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11 Graphs
11.1 Functions
Exercise 11.1 Key words

Focus variable
1 In a test Arun scored 3 marks fewer than Sofia.
a If Sofia scored 30 marks, how many marks did Arun score?
b If Sofia scored 12.5 marks, how many marks did Arun score?
c If Arun scored 19 marks, how many marks did Sofia score?
d Sofia scores x marks and Arun scores y marks.
Copy and complete this function: y = …………
2 The length of a rectangle is four times its width.
a If the width of the rectangle is 11 cm, what is its length?
b If the length of the rectangle is 100 cm, what is its width?
c The width is w cm and the length is l cm. Write down a
function that gives l in terms of w.
3 The price of a train ticket is $12 more than the price of a bus ticket.
a Find the price of the train ticket if the price of the bus ticket
is $9.
b The price of the bus ticket is $b. What is the price of the
train ticket?
c If the price of the train ticket is $t, write a function for t.
4 Zara’s mass is half the mass of Sofia.
a Together, Zara and Sofia have a mass of more than 20 kg.
Give an example of the possible masses of Zara and Sofia.
b Sofia is x kg and Zara is y kg. Write a formula for y in terms
of x.

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Practice
5 Marcus and Zara walk to school. Marcus takes 10 minutes longer
than Zara.
a Copy and complete this table of possible times.

Zara (minutes) 10 15 23
Marcus (minutes) 17 41

b Zara takes x minutes and Marcus takes y minutes. Write a

function for y in terms of x.
6 Zara has two plates. The diameter of one plate is 1.5 times the
diameter of the other plate.
a If the diameter of the small plate is 15 cm, work out the
diameter of the large plate.
b Copy and complete this table of possible diameters.

Small plate (x cm) 15 16 17 18

Large plate (y cm) 30 31.5

c Write a function connecting x and y.

7 All the sides of this pentagon are the same length.
a If the length of each side is 7 cm, work out the perimeter.
b If the perimeter is 120 cm, work out the length of each side.
c If the perimeter is x cm and the length of each side is y cm,
which of these functions (A to D) is correct?
A y = 5x B y = 0.2x
C y=x÷5 D y=x+5
8 The length of this rectangle is twice its width.
a If the width is 5 cm, work out the: i length ii perimeter
b If the width is 6.5 cm, work out the: i length ii perimeter
c If the width is w cm and the length is l cm, work out a
function for l in terms of w.
d If the width is w cm and the perimeter is p cm, work out a
function for p in terms of w.

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11.1 Functions

9 Fadi buys a book online. The postage is $6.

a Copy and complete this table to show the total cost for five
books of different prices.

Price of book ($)

Total including postage ($)

b If the total cost, including postage, is $17.95, work out the

price of the book.
c If the book costs $x and the total cost is $y, which of these
functions (A to E) is correct?
A y = 6x B y=6+x C y=x÷6 D y=x+6 E y=x−6

Challenge
10 Twenty books cost $340.
a Work out the cost of 10 books.
b Work out a function for the cost, c, in dollars, of n books.
c Use your function to find the cost of 36 books.
d How many books can you buy for $1000?
11 At an airport, a price is shown in two currencies:
a Work out a similar price ticket that shows these two currencies
for an item that costs 10 dollars.
b Work out a formula that you can use to convert dollars to
crowns. Explain the variables you use.
12 The mass of 100 A5 sheets of paper is 250 g.
Tip
a Work out the mass of 10 A5 sheets of paper.
b Work out a function to the find the mass (y kg) of n A5 sheets Paper is sold in
of paper. different sizes:
c An A3 sheet of paper is four times the area of an A5 sheet of A3, A4, A5, and
paper. Work out a function for the mass (z kg) of n A3 sheets
of paper.
13 The cost of 40 litres of petrol is $120.
a Work out the cost of:
i 20 litres ii 10 litres iii 1 litre
b Write a formula for the cost (c), in dollars, of x litres of petrol.
c Use your formula to work out the cost of 33.5 litres of petrol.

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11 Graphs

11.2 Graphs of functions

Exercise 11.2 Key words
axes
Focus coordinates
1 a Copy and complete this table of values. graph

x −4 −2 0 2 4 6
x+3 5

b Use the table from part a to draw a graph of y = x + 3.

c The following points are on the line. Copy and complete the
missing coordinates.
i (3, ) ii (8, ) iii (−3, ) iv (−9, )
2 The equation of a line is y = x + 1.
a Copy and complete this table of values.

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
x+1 2 4

b Use the table to draw a graph of y = x + 1.

c Which of the following points are on the line?
(6, 7) (−6, −7) (10, 9) (−10, −9) (−0.5, 0.5)
3 a Copy and complete this table of values.

x −4 −2 0 2 4
1.5x −6

b Draw a graph of the line y = 1.5x.

c The point (8, ) is on the line. Work out the missing coordinate.
d The point ( , −15) is on the line. Work out the missing coordinate.

Practice
4 a Create a table of values for points on the line y = x + 7. Choose x
values between −4 and 4.
b Use your table from part a to draw a graph of y = x + 7.
c If you extend your graph, where will it cross the x-axis?
d Find the point where the line crosses the line y = −7.

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11.2 Graphs of functions

5 a Copy and complete this table of values.

x −6 −3 0 3 6
x−5 −8

b Use the table from part a to draw a graph of the line y = x − 5.

c On the same axes draw the line y = x + 5.
6 a One kilogram of fruit costs $12.
Copy and complete this table of values.

Mass (kg) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cost ($)

b Use the table from part a to draw a graph.

c Copy and complete this name for the line: y = …………
d Work out the cost of: i 2.5 kg of fruit ii 9 kg of fruit
7 Most countries measure distances in kilometres. k
Some countries, such as the USA, use miles. 80
This graph shows how to change miles 70
to kilometres.
60
a Use the graph to copy and complete this
Kilometres

50
table of values.
40
Miles 10 20 30 40 50 30
Kilometres 32 80 20
10
b How many miles are the same as 40 km?
c How many kilometres are the same as 1 mile? 0 10 20 30 40 50 m
d m miles is the same as k kilometres. Write a Miles
function to show the connection between m and k.

Challenge
8 You can exchange 100 dollars for 250 riyals.
a Draw a graph to help convert from dollars to riyals.
b How many riyals can you get in exchange for 40 dollars?
c Copy and complete this table of values.

Dollars (d) 20 40 60 80 100

Riyals (r) 250

d Find a function to change from dollars to riyals.

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11 Graphs

9 a Describe the graph of y = x + 20.

b A graph is y = x + a, where a is a positive number. Where does
the graph cross the coordinate axes?
c The point (5, k) is on the line y = x − 12. Work out the value of k.
10 a Draw the straight line that passes through (0, 0), (3, 6) and (−2, −4).
b Work out the name of the line.
c On the same axes draw the line that passes through (0, 0),
(3, 7.5) and (−2, −5).
d Work out the name of the second line.

11.3 Lines parallel to the axes

Exercise 11.3 Key words
vertices
Focus x-axis
1 Three vertices of a square are (2, 3), (2, −3) and (−4, −3).
a Draw the square.
b Write the coordinates of the other vertex.
c Find the coordinates of the centre of the square.
d One side of the square is on the line x = 2. Write a line for each
of the other three sides.
2 Here are two sides of rectangle ABCD.
a Draw the rectangle and find the coordinates of D.
b Work out the coordinates of the centre of BC.
4
c Work out the coordinates of the centre of
the rectangle. 2
d Work out the equation of the straight line
through C that is parallel to the x-axis.
–5 –4 –3 –2 –10 1 2 3 4
e Work out the equation of the straight line
through C that is parallel to the y-axis. –2

–4

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11.3 Lines parallel to the axes

3 The lines x = −5 and y = 4 divide this grid

into four regions: A, B, C and D. 6
In which region is each of these points? B
4
a (5, 5) b (10, −10)
c (−7, 2) d (−10, 10) 2
e (25, 3)
–10–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –10 1 2 3 4
2
C
Practice
4 Point A has coordinates (2, 6), point B has coordinates (−4, 6) and
point C has coordinates (−4, −4).
a Draw the triangle ABC.
b Write the equation of the line through A and B.
c Write the equation of the line through B and C.
d Find the equation of the line through (−1, 6) that is
perpendicular to AB.
e Find the equation of the line through (−4, 1) that is
perpendicular to BC.
5 EFG is a triangle. E is (5, 2) and F is (1, −4) and x = 1 is a line
of symmetry.
a Work out the coordinates of G.
b Work out the name of the line through G and E.
6 Here are four lines: x = −2.8 y = 5.3 x = −4.5 y = −0.7
Write the coordinates of the points where the lines meet.

Challenge
7 The lines x = 6, x = −12, y = 10 and y = 3 make a rectangle. Work out
the lengths of the sides of the rectangle.
8 a A line is perpendicular to x = −4 and passes through (0, 6).
Find the equation of the line.
b A line is parallel to y = −2 and passes through (5, 3). Find the
equation of the line.
9 Three equally spaced points are in a straight line. Two of the points
are (4, 7) and (4, −3). Where could the third point be?
10 The lines y = x, x = −2 and y = 6 enclose a triangle. Find the
coordinates of the vertices.

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11 Graphs

11 The four lines x = 0, x = −4, y = x + 1 and y = x + 4 enclose a shape.

a What is the name of the shape?
b Find the coordinates of the vertices of the shape.
12
8

–2 0
–2

The triangle is enclosed by three lines.

Work out the equation of each line.

11.4 Interpreting graphs

Exercise 11.4 Key word
rate
Focus
1 This is a graph of distance against time for Erica as she runs.

10

8
Distance (km)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (min)

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11.4 Interpreting graphs

a How far does Erica run in 10 minutes?

b How long does Erica take to run 6 km?
c Use the graph to copy and complete this table of values.

Time (min) 5 10 15 20 25
Distance (km)

d The graph is a straight line. What does that tell you about
Erica’s speed?
e How far will Erica run in 1 hour if she continues at the
same speed?
f A marathon is 42 km. How long will it take Erica to run a
marathon at this speed?
2 Bilal is reading a book. The graph shows how fast he 200
is reading.
a How many pages does he read in 4 hours?

Number of pages
150
b How long does he take to read 100 pages?
c What is his rate of reading, in pages per hour? 100
d The book has 240 pages. How long will it take
Bilal to read the book?
50
e Choose the correct word for the gradient.
positive negative zero
0 1 2 3 4
Time (h)

3 Zara is walking home from school. The graph

shows her the distance from her home. 4
a
Distance from home (km)

How far from home is she after

15 minutes? 3
b How far is it from Zara’s school to
her home? 2
c How does the graph show that she is
walking at a constant speed?
d 1
Which word describes the gradient?
positive negative zero
0
5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)

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11 Graphs

e Copy and complete this table of values.

Time (min) 0 5 10 15 20
Distance from home (km) 3

f If Zara continues to walk at the same rate,

how long will it take her to walk home from school?

Practice 6
4 This graph shows the cost of a long-
distance phone call. 5
a Find the cost of a call that lasts
8 minutes. 4
b A call costs $4. How long does Cost ($) 3
the call last?
c Describe in words how the cost 2
of a call is calculated.
1

d Marcus says: 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time (min)

A 10 minute
call costs $5 so a
20 minute call costs
twice as much,
which is $10.

Explain why Marcus is incorrect. Can you

write a better explanation of the cost? 100
80
5 The graph shows how the charge on the battery
Charge (%)

of an electronic device decreases as the device is 60

being used. 40
a What is the initial charge? 20
b Copy and complete this table.
0 1 2 3 4
Time (h) 0 1 2 3 4 Time (h)
Charge (%) 60

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11.4 Interpreting graphs

c If the charge continues to decrease at the same rate, when will

the battery have no charge?
d What is the rate at which the charge is decreasing, in
percentage points per hour?
e Suppose the initial charge was only 70%. Draw a graph to
show how the charge changes in this case.
6 A cable car takes passengers to the top of
a hill. The graph shows the height of the 400
cable car above sea level.

Height above sea level (m)

a What is the height of the starting 300
point above sea level?
b How long does it take the cable car to
reach the top? 200
c How fast does the cable car climb, in
metres per minute? 100
d Draw a graph to show the journey
when the cable car travels twice as fast.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Challenge Time (min)
7 This graph shows how the temperature of a liquid is changing.

100
Temperature (°C)

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (min)

a What does the shape of the graph tell you?

b What is the initial temperature?
c What is the temperature after 5 minutes?
d How many degrees does the temperature change each minute?
e How long will it take for the temperature to reach 30° C?
What assumption did you make to answer this question?

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11 Graphs

8 A tap is slowly filling a barrel with water. This

graph shows the depth of water in the barrel. 4
a What is the initial depth?
3

Depth (m)
b How long does it take for the depth to be
3 metres? 2
c How much does the depth change
each minute? 1
d What would the graph look like if the water
flowed into the tank twice as quickly? 0
e Zara says: 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)
“If the water flowed into the tank twice as
quickly, the depth would be 3 metres in 12 minutes.”
Is Zara’s statement true or false? Give evidence to justify your answer.
9 This graph shows how the speed of a car changes during 70 seconds.

80

60
Speed (km/h)

40

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (s)

a Describe how the speed changes.

b When is the speed changing at the fastest rate?
c Describe when the gradient is:
i positive ii negative iii zero
10 The diagram shows a vase.
The vase is filled with water at a constant rate.
Sketch a graph to show how the depth of water
in the vase changes with time.

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