrival at this time, he stated his fears to Fairchild and
Dorris, which the Indians overhearing, stampeded, and went directly to the
Lava Beds, thus adding fourteen warriors to Captain Jack’s forces. All of them
were brave men, and bad men, too, as the sequel will show. The fright they
had received at Bob Whittle’s appears to have made them even more anxious
for war than those who had been engaged in the Lost-river battle, on the 30th
of November, 1872.
Indian proof is abundant that Captain Jack, in anticipation of the coming
of the soldiers, had advised his men to surrender rather than fight; but, even if
forced to resist, in no event to attack citizens, saying, “If we must, we will fight
soldiers, not white men,” meaning citizens.
It is a fact that, so far as he was concerned, he sought to avoid conflict.
The Curly-haired Doctor was eager for blood—or, at all events, he was
rebellious, and constantly advised resistance to the authority of the
Government.
His interference in the council of December, 1869, referred to in a former
chapter, and his sanction to the proposition to murder our party at that time,
and the subsequent proposal to assassinate the Commissioners sent out in
August, 1871, to arrange matters with them, all stand against him previous to
the opening of the war.
But to return to the battle of Lost river. After a sharp fight, the citizens
having withdrawn to Dennis Crawley’s house, the Modoc braves assembled,
and, through the advice of Hooker Jim, the Curly-haired Doctor, with
Steamboat Frank and three or four others, started on a mission of vengeance.
The acts of savage butchery committed by them are well known to the
world,—how they went to Mr. Boddy’s house with their garments covered with
the life-blood of their victims, and, taunting the women, boasted of their
heroism, saying, “This is Boddy’s blood; but we are Modocs; we do not kill
women and children. You will find Boddy in the woods. We will not hurt you.”
Thus from house to house they went, after killing the husbands and
fathers, until they had slaughtered thirteen persons,—Brotherton, Schiere,
Miller, and others, including one small boy, who resisted them.
 The reign of terror was complete. Who shall ever find words to describe
the horror of the night following this treacherous butchery? The women left
their homes to hunt for their murdered friends. In one instance, the presence
of a team without a driver gave the awful tidings.
Leaving their dead, through the long dark night that followed, they made
their way through the trackless sage-brush plains to the nearest settlement.
With these people the Modocs had been on friendly terms, and had never had
any misunderstandings with the Indians. On the contrary, they had shown by
many acts of kindness their good will. They were personally acquainted with
the men who composed the murderous gang. This was especially the case with
Mr. Miller; he had been their steadfast friend for years, and had furnished them
provisions and ammunition but a few days previously, and had further
interested himself in their behalf, in conjunction with Esquire Steele of Y-re-ka,
in securing to them the right to take up lands in common with other people.
The murder of Miller seems the more inhuman when it is remembered
that he was killed by Hooker Jim. The latter declares that he did not know that
he was shooting at Miller. Otherwise he would not have committed the
treacherous deed. Miller had been on especial good terms with this desperado.
With my knowledge of Indian character, I am of the opinion that Hooker
Jim designedly killed Mr. Miller, because he believed that the latter had
purposely withheld from the Modocs the movement of Major Jackson.
Loaded with plunder, and mounted on the horses they had captured,
these bloodthirsty savages made their way around the east side of Tule lake;
meeting Captain Jack and his warriors in the Lava Bed. I am indebted to the
Modocs themselves for many items of importance in this connection. I give
them for what they are worth, with the authority announced. Some of them
are doubtless correct, according to the authority quoted.
On the arrival in the Lava Bed, Captain Jack denounced the murderers for
their bloody work, and particularly for the killing of Mr. Miller; he then declared
that the men who committed this outrageous crime should be surrendered to
the white men for trial; that a great mistake had been made; and that unless
these men were given up, the whole band would be lost. The councils held
were noisy and turbulent, threatening strife and bloodshed. While this matter
was under discussion, the Hot-Creek Indians, who had stampeded from
Whittle’s Ferry, while they were en route to Klamath Agency, arrived in the
Lava Bed, adding fourteen braves to the little band of desperadoes. The Hot-
Creek Modocs, having become demoralized by the threats they had overheard
made against them, and being influenced by the Curly-haired Doctor’s promise
of making medicine to protect them, were ready to espouse the cause of the
murderers. The whole number of braves at this time was fifty-three, including
the chief himself. Thus, when the discussion was ended and the question was
submitted to a vote, a large majority was opposed to the surrender of the
Lost-river murderers.
 CHAPTER XXIII.

MOURNING EMBLEMS AND MILITARY POMP.

Leaving the Modocs to wrangle over their troubles, suppose we listen now
to the wails of anguish and grief that burdened the air of the Lost-river
country, and especially at Linkville, when the mutilated bodies of the slain
citizens were brought in for interment.
When the news of the Lost-river battle had spread over the sparsely-
settled country, a feeling of terror pervaded the hearts of the people; but
when, on the following morning, the grief-stricken, heart-broken Mrs. Boddy,
Mrs. Schiere and Mrs. Brotherton, arrived at Linkville, after a long night of
horrors, the excitement became intense. Armed parties, taking with them
wagons, repaired to the scene of this awful tragedy.
Let those whose lives are spent where they are protected by the strong
arm of law, go with me for a day, while we hunt up the victims of this
wholesale murder.
Perhaps, if we are honest, and our hearts are open to conviction of truth,
and we are actuated by the impulses of Christian sympathy, we may suspend
our charitable emotions for the “noble red man,” by the time we hear the dull
thud of the clods at Linkville cemetery mingle with the sobs and shrieks of the
widows and orphans.
From one who was with a party who went out on this sorrowful mission, I
learned something of the scenes that met them.
On arriving at the grove of timber where Brotherton was killed, they found
his body lying stark and cold, with his glassy eyes wide open. He had been
pierced by four Modoc bullets. Near him was found his axe, with the handle
painted with his own blood. Then another was found on a wagon, lying across
the coupling poles, with his face downwards. He, too, was stripped of his
clothing.
 Another was found a few rods from his work, with his bowels beside him,
and his heart taken from his body, and hacked to pieces. This was the work of
Hooker Jim.
Thus the party went on from one to another, until thirteen bodies were
found. Some of them were off from roads, where they had evidently run in
their attempts to escape.
While the kind-hearted settlers were performing this sad duty, they were
continually on the lookout for an attack. Let us follow this heavily-laden train of
wagons, and be with them when they arrive at Linkville. Can human language
depict the agony of that hour? We may tell of the outburst of grief, when the
widows gather around that solemn train, preparing to unload its ghastly
freight, and how, with frantic movements, they threw themselves on the
remains of husband, brother and father. But we may not tell of the grief that
overwhelmed their hearts in that darkest hour, when beholding loved ones
mangled and mutilated by the hands that had so often received gifts from
them, now so stiff and cold in death.
There are moments in life when the great fountains seem broken up as if
by some terrific explosion, until even the very streams that otherwise would
flow out are dried up.
Oh, how dark the world becomes to the wife and mother when the
sunlights of life go out, and they stand amid the gloom, unable to recognize
the hand of our heavenly Father!
Slowly and sadly the sorrowing friends start up the hill with the remains of
Boddy and Schiere, while the bereaved and heart-broken widows follow the
sad funeral pageant.
How can we bear to hear the cry of anguish that parts their lips when the
first clod of earth falls, with sepulchral noise, on the coffin lids that cover the
faces of their dead forever!
My humane, kind-hearted reader, who has a soul overflowing with
kindness that goes out for “Lo! the poor Indian,” look on this scene a moment,
and in your mind exchange your happy home for a cabin on the frontier wilds,
where you meet these Indian people, and where, from the fulness of a great
heart overflowing with “good will to man,” you have uttered only kind words,
while you shared your homely fare with them in sympathy for their low estate.
Remember how often you have almost ruined your own family that you might
in part compensate them for their lost homes; how you have dropped from
your hands your own duties as a wife or mother that you might teach these
dark, sad-eyed savage women the little art of housewifery. Think how many
hours you have labored teaching them the ways of civil life in dress and
manners; while your memory of childhood’s lessons in Christianity reconciled
you to the labor and the sacrifice with this comforting assurance, “Inasmuch as
ye did it unto the least of these, ye did it also unto me.” Remember all these,
and then gaze on the dark emblems of sorrow that envelop Mrs. Boddy, Mrs.
Schiere, Mrs. Brotherton, and tell me, have you still Christianity that enables
you to say, “Thy will be done,” nor let your lips breathe out a prayer for power
to avenge your bursting heart? Will you censure now the brave and manly
friends on whose arms these widows lean, while they go back to a home with
the sunlight gone? If these friends, in sympathy with the bereaved, do swear
to anticipate a tardy justice, do you still have hard words for the pioneers who
brave danger and drink deeply from the fountain of bitter grief when in
madness they cry for revenge?
It is one thing to sit through a life-time under the persuasive eloquence of
ministers who have never walked side by side with such sorrow, and gradually
form an ideal or real monitor in the soul, until human nature seems lost in the
divine power that prepares humanity for higher life, and until we think we can
at all times, when smitten on one cheek, turn the other. It is quite another
thing to break old family associations, and, leaving the scenes of childhood
behind you, with strong and brave hearts, open the way for emigration; plant
way-marks that point to a future of prosperity; sow the seeds of civilization in
unbroken wilds, fairly to represent your race before the savage, and live in the
exercise of a religious faith that honest dealings and the overshadowing
exercise of brotherly love will be a sure guaranty of final reward. To go out on
the bleak plains of Lost river, and by industry and economy transform the
sage-brush deserts into fruitful fields, to rear the unpretentious cabins, and
open your doors to the thirsty and hungry of every race and color, and then,
when you have done all this, to stand in your cabin-door and smile back at the
waving fields, and listen to the lowing herds, while you rejoice in your
instrumentality in making the great transformation; looking hopefully to a
future, when, from neighboring valleys, shall come up sounds of friendly
recognition; longing for the hour when you may catch sight of children
returning from the country school, and for the advent of the itinerant minister,
who will bring with him a charter under which you may work toward a
brotherhood, whose ties will bind on earth and reunite in heaven,—when,
suddenly, more direful than mountain torrents or heaving earthquake, comes
athwart your life a scene like that enacted on Lost river, November 30th, 1872.
 That scene, with all its horrors, has been repeated over and over again,
and will continue to be until this Government of ours shall come squarely up to
the performance of its duty, and shall have clothed worthy men with power to
do and make good its promises of fair and impartial justice to each and all
those who sit down under the shadow of its flag.
Tell me truly, do you still feel scorn for the frontier people, whose lives are
embellished with episodes and tragedies like these that I have here painted in
plainest colors, and nothing borrowed from imagination,—no, not even using
half the reality in making up the picture?
My words cannot call back the dead, or flood the rude cabins of the
stricken and bereaved with sunshine and hope. No. There, on the hill, beside
Linkville, the thirteen little mounds lie out in winter’s storm and summer’s sun;
and they who prematurely sleep there will wake no more.
There, on the plains, stand the vacant cabins where these once lived.
There, walking with the spirits of the departed by their sides, the widows go;
while orphans’ faces wear reproach, in saddened smiles, against a Government
that failed to deal justly, and who, with light and careless hand, pointed out its
ministers of law without thinking once how much of human woe and misery
might be avoided by a few well-studied words of command.
The dead are buried, and the notes of coming strife succeed those of
bitter wailing; the winter’s sun gleams from the brass mountings of officers;
the zephyrs of the mountain are mingling with martial music; the great plains
of sage brush are glittering with polished bayonets. The United States are at
length aroused. The State of Oregon, too, is waxing very wroth. The doom of
the Modocs is sealed; and war! war! war! is the word.
From the half-dozen little military posts in the Lake country is seen coming
a grand army of—well—two hundred soldiers. “That’s enough to eat up Jack’s
little band. Keep cool, my dear friends. Let ’em go for ’em. They need a lickin’
bad. There won’t be a grease-spot left of ’em.”
(Such was the speech in a hotel not far from Linkville, Oregon.)
“Look-er here, stranger, I’ll bet you a hundred head of cows, that Captain
Jack licks them there two hundred soldiers like h—l; so I will. I know what I’m
talking about, I do. I tried them Modoc fellows long time ago; they won’t lick
worth a d—m; so they won’t. If Frank Wheaton goes down there a puttin’ on
style like a big dog in ‘tall rye’, he’ll catch h—l; so he will. I’m going down just
to see the fun.”
 “You’re a crazy old fool. Frank Wheaton with two hundred soldiers will
wipe ’em out ‘fore breakfast,” suggested a listener.
“Look-er here if I’m crazy the cows aint; come come, if you think I’m
crazy, come, up with the squivlents, and you can go into the stock-raisin’
business cheap. You can.
“Major Jackson went down there tother day with forty men, and Jack
hadn’t but fourteen bucks with him, and he licked Jackson out of his boots in
no time, and that was in open ground, and Jackson had the drap on the
Ingens at that; and by thunder he got the worst lickin’ a man ever got in this
neck woods; so he did. Then another thing, Captain Jack aint on open ground
now; not by a d——d sight. He is in the all-firedest place in the world. You’ve
been to the ‘Devil’s garden,’ at the head of Sprague river, haven’t you? Well,
that place aint a patchen to that ere place where the Injuns is now. I’ve been
there, and I tell you, it’s nearly litenin’, all rocks and caves, and you can’t lead
a horse through it in a week,—and then the Injuns knows every inch of the
ground, and when they get in them there caves, why it taint no use talking, I
tell you, you can’t kill nary an Ingen,—you can’t. I’m a-going down just to see
the fun.”
The reporter who furnished me the foregoing speeches did not learn
whether a bet was made, or whether any army officers overheard the talk; but
the truth is, those who had this nice little breakfast job on hand were
somewhat of the opinion of the fellow whose “cows were not crazy, if he was.”
They were willing to have help.
This little Modoc affair was a favorable thing for Oregon and California, in
more ways than one. To the politician it was a windfall; for no matter what the
cause of war may have been, it is always popular to have been in favor of the
last war. It makes opportunity for brave men to win laurels and undying fame.
It clothes their tongues with themes for public harangue until the last war is
superseded by another. Then again it was a heroic thing to rush up to the
recruiting office and volunteer to whip the Modocs.
It is not at all likely that the movement of armies over railroads, or toll-
roads, or steamboat lines, was a desirable thing for a country where there was
no money in it. Then no man was base enough to wish for war for motives so
mean; neither could it be possible that any sane man, with ordinary judgment,
could see any speculations or chances for greenbacks in war.
Californians did intimate that the Oregonians were a little mercenary in
their anxiety for war; but with what unanimity our press repelled the mean
insinuation!
Our Governor very promptly sent forward two or three companies of
volunteers,—California, but one.
Listen, ye winds, to the neighing steeds and clashing sabres, and see the
uniformed officers and the brave boys, all with faces turned toward the Lava
Beds, going down to vindicate the honor of the State whose soil had been
invaded by a ruthless savage foe.
The regulars are in camp near the Modocs, waiting for the volunteers to
come up. They come, with banners flying, and steeds prancing, and hearts
beating triumphant at the prospect of a fight.
Some of these men were living several years ahead, when they could from
“the stump” tell how they bared their bosoms to the Modoc hail; how they
carried away Modoc scalps; how the ground was bathed in mingled blood of
Modoc and white men.
The army now numbering four hundred, all told, of enlisted men,
approaches the Lava Beds. One or two companies encamp at Fairchild’s. They
drill; they go through the mimic charges; they espy a few Modoc women and
children encamped on the creek near Fairchild’s house,—they propose to take
them in. “Knits make lice,—let’s take them, boys,—here goes.”
A middle-sized grey-eyed man, with his whiskers dyed by twenty years’
labor on “the coast,” steps out and says, “No you don’t, not yet. Take me first.
No man harms defenceless women where I am, while I am standing on my
perpendiculars.”
“Who are you?” says one fine-looking young fellow.
“Try me, and you will find out that I am John Fairchild.” These brave
fellows had not lost any Indians just then, they hadn’t. Bah!
“Who are your officers?” said Fairchild.
The information was furnished, and soon the grey-eyed man was reading
a chapter not found in the Talmud, or the Bible either. As reported, it was
eloquent, though not classical.
Preparations were being completed for a forward movement. One-half the
army was to move to the attack from the south, while the other was to move
down from the north. The 16th of January, 1873, the two wings were within a
few miles on either side. Orders were given to be in motion before daylight the
following morning. Some spicy little colloquies were had between the members
of the volunteer companies; some, indeed, between officers.
One brave captain of volunteers said to another, “I have but one fear, and
that is that I can’t restrain my men, they are so eager to get at ’em; they will
eat the Modocs up raw, if I let ’em go.”
“Don’t fret,” said Fairchild; “you can hold them; they wont be hard to keep
back when the Modocs open fire.”
“I say, Jim, are you going to carry grub?”
“No. I am going to take Modoc Sirloin for my dinner.”
“I think,” said a burly-looking fellow, “that I’ll take mine rare.”
Another healthy-looking chap said he intended capturing a good-looking
squaw for a—dishwasher. (Good-looking squaws wash dishes better than
homely ones.)
A number of humane, chivalrous, civilizing, kind people intended to
capture some little Ingens for servants. One fellow declared that Captain Jack’s
pacing hoss should be his.
To have heard the camp talk the night before the battle, you would have
supposed that sundown, next day, would find these brave men loaded with
Indian plunder and military glory, going toward home in fine style, with great
speeches in rehearsal to deliver to the gaping crowds, who would hang, with
breathless interest, on the words that they would deal out with becoming
modesty.
That night was a long one to ambitious, noisy men; and, sad to say, a last
one to some of the bravest of the army.
But the guard is stationed for the night, the council of officers has been
held, and the moon settles slowly away; the soldiers sleep. The orders for the
morrow are understood, and quiet reigns throughout the hopeful camp.
No doubt crosses the minds of the men, and, perhaps, of but few officers,
so sanguine are they of success. The greatest fear expressed was, that the
fight would not last long enough to give all a fair show to win distinction.
Rest quiet, my poor, deluded countrymen! Some of you are taking your
last sleep but one,—the sleep of death.
 If you had asked the opinion of Maj. Jackson and John Fairchild, or Press
Dorris, they would have set your hearts at ease, about having an opportunity
to fight a little on the morrow. You will have a chance to try your metal, never
fear, my dear friends.
 CHAPTER XXIV.

PEACE OR WAR—ONE HUNDRED LIVES VOTED AWAY BY

MODOC INDIANS.

Leaving our soldier friends to dream of glory to be won in the coming

battle, let us pick our way from their camp to the head-quarters of Captain
Jack.
Our starting-point now is from a little grove of mountain mahogany trees
on a high plateau, a few miles south of the California and Oregon boundary
line, and within a short distance of the extreme southern end of lower Klamath
lake. The trees are dwarfed, stunted, and bent before the stormy winds that
have swept over them so continually.
As we leave this military camp, a long, high, sharp ridge extends
northward and southward, falling away at either end to hills of lesser height.
Climbing to the top, and looking eastward, we see Tule lake, named on the
maps of this country Rhett lake. It is a beautiful sheet of water, of thirty miles
from north to south, and fifteen from west to east. We see also, with a field-
glass, across the lake, the lone cabins where the strong hands of Boddy,
Brotherton, and others have laid the foundation of future homes. They stand
like spirit sentinels on the plain.
Look again at the trail leading out of the sage-brush plains; follow with
your glass down to where a high stone bluff crowds against the lake, and
forces the wagon trail into the edge of the water, until it disappears in the high
tule grass.
In September, 1852, a long train of wagons, drawn by worn-out oxen,
driven by hardy, venturesome pioneers, came down that trail.
They never came out again, save the two or three persons, as related in a
former chapter.
 That place is Bloody Point.
Turn your glass northward, and see the trail emerge from the tule grass;
follow it until it turns suddenly westward and reaches the natural bridge on
Lost river. Turn your glass up the river one mile, and you see the favorite home
of Captain Jack, where we found him in 1869, and where Major Jackson found
him on the morning of “November 30th, 1872;” and, had you been looking at
that spot at 4 P.M. of the 23d day of April, 1873, you would have descried a
four-horse ambulance, with a mounted escort of six men on either side, and
standing in the front end of that ambulance a woman, with a field-glass,
eagerly scanning the surface of the lake. That woman shows anxiety in her
blue eye and earnest face while she changes the direction of the glass,
expecting each moment to catch sight of a boat crossing the lake. She is cool,
calm, and self-possessed, although no other lady is nearer than twenty-four
miles.
There is a reason for her presence there; and she will need all her self-
command when the looked-for boat arrives. Why, that lone woman is there, on
that 23d day of April, we will tell you in good time.
Turn your glass back now to Bloody Point, and follow down the shore of
the lake. Ah! there stands a white-looking object near a bluff that is black with
a low growth of trees. The white object is Miller’s house, just as he left it the
morning before his friend, Hooker Jim, murdered him. The black-looking bluff
near it is where Ben Wright met the Modocs, in a peace talk, in 1852. Swing
your glass round to the right, following the shore of the lake, and, at the
extreme southern end, you will see the cabins of Lou-e Land, and near them
Col. Barnard’s head-quarters.
The white tents of the soldiers look like tiny playthings, even under a field-
glass. Col. Barnard is there with one hundred “regulars,” and one company of
“volunteers.” Look closely, and you will see that half the volunteers are red-
skinned men. Their captain is a tall, fine-looking white man, who addresses
them in the ancient jargon of the Klamaths,—this is Oliver Applegate.
See the Indian soldiers, with each a white badge on his head; it is not an
army regulation cap, but is simply to prevent accident; that is, it is a mark to
distinguish the white man’s ally from his enemy.
In this camp are men about as anxious to march on the Modocs as those
on the north side; some of these red soldiers are the boys who made Jack’s
stay on Klamath Reservation, in 1870, so uncomfortable. They are loyal,
though, to the Government, and are willing to help the white men exterminate
their cousins (the Modocs). Then the pro rata of annuity goods will be so much
the larger. They don’t mean any harm to the Modocs, although since 1864 they
have been receiving regularly the price the Government has paid for the home
of the Modocs; except on one or two occasions, when the latter were present.
These red-skinned boys are anxious to capture the Modoc ponies; for,
running with Jack’s band of horses, are several that once carried these
Klamath boys flying over the plains; until, in an evil moment, they were weak
enough to stake them, as many a poor, weak-minded, infatuated white man
has done his home, all on the hazardous chance of certain cards turning up at
the right time. Well, let these fellows take rest, for they will need all their
nerve before another day passes.
Move your glass round to the right, what a sight do we see! A great flat-
looking valley stretches out south and west from the ragged shore line of the
lake. On the further boundary see the four low buttes standing in a line; while
behind Mount Shasta raises his white head, overlooking the country around on
all sides for hundreds of miles.
This valley, lying so cold and cheerless, seems to have been once a part of
the lake. It is devoid of timber, save one lone tree, that stands out on what
appears to be a plain, of almost smooth prairie; but we forget we are one
thousand feet above this valley.
Let us follow now the zigzag trail that leads to the gap just where the
valley and the lake unite.
Better dismount, for wagons never have been, nor ever will go down that
bluff. Horses, indeed, need a rough-lock to get down in safety. Oh! but this is
steep; we are now half-way down,—let us rest, and meanwhile take your field-
glass and “see what we can see.” Why! it don’t look as it did from the top of
the bluff. Oh! I see now why you call this place the “Lava Beds.” From this
stand-point it presents the appearance of a broken sea, that had, when in wild
commotion, suddenly frozen or crystallized; except that the surface is a grayish
color. Sage brush grows out from the crevices of the rock, and, occasionally,
“bunch grass” may be seen.
Near the foot of the bluff is a small flat of a few acres that is free from
rocks. A bay from the lake makes up into the rocky field; then a long point of
stony land runs out into the lake.
Follow the shore-line, and another bay, or arm of the lake, runs out into
the lava rocks. Look carefully, and, on the next point of lava rocks, running into
the lake, you will discover a gray smoke rising. There, if you will steady your
glass, you will see dark forms moving round about the fire.
They are not more than two miles from our point of observation, and this
is the 16th day of June, 1873.
See that man standing above the others. He is talking. Wonder who he is,
and what he is saying. Since we are talking of Indians, suppose we adopt
Indian spiritualism, and in that invisible capacity we will hear and see what is
going on.
We will pick our way over the dim, crooked trail, first in real person, and
take items as we pass along. The trail is very dim, it is true—only seen by the
rocks misplaced to make footing for the Indian ponies. Now we wind around
some low stony point, and pick our way down into a rocky chasm.
Slowly rising, we climb up twenty feet of bluff, and out on a plateau.
Looking carefully for the road, we follow a half-round circle of two hundred
feet on the left; and, sloping from every direction, the broken lava rocks tend
toward a common centre, forty feet below the level of the plateau. As we
pursue our way another great basin is in sight, of similar character and
proportion; and thus this plateau, that appeared almost smooth from the
mountain-top, is made up of a succession of basins, all lined with broken rock,
from the size of a dry-goods box to that of a meeting-house.
Just ahead, we see rising above the rocky plain a craggy ledge, standing
like an immense comb, the spikes of lava forming great teeth. On the right and
left it looks as if the teeth-like crags are broken midway, and our trail is
pointing to one of these breaks.
Before reaching it, we see on either hand where the breaks are filled with
stones, piled in such a way that port-holes are left, through which the Modocs
propose to fire on the advancing foes when they come to the attack.
Passing between upright spires of lava, we come out on a smooth plain of
fractured stones; and, passing near the end of the second little bay, we find
rough, sharp ledges rising to intercept our way.
Picking our steps, we stand on the summit of the ledge. Shut your eyes
now while we pass over a chasm of thirty feet in depth, and with walls almost
perpendicular. Our bridge has been made by a gorge of loose rocks that fill the
chasm to its lips. Some of these have been rolled in by Indian hands, and
some by old Vulcan himself, when he spilled the lava there.
 Come, follow the trail,—now we stand a moment and, looking right and
left, we see great fissures and caverns that look dark and forbidding;
suggesting ambush. No danger here now,—we left the Modoc sentinel behind
us, at the huge comb-like ledge. He is not afraid of us, and all the other
Modocs are in council. Climbing a cliff that overlooks a deep, wide chasm, we
catch sight of the sage-brush fire, and suddenly half a hundred warriors, in
half dress of “Boston,” half of savage costume,—some of them are bare-
armed, and have curious-looking figures on them made of paint.
This is not safe now, for sharp eyes scan the surroundings, and while this
council is going on, the Modoc women are doing duty. Some of them are piling
on the sage brush to keep the fire going. Others are standing, apparently
pillars of stone; sphinx like, they gaze outward, for although this council is
being held in a place secure from gaze of pale-faced man, the Modocs, Indian
like, are ever on the alert, and do not intend to be taken by surprise. Since this
is not safe for us, we had better play Indian spirit, if we would see and hear
what is going on. What we lack in catching the words in the spirit correctly, we
will obtain from some friendly Indian hereafter. See that fellow there; his face
looks familiar; yet he is not a Modoc. Oh! yes; we recognize him now; we saw
him at the peace meeting, taking the Modocs by the hand then, and
afterwards taunting them with their poverty and cowardice while they were on
Klamath Reservation in 1870. That fellow is Link-river Jack. He is a natural
traitor.
He has crept cautiously into the Modoc camp to give them warning of the
soldiers coming. He is the Modocs’ friend now; he tells them that a large army
is coming; that they are on the bluff almost within sight.
This was not news; for the Modocs had counted the soldiers, man by man,
and knew exactly how many was in either camp. They knew, too, that half the
soldiers were citizens with whom they had dealt for years. Link-river Jack tells
them of the feeling outside against them; that peace may be had on the
surrender of the Modocs who killed the settlers. We did not hear him tell them
that if they would hold out a few days, the Klamaths and Snakes would join
them; but our friendly Indian asserts that he did.
All eyes turn now to the chief, Captain Jack. He rises with stately mien and
says, “We have made a mistake. We cannot stand against the white men.
Suppose we kill all these soldiers; more will come, and still more, and finally all
the Modocs will be killed; when we kill the soldiers others will take their places;
but when a Modoc gets killed no man will come to take his place; we must
make the best terms we can. I do not want to fight the white man. I want no
war; I want peace. Some of the white men are our friends. Steele and
Roseborough are our friends; they told us not to fight the white men; we want
no war; soon all the young men will be killed. We do not want to fight.”
Old Schonchin John arose; his face was full of war; he was in for a fight.
He recalled the “Ben Wright” massacre; he said, “We have nothing to expect
from the white men. We can die, but we will not die first. I won’t give it up; I
want to fight. I can’t live long. I am an old man.” Schonchin sat down. He had
no hope for his life; his crimes were all arrayed against him, and he knew it.
Scar-face Charley rose to talk. He said, “I was mad on Lost river; my blood
was bad. I was insulted. I have many friends among the white men. I do not
want to kill them. We cannot stand against the white men. True, I am a
Modoc. What their hearts are, my heart is. May be we can stop this war. I want
to live in peace.”
Curly-haired Doctor, who was with the murdering gang in Lost river, arose
and said, “I am a Modoc. My hands are red with white man’s blood. I was mad
when I saw the dead women and children on Lost river. I want war. I am not
tired. The white men cannot fight; they shoot in the air. I will make a medicine
that will turn the white man’s bullets away from the Modocs. We will not give
up. We can kill all that come.”
The discussion is ended, and now comes the vote. They divide off,—those
who were for war walked out on one side, and those who favor peace on the
other. These people are democratic; the majority rules.
The vote is of vast importance to others than the Modocs. One hundred
and fifty soldiers and many citizens are interested in that vote. Gen. Canby, Dr.
Thomas, and your writer, are to be very much affected by that vote. Millions of
dollars hang on the decision.
Hold your breath while each man elects for himself. The chief, Captain
Jack, walks boldly out on the side of peace, but, O my God, few dare follow
him. The majority vote for blood, and gather around Schonchin John, and the
Curly-haired Doctor. The die is cast, war is inevitable; let us see who is with
Captain Jack. There goes “Scar-face Charley,” “William” (the wild gal’s man),
“Miller’s Charley,” “Duffey,” “Te-he Jack,” “Little Poney,” “Big Poney,” “Duffey’s
Boy,” “Chuckle-head,” “Big Steve,” “Big Dave,” “Julia’s man,”—fourteen men, no
more.
The bloodthirsty villains who held the balance of power are, “Schonchin,”
“Curly-head Doctor,” “Bogus Charley,” “Boston Charley,” “Hooker Jim,”
“Shacknasty Jim,” “Steamboat Frank,” “Rock-Dave,” “Big Joe,” “Curly Jack,” and
the remainder of the band, numbering thirty-seven, all told. There are two
strange Indians there, also; they are Pitt river thieves, they do not vote. The
doctor’s speech has done the work. These infuriated thirty-six men believe in
him, and his promise to make medicine that will turn the bullets of the white
men. This has more power than the clear, logical reasoning of Captain Jack.
Having turned the current of so many lives, the doctor, exulting in his success,
repaired to his cave to fulfil his promise.
Suppose we follow him and see how this thing is done. He calls the
singing women of the band together, and, having prepared roots and religious
meats, he builds a fire, and, with a great deal of ceremony, he places the
sacrifice thereon; then inhaling the smoke and odor of the burning mess, he
begins his religious incantations; calling down the good spirit, calling up the
bad spirit, and calling loudly for the spirits of the dead Indians to come; while
the women, having pitched a tune to his words, begin to sing, and with their
shoulders touching each other, they start off in a rough, hobbly kind of a
dance, singing meanwhile; and a drummer, too, joins in with a hideous noise,
made on a drain of peculiar shape, with but one head of dried rawhide, or
untanned buckskin, drawn tightly over a rough-made hoop.
Round go the singing dancers, and louder grow the voices of the doctor
and the women; both increasing in fury until exhausted nature gives proof of
the presence of the various spirits.
The braves stand looking on to see what the prospects are; satisfied that
the medicine is getting strong enough, they saunter back to the cave of the
chief, where he sits with thoughtful brow, planning in a low voice the defence
of the morrow; repeating again, “This is the last of my people; I must do what
their hearts say; I am a Modoc, and I am not afraid to die.” Then giving orders
for the fight,—designating where each man should be stationed, and
appointing women to carry water and ammunition to the various stations,
while they fight,—he inspects the arms, and estimates how long the powder
and lead will last, tells the women to mould bullets for the old-fashioned rifles;
he then turns sadly away to his sister, Queen Mary, and declares that he is now
going to do what he thought he never would do,—“fight the white man.”
We leave the howling doctor and the sad chief and return to the soldier
camp on the top of the bluff. The sentinels are walking the rounds; all is quiet,
and the boys are taking their rest,—some of them their last rest save one. Ah!
Jerry Crook, you jumped down from a stage-driver’s box to help whip the
Modocs. Your heart is beating steadily now; it will beat wildly for a few minutes
to-morrow afternoon, and then its pulsations will cease forever. George
Roberts, too, has left a good position to come on this mission, promising, as he
fondly hopes, a dream of glory, which he will share with his comrades when
hereafter he cracks his whip over the teams of the Northwest Stage Company.
Enjoy it now, my dear fellow, for the vote in yonder camp has sealed your fate.
Others may tell how bravely you died, but you will not live to tell of the shout
of victory that the M-o-d-o-c-s will send over your dead body to-morrow night.
Sleep soundly, my soldier boys; thirty of you will not answer the roll-call after
the battle of the morrow.
Brave Gen. Frank Wheaton, why do you still walk back and forth, arm-in-
arm with Col. John Green and Maj. Jackson? You do not feel so sanguine about
to-morrow. Jackson has said something that has driven sleep from your eyes.
You might find comfort in consulting Gens. Miller and Ross, and Col.
Thompson, of the “Salem Press,” and Capt. Kelley, of the “Jacksonville Times.”
They are State militia officers, it is true, but they are old Indian fighters, and
can tell you how quickly you can whip Captain Jack in the morning. They are
leading men, who may be hard to restrain, but they will take the advance.
Don’t say a word to Capt. John Fairchild; he knows the Modocs, as does Press
Dorris. They know the Lava Beds, too; they have hunted cattle over this
country, and understand the lay of it better than any white men in the camp.
They are not so very confident. They said, to-day, to some impatient boys,
“Don’t fret; you will get enough to do you before you see your mother again.
The Modocs are on it sure!”
 CHAPTER XXV.

MODOC STEAK FOR BREAKFAST—GRAY-EYED MAN ON

THE WARPATH.

Four A.M., January 17th, 1873.—The tattoo is beaten, and the soldiers
throw aside their blankets. They dress themselves; the blankets are rolled
together; the men sit around, the mess-table on the ground, and partake of
coffee and “hard tack.” The volunteer State militia also jump out from under
their blankets, and, making their toilets as soldiers do, prepare for duty and
glory.
The weather is cold, very cold. Breakfast is over, and the order to “Fall in”
sounds through the camp. The blue uniforms take places like automatons; the
roll is called. “Here!” “Here!” comes out along the line. Poor fellows! somebody
else must answer for some of you to-morrow; you cannot do it for yourselves.
The line of march is taken. The California volunteers, under the gray-eyed
man, lead the way toward the bend of the ridge. Cautiously they approach the
river. It is not daylight yet; they must go slow. Look over the valley below us—
the day begins to dawn. Oh, yes; you are looking at the upper side of a great
bank of fog. The signal that was to be given Col. Barnard “to move” cannot be
made. But he will come to the attack on the south at the same time with the
assault from the north.
The soldiers are unencumbered by blankets and knapsacks; they have left
them with a guard at camp, expecting to return in a few hours. They move
cautiously down the bluff into the misty scene below. The cavalry-men are
dismounted, leaving their horses in camp, and answer to the call of the bugle.
The two hundred men are at the foot of the bluff, at the edge of the Lava
Beds.
The lines are formed; each company is assigned a position. In the dim
daylight, mixed with fog, they look like ghostly mourners out on the rampart of
the spirit world. Hark! “Forward—march!” rings out in the cold morning air, and
the bugle repeats “Forward—march!” The line moves, stretching out along the
foot of the bluff. The regulars advance very steady, for Maj. Jackson’s company
that was in the Lost-river fight were in no great hurry to hear the music of
battle again.
The volunteers start off rapidly, while Gen. Ross and Col. Thompson say,
“Steady, boys,—steady.” “Steady, my boys,” repeats Capt. Kelley, of the Oregon
volunteers.
“Go slow, boys, go slow. You’ll raise ’em directly,” says the gray-eyed man,
who commands the Californians. Cautiously the line moves over the rocky
plain. On, still on—no Modocs yet. On again they go through the thick fog.
“Just as I expected; they’ve left. I knew they wouldn’t stand and fight when
the volunteers got after them.”—“They knew we was a comin’.” Such speeches
were made by men who were hungry for “Modoc sirloin.” “Steady there; we’ll
raise them pretty soon,” says gray eyes. “They haint run; they’re thar sure. Go
slow, boys; keep down, boys—keep down low, boys.”
Hark! again; what is that rumble, like a train crossing a great bridge? Bang
—bang—bang—bang comes through the fog bank. “Barnard’s opened on ’em.
Now we will go. Hurrah! We will take ’em in the rear. Hurrah! hurrah! hurrah
for h—l,” sings out a Modoc-eating fellow.
“That’s right; every man hurrah for the country he’s going to,” comes from
a quiet regular on the left.
Through the mist a gleam shoots out, and then a rattle of muskets just in
front of the advancing line. Hey! what means that? Did Roberts stumble and
fall? Yes, he fell, but he cannot get up again; his blood is spurting from his
neck on the rocks. Look to the right. Another has fallen to rise no more.
“Fire!” says Col. Green. “Fire!” says the bugle. “Fire!” say the volunteer
officers, and a blaze of light burst forth along the line. To see the flame from
the guns, one would suppose they saw the enemy on some cliff above them,
although the Modoc flame was on a level.
 Modocs on the Warpath.

Perhaps the Modocs have changed their base. No, that cannot be, for, see!
again it blazes out just in front, and, oh, see the soldiers fall.
On the right of our line, among the rocks, a level blaze follows the Modoc
volley. There is somebody there who knows what he is about. “Charge!” rings
out the voice of Green. “Charge!” repeats the bugle. The line moves forward at
a double-quick, over the rough waves of hardened lava.
On, on, still on the shattered line moves, for several hundred yards. Still
no howl of pain from Modoc lips.
“They’ve run,” exultingly shouts a voice; but before the echo of that voice
had repeated the lie, through the rocky caves another blazing line appears in
front. Bang, bang, now comes from the further side; again a charge is ordered,
and, climbing over chasms and caverns, the now broken line move as best
they can; no groan of agony tells of Modocs with bayonets or bullets pierced.
No eye has seen a redskin, but four hundred pairs of ears have heard the
Modoc’s war-whoop, and four hundred hearts have trembled at the sound.
 The line still moves forward, firing at the rocks, and—and another brave
white man falls.
The investment must be completed; junction must be made with Col.
Barnard. Where are the volunteers? The gap in the line must be closed. Where
is Capt. ——? The caves answered back, “Where?”
But Donald McKay, the scout, says “They are behind the ledge yonder,
lying down.”
“Order them up,” says Gen. Frank Wheaton.
An aide-de-camp fails to open communication with them.
The gallant Green is trying now to close up the line. “Forward, my men,”
he shouts. “Mount the cliff.” The foremost man falls back pierced with Modoc
bullets. Green quickly leaps upon the cliff—a dozen rifles from the cave send
flame and balls at him. “Come, my men. Up, up,” and another man reels and
falls. “Come up,” again shouts the brave colonel, still standing with the bullets
flying around him. Another blue blouse appears, and it, too, goes backward;
thus the little mound of dead soldiers grew at the foot of the cliff, until, at last,
the gray-eyed man, taking in the situation, points out to his men the Indian
battery that commanded this position, and then the sharp, quick rifles, mingle
smoke and bullets with the muskets and howitzers, and Green’s men pass over
the cliff.
The fog is lifting now, but scarce an Indian yet seen. Still the circle of
bayonets contracts around the apparently ill-starred Modoc stronghold.
Take a station commanding a view of the battle. Do you hear, amid all this
din of exploding gunpowder, the shrieks of mangled white men, and the
exulting shouts of the Modocs? Look behind you; the sun is slowly sinking
behind Mount Shasta, tired of the scene. The line is broken again, and, where
a part of it had stood, see the writhing bodies in blue, half prostrate, some of
them, and calling loudly for comrades to save them.
A council is called by Gen. Wheaton; the fighting goes on; the line next
the lake gives back. “Draw off your men!” is the order that now echoes along
the faltering lines; the bugles sound “Retreat.” The men are panic-stricken.
Hear the wounded, who understand the bugle-call, shouting to comrades, “Do
not leave us.” The volunteers halt; they return to the rescue. The Modoc fire is
fearful. One of the wounded men is reached in safety, but when two of his
comrades lift him up, one of them drops.
 Fairchild’s men now go to the rescue, crawling on their faces; they almost
reach the two wounded men; one of the rescuers falls; they cannot be saved.
One wounded man begs to be killed. “Don’t leave me alive for the Modocs.”
The cry is in vain. The army of four hundred men are on the retreat. They fall
back, followed by the shouts and bullets of the Modocs, and soon leave the
voices of the wounded behind them. Is it true that our army is retreating now
from fifty savages?
Is it possible that our heroes, who were to dine on “Modoc sirloins,” are
scrambling over the rocks on empty stomachs, after a ten-hour fight? Is it true
that the cries for help by wounded soldiers are heard only by the Modocs? Yes,
my reader, it is true. Every effort to save them cost other lives.
Our army grope their way in darkness over the rocks they had passed so
hopefully a few hours since. They climb the bluff, expecting an attack each
minute; the wounded, who are brought off the field, are compelled to await
surgical aid until the army can be placed in a safe position.
The camp on the north is reached, and, without waiting for morning, they
fall back to “Bremer’s” and “Fairchild’s.”
When the roll is called in the several companies thirty-five regulars and
volunteers fail to answer. Their dead bodies lie stark and cold among the rocks.
The Modoc men disdain to hunt up victims of the fight. The squaws are
permitted to do this work. It is from Modoc authority, that they found two men
alive at daylight next morning, and that they stoned them to death; finally
ending this long night of horror by one of the most cruel deaths that savage
ingenuity could suggest. Look now in the Modoc camp when the squaws come
in, bearing the arms and clothing of the fallen United States soldiers. See them
parade these before the Indian braves. See those young, ambitious fellows,
with those curious-looking things. Here are “Hooker Jim,” “Bogus Charley,” and
“Boston Charley,” “Shacknasty Jim,” “Steamboat Frank,” and several others,
holding aloft these specimens of God’s handiwork and their own.
You ask, What are they?
Go to yesterday’s line of battle, scan the rocks closely, and you will see
some of them are dyed with human gore; look closely, and you will see a bare
foot, may be a hand, half-covered with loose stones; examine carefully, move
the rocks, and you will find a mutilated white body there, and if you will
uncover the crushed head you will see where the articles came from that the
Modoc braves are showing with so much pride.
 Suppose you count the Modoc warriors now. We know they had fifty-three
yesterday morning, for we have the names of all the men of the whole tribe,
and we have taken pains to ascertain that every man who did not belong to
Captain Jack’s band was at “Yai-nax,” under the eye of the old chief
“Schonchin” and the Government agent, while the battle of yesterday was
going on, except three Modocs—Cum-ba-twas—and they were with Capt.
Oliver Applegate’s company during the fight. There is no miscount. Fairchild,
Applegate, Dorris, and Frank Riddle know every one personally. Call the roll in
Jack’s camp, and every man will answer to his name, except one man who was
wounded in a skirmish on the 15th, with Col. Perry’s company of regulars. This
statement is correct, notwithstanding the Telegraph said the Modocs had two
hundred men in the fight.
Listen to Curly-haired Doctor. He is saying, in his native tongue, “I
promised you a medicine that would turn the white man’s bullets. Where is the
Modoc that has been struck with the white man’s bullets? I told you ‘Soch-a-la
Tyee,’ the Great Spirit, was on our side. Your chief’s heart was weak; mine was
strong. We can kill all the white men that come.”
Schonchin John says: “I felt strong when I saw the fog that our medicine-
man had brought over the rocks yesterday morning. I knew we could kill the
soldiers. We are Modocs.”
The chief (Captain Jack) arose, all eyes turn toward him, and in breathless
silence the council awaits his speech.
He does not appear to share in the general rejoicing. He is thoughtful, and
his face wears a saddened look. He feels the force of the doctor’s speech;
Schonchin’s also. He knows they are planning for his removal from the
chieftainship.
“It is true we have killed many white men. The Modoc heart is strong; the
Modoc guns were sure; the bullets went straight. We are all here; but hear me,
O muck-a-lux (my people). The white men are many; they will not give up;
they will come again; more will come next time. No matter how many the
Modocs kill, more will come each time, and we will all be killed after a while. I
am your voice. My blood is Modoc. I will not make peace until the Modoc heart
says ‘peace,’ We will not go on the warpath again. Maybe the war will stop.”
After the several braves have recounted the various exploits they have
performed, the council adjourns.
 See the squaws bringing great loads of sage brush. They are preparing for
a grand scalp dance. This is to be a great demonstration. The women dress in
best attire and paint their faces, while the men, now wild with triumph,
prepare for the ceremonies of rejoicing.
The drum calls for the dance to commence. They form around the fire on
the bare rocks, each warrior painted in black and red, in figures rudely made
on their arms and breast, indicating the deeds they may boast of. Each bears
on the ramrod of his gun the scalps he has taken. The medicine-man begins a
kind of prayer or thanksgiving to the Great Spirit above, and to the bad spirit
below, for the success they have won. The dances begin,—a short, upright
hop, singing of the great deeds of the Modocs, the warriors meanwhile waving
the ramrods with the scalps.
Round and round they move, stepping time to the rude music, until they
are exhausted. The blood of the warriors is at fighting heat.
The chief takes no part. He is ill at ease; his mind is busy with great
thoughts concerning the past and the future of the Modoc people.
Leaving the Modocs to exult and quarrel alternately, let us hunt up our
disappointed army. A part of them have returned to Col. Barnard’s camp at
Lone Lands; another part, the volunteers, have collected at Fairchild’s ranch.
Great, unauthorized councils are being held; a hundred men give wise
opinions. Gen. Frank Wheaton is declared “incompetent,” and some underhand
work is going on to have him relieved of his command. It will succeed,
although he was brave and skilful, and did as well as any other man could
have done under the circumstances.
But that is not the question now, he must be relieved; it is enough that he
did not succeed, and it is necessary now to send a new man and let him learn
something of the country. True, Gen. Wheaton has experience and would know
how to manage better than a new man. Political power is triumphant, and this
worthy man is humbled because he could not perform an impossibility. He had
raw recruits, that were unskilled in Indian wars, and he was attacking with this
force the strongest natural fortress on the continent.
Let us listen to some of the pretty speeches being made in the volunteer
camp.
“I tell you aint them Modocs nearly thunder though? But the ‘regulars’
fired from the hip; they could not get down and draw a fine bead.”
 “It takes Volunteers to fight Ingens. Ruther have one hundred volunteers
anytime than a regiment of ‘regulars.’”
“The captain says he’s going to raise a new company, picked men; and
then the Modocs will get h—l. Won’t they though?”
Our unpopular gray-eyed man strolled into the volunteer camp. He is a
little caustic sometimes. Sauntering up to the fellow who was so brave a few
days before, he said:—
“How did you like your ‘Modoc sirloin,’ eh? putty good, eh? didn’t take it
raw, did you? Where’s that feller who was going to bring home a good-looking
squaw for a—dishwasher? Wonder how he likes her about this time? Where’s
that other fellow who was going to ride Captain Jack’s pacing hoss?
“Wonder if those boys who were spoiling for a fight are out of danger?
“Say, boys, there’s some old squaws over there near the spring; they aint
got any guns, aint no bucks there; may be you can take them.” Tossing his
head a little to one side, a habit of his when full of sarcasm, he went on to ask
the captain of a certain company, “if he found any difficulty in holding his boys
back. Where was you during the fight, anyhow? I heard Gen. Wheaton asking
for you, but nobody seemed to know where you was, ’cept Donal’ McKay, and
he said you was down on the point; said he saw your general there with a
mighty nice breech-loading bird gun, and that once in a while some of you
would raise your heads and look round, and then Shacknasty Jim would shoot,
and you would all lie down again.
“Now, captain, let me give you a little bit of advice; it won’t cost you
nothing. When you raise another company to fight the Modocs, don’t you take
any of them fellows that you can’t hold back, nor them fellows who want to
eat Modoc steaks raw; they aint a good kind to have when you get in a tight
place. Why, Shacknasty Jim could whip four of them at a time. Them kind of
fellers aint worth a continental d—m for fightin’ Modocs. Better leave them
fellers with their mammies.”
 CHAPTER XXVI.

OLIVE BRANCH AND CANNON BALLS—WHICH WILL WIN?

A few days after this battle Captain Jack sent a message to John Fairchild
and Press Dorris, proposing a “talk,” telling them that they should not be
molested, and agreeing to meet them at the foot of the bluff, near the Modoc
camp. Messrs. Fairchild and Dorris, accompanied by one other white man and
an Indian woman (Dixie), visited the Lava Beds.
The meeting, as described by Fairchild, was one of peculiar interest. Those
who had been friends, and then enemies and at war, without any formal
declaration of peace, coming together in the stronghold of the victorious party,
presents a phase of Western life seldom witnessed. The white men, fully
armed, ride to the Indian camp with the squaw guide. The Modocs had
observed them with a field-glass while they were descending the bluff, two
miles away.
On their arrival, the men who had so earnestly sought each others’ lives
stood face to face. A painful silence followed, each party waiting for the other
to speak first. The Modocs approach and offer to shake hands. “No, you don’t,
until we understand each other,” said Fairchild; and continued, “We came here
because we learned that you wanted to talk peace. We are not afraid to talk or
to hear you talk. We were in the battle. We fought you, and we will fight again
unless peace is made.”
Captain Jack replied, that “the Modocs knew all about who was in the big
battle, but that should not make trouble now. We are glad you come. We want
you to hear our side of the story. We do not want any war. Let us go back to
our homes on Lost river. We are willing to pay you for the cattle we have killed.
We don’t want to fight any more.”
Such was the substance of Captain Jack’s speech; to which Fairchild and
Dorris replied, that they were not authorized to make any terms, but would do
all they could to prevent further war.
These men visited the Modoc camp from humane and kindly motives; yet
tongues of irresponsible parties dared to speak slanderous words against these
men who ventured where their vilifiers would not have gone for any
consideration. Their motives were questioned, and insinuations unworthy the
men who made them, never would have been made had the characters of
Fairchild and Dorris been better understood.
The results of the battle of Jan. 17th had startled the public mind, and
especially the authorities at Washington City. On investigating the cause of the
war, it was thought that some mistake had been made. The citizens of Oregon
who were then in Washington, headed by Gen. E. L. Applegate, consulted with
Attorney-General Williams on the subject of the Modoc troubles. Inasmuch as a
vast amount of ink has since been wasted in expressing indignation against the
Modoc Peace Commission, I herewith submit the subjoined letter from Gen.
Applegate, of Oregon, to the “Oregon Bulletin,” which gives a fair, and, I
believe, true statement of the circumstances attending its conception. I was
not present at the conference referred to, neither was I consulted as to the
propriety of the movement, either by the Honorable Secretary or the Oregon
delegation. Secretary Delano is qualified to defend his own action, and I only
suggest that, with the representations set forth, he acted wisely in the course
he pursued.
Although I did not advise the appointment of a Peace Commission, I
declare that it was right, and no blame can be justly attached to either the
Commission or the appointing power, if it was not a success.
The principle of adjusting difficulties by such means is in harmony with
justice and right. Let those who burned the Honorable Secretary in effigy
remember the continued stream of denunciation that was poured out against
the Commission by a portion of the secular press of the Pacific coast, and the
reason why the peace measures failed may be better understood.

LETTER FROM WASHINGTON CITY.

How the “Peace Commission,” was formed—An Account

from General Applegate—His Agency in the Matter.
 Washington, D. C., January 29th, 1873.
Editors Bulletin: I “arise to explain” that, since coming to this city I have
been meddling somewhat with public affairs. You know the Indian question is
one which I think I have a right to express an opinion upon. I ought to know
something of Indians and Indian affairs; and, believing that a wrong policy in
regard to the Modocs might involve the country in a tedious and expensive
Indian war, without a sufficient degree of good being accomplished by it to
justify the losses, delays, and expenses incurred, could not avoid undertaking
such action as I believed might the most quickly hasten a settlement of the
trouble.
The fame abroad of Indian wars and dangers in our State is very injurious
to the cause of immigration. A great many good people are confirmed in an
opinion, which has been very considerably entertained heretofore, namely, that
Oregon is yet an Indian country, and that the settlements are at all times in
imminent danger of the tomahawk and scalping-knife.
My policy with Indians may be denominated the “pow-wow” policy. A
matter has not only to be thoroughly explained to an Indian, but it must be
explained over and over; and the fact is, that thirty years of observation
convince me that Indians can be talked into any opinion or out of it by the
men in whom they have confidence, and who understand the proper style of
Indian talk. Consequently, I was in favor of sending some man as a Peace
Commissioner to the Modoc country to pow-wow with these Indians and settle
the difficulty. “Jaw-bone” is cheaper than ammunition; and the fact is, that all
comes round to this at last, and always has. This might just as well be done at
first, it seems to me, as to go through all the ups and downs, and expense of
blood and treasure and long-delayed peace, with the bad effects abroad on the
State, and then come to it.
I was, therefore, in favor of sending Mr. Meacham to that country
immediately as a peace officer, to turn the whole thing into a “big talk,” instead
of letting it go on and getting into a big war.
This policy was agreed upon by as many of the Oregonians as could be
got together. Styling ourselves an “Oregon delegation,” we called upon
Attorney-General Williams, and submitted the matter to him. We promptly
received a note from the attorney-general, stating that Secretary Delano would
be glad to see us in regard to this matter, and on Saturday, the 25th, we called
upon him. We found him a pleasant gentleman, with a very serious business
expression about his face. He heard our statements and opinions with great
patience, and requested a statement in writing of our views, for the purpose of
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