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Class notes 19 Feb 2025 (2)

The document discusses electromagnetic (EM) waves, their properties, and propagation in different media. It explains the nature of waves, including disturbances in space and time, and how they can be described mathematically. Additionally, it covers concepts such as wave speed, frequency, and the behavior of waves in various contexts, including sound and electromagnetic fields.

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Sparsh Gola - 59
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24 views

Class notes 19 Feb 2025 (2)

The document discusses electromagnetic (EM) waves, their properties, and propagation in different media. It explains the nature of waves, including disturbances in space and time, and how they can be described mathematically. Additionally, it covers concepts such as wave speed, frequency, and the behavior of waves in various contexts, including sound and electromagnetic fields.

Uploaded by

Sparsh Gola - 59
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Pime-herameniec wave f <2 be ahtained by ) Sbsabax odstt Dme- bsrmic Manwedl’s of ancl foliasny Sieriyar steps, 2) Sh pie adiesnebeat uot oP thenrgonm tte Bene - howpensl et wove 05) G Cime-banmonie wove en” We can simpy Acplace Pat ey jue. e.g. tha Bmre-claperdet Gave es) co se aritten Co Bme- Konmoic tonm o4: aa > 2 . oe DR aA Pn we Give. ese Da aye 22> Cnete tlit KR io ep © & o phowor). Tatk : Te obtaie time -Launmit wave ef? ue terms 4 Er Solupon: Starp edrbh Manuel's 25) Lo pme —hemnic “ born Vxe= eB = —jonH ——G@) Vet = © —® = — (> xy 2 T4iwp > Jee —— ce ZY“ Fore curt Q bor sides of Fansdays lao <7 VAUXKE = 4 KH) — @) Susp rte Amperet Ld |7' 4) co (a) youva Wiq x= —194 CF 45WECE) _@® using tla vecFor jdowf wx xB) = =e —®) a : SVE ev G-Boie ek Cu lusee) Use es) Gd) & (09) for WE =vé +9 CE) 2 Sion (Fa uek New, tla eunnrat clark, T wen bo Sepsrnst~) nth sonrw is, tind cn Pe ad Fives Dias aE = = T= T+Iy = I,4+6E€ Bley eT tind Aue SOR GaneF clandky eS an Sta eet how, nic. 2 Te 2v (3) ~ SSF, + Jom (Gaesira ———i(le T's Indicates Hat phere one 3B saris eetnic tied: iD Due to charge Aishibuten tn space In tle jam 4 Potient a He charge dart Ci tev on 2x) BW) Due to appicd exe clowsides (29 term on ery). ap These phaueshaiel egpVed sourced 1) Due to Bsplacamert curmret dovsikes (3 tem) Soyrce-free Wave =f iy atlas a) a Y poe peters] Sources aro eUminated: Page os vyouva kL VE 2 hou GEssek) ———_@ . An addition UY tle lasses aro Zoro Cez0) | the ~ SOURCE-FREE Lossléss WAVE EQUATION is | PE = Soy Geek Bilin aaa Zea ewer rs ronal Tis en” Hs catled ay He” Heimbsty Bouaion” ; er tHe clecinke fierd invent; bo lewless medion R | SimNanty ere sar the Here hormone sounce-4r22 k. Lessles wave ea for FH: re, = — [QRsosnen =o | ——(4a rvwtress Page, vyouva ate: Salton = tle Bowe -equehen: =| Assemp Bowe: i> Ficids sre Kee harmenic jiD Flectaic field intensity 's directed ib x sit but varies in ZB-direcKen ; je, bieid in Parpedio { to Hla tives Nom 9] Parpagahen, iii) The medium of parspogotion wm tassless Gao jy) The wae equates is Reet brve GG, aa Salton fon vwijonn — plane wares: A" UNZF6RM PLANE WAVE" Isa see Gre, ole the wave equation) in ohicot te eleatnic ond magnetic diellt one directed in fined dLineation tn pagal and are “constant in posanihiale: ond passe om planes ferprrticntar t RAT eae PRS emi Nelo: foro eid ts be comsfort in comple ond to phsse on inpintie plenes, tha source must be also infinike jn entert. In this sense, a plane wore cannot be Fonernes LO PRACKEA . However, Mory OA mas procticol app eaters pprerumste pisoe wanes fo kuch an entet ther plore umn oe GaN Corn) en. Sapeae ~ Satetlite to ncbrerms onbie tisnblin Ty pssyem & eanth, Tasatessire & or S Msfens a B6c0oKms, It Looks Ure s pond Sones ond tle trsrsmission a5 be of constot omprnde ond phase on He Senne 4 & eghene —py Aadins 36.202 km. Cin Aelsks pla sofolitre o Agal sperd the Speed of Shoat +a energy prarpogates . Mia posse volt to oof a Keel spend fh + sane Me netting motenioy moves of Hot speed - The phase vekcity doe rch Aclate te phy Sica Ashen 2 VTE can be Smaller orn Larger Hon He speed 4 tyr, Tle plore vatotiny ts omoteniss dsperdad, For Spe Pree Spa ca ree) = ! Vee fetinis RR-BS y ys FA 2 wi gual S —G>) bie, Che phose verity Th EM weves in ance Space equals so speed on, Ligh Cenpected |) Light won EM vmed, 7 Pleo phare loets tiMuptonarenine GS leo shen c since Ha, a 7). = vyouva AS He wove tes tHe distone befoun tevo succottive Aesks <] tte wave dapends bert on ty Aegqeency 3] Ha emve ond if phase veloc, , We Desire MWorelerstt” A Go meters) as ther disfenr a Wave Anew Co tases A Conslout phare) FAa~es bo one ecto: Sse Joie tes 2 = 2S Cag i ic wl ne K ——(S0 tee 2 [aed |) = Gi) N K fs called Ha" wave rumber”. Nw Nasvelt en%s tel os slat cslenever Hane b B thee Be Ler os eohertote Pi fon He Passos case. shanb~> Ot Foradon's Lew qr Bane bennett Coee* wth our _assurptens sated emrtier only En ens oslicl vaio wt Zz, => Hee Hz, = 0. * aa & become a Senior en” 2& = -iieHy ———(33 ee v . Page na: ‘youva fon ant o 4forPond paspagetng wevS, Ae 26 [Ale | —— &) Due Se ceoleurtapny le dorivetve 4 a ira Z prem ex G2) wtt Pro BRR uae KES = ) ee an Sennen ee) ay) 2a = -JKETCSD =—Gs) Be Rost Gree) Ah a = at SH Os SS {tar wae) we olepina Ha Ashe bafween B,(z) ond Hy Ce) os ne FRC 2 wort 2 U9 C Hy K @ Tne oa = — (3 Da fae C2) (212 Fs quenKh 1 on impedance as U & INDIES N ts cabled as Ha” Jato impeclance” on “Wave Cinmpedanca” <7 Fla rrotenbol . Fon Annee gpaee Yoo je rleg = j2eTT & 377-2 Note; EF ond # paspayetetee bo He sone dhnater ond are Grttagenel th emch atten and te +e Reseed ee sb propegeto. Suck Dots ore Gold * TRANSVERSE BLE cTROMAGNETSR. Tem) waves, Tle above Miseursien is aestricted & o cinght Compmeanr and con be dene pon ofGr comyret + aad ArecKons 3 parpogah- o [Cjaate Mia aware: pAspertics ane ton time-hormoni Pionifernn plorce Caves. eee Bare larg wD Dare NEreR arr Meeroop @ ten onl hme- Hermit sad. ~ Me phase velocity and lntainsic dmpedsoe one depenslent on motertes oe dapen sd co Ume-hormmic fear 9 ess. youva Re PESTS Peat op b AE RU Paw-ex + Faopes ation 4, plane waves ve Materials : Asi usenbane Sean Os He juices She Spe chao ky Fle maferisd jn oshict Fle PASPSAaTe: a velocity Ballas ane eee ond talasn sic impedance on atensed chapendert Based en Hea paspagaton prsperabes wares cre con chowe tHe ippre prteka br|esrencies type % Ware, powcr and ofr psrometers needed tor Aesin. €.9 eShen we pass werder a bridge or a tumndl nn metiie does not Keceive Stonats: Basen anasto in defer ty VAY Ahherert thon pozpeg Fm in fAwe space- aqnotte, Same ple the on Js better of miglt Hon Ha doy, Ati tis ss due ty ef4bect 2 mofertes OR enviroment on Ha Prspsga non A woarers, Cesef: Plone waves in (Lacey) diclecTuics + A lessy sluelectwic is a materi! @ Sivol cenduct dees Gliteie te seme enferta Sse i Miglin to pelrrizaten 4 charges . cP ew Diswusions a bossy Achectvc ts characterized by Ts Peranthyr and Pees ey eontichw . * Dn adUhon to (Dus lace aint urns ts thera re ete conduct cunret. For Sourcr- Wie condi BM we Aad Fy Wes Gee ENESa Ee yay ut wipe se youva Dae Corn pare tlin Sth bLeesler cose Cese) STE = jn Cyse)E ——_) Bott tle ed's ond Gi) hae same team 4 te team Ceriuwe) is aepfaced odtt Huse Js 2 Sx (use SS Gs Ges SHise 2 Cu je Jor at = (jee we] née" 2m y@ 14) Rgrn ister’ complex peri th iy". She Srna nos park js associated odth te losses. The rast ond ce pants sre mewenste. beer oho The Sofia 4 imaginsry ond Axes! panb 4 Corp lene pewithn ys called te Noss tonges” end is a csmmem menawnre of how bssy & msfertiss is ton@ es Fee Ldimension ss use é! _&) Stes ee ee or ee eS befurcen Induced ser and Usp lacement coment, 1 Mea lew conde br Permihbyh io Anet lear) oa eonduch ish > imoginem Port io clown and est part can be neglected, uuwress Page i. vyouva Fo chtain solo$en te wave 29) tm Lossy madi, we ws!) use He earner ottaired SsrBors for jaessless medio. The Wave eg por tessy Ueleciric o VE = jun Gwe DEE y Jape Gee Q-322 JE =e on, esti Bing this Us He orm 27 Helmbelty <4) Sie = ay leet tases eae PORES he ae Cormfanre thie worl SennGe-jroe o—? eel aureate Ay Y= Jw Jue re Woes —=&) Ni we , BAS ae enw —— _) ” =i {js catled as the ™ parpage too ans io yoo JS a Complex Dumber. WR Gan afd, conte brs e497 (Ge) V2 Jk, Se Gs) By whee Ko = oo JHE io = e fi-tZ4 @) wo (a) So tle quest Sst Koo in a lossy Mee dnic SAE Ya BiG ee aes eee ea = Assoing oot oul geiny Ore Gleroud din? a 2 4@) > Es Wey —G@) Sa Kap my S33 seo contort 5 complex, at can anche ip op Yo K+ie —— ©) Mee MS FO aN Fle Byenen ed ol te Bre dancin + f E Cx) = Pesan @st-pz). [Yn] —S) Safad This js tle sane jonun co Jon Lessiess cas except Per K ts Acploted by B and a mw plies He ampUrwde . FASE “Tis Sa were Cos &) paspsgeh-~s +2 dup ert phere veloc vp BD ase Rex pone Batty docey jry aap Uae Prong prado rwuress vyouva This decay ear he quite nopll sod dapendé open 66> 5 620 PF einige) SN, nw deo to XX cones attenwetion, U is called as rl “ATTENUATION CONSTANT”. Plus 13 nnemanrsel vo nepers (meter [ Nel. — The Neper js a Bimensioniess constant ad Aes wes rhe jAaachen 4A attennweben He Ware exnohariaaies im 3m. = Nel Accuses re anplrde teC/e) uo Im Vsrene, 7. tn dO sesto: i cae ome ea ee Eee The imaginary part BP, agpech aml) Ha pha a fle wore and fh coiled Me "PHASE ConsTANT” For loscless mrsternssis phase comtet b come OA Wane Number. To Do: Cod Kernewonk) sing 29S AD =nd @) shes ther O sos | we = NP ae 2 Be aah [cee] } [44] sc => both Vp aud hi ono bsmstleniste> Lost-y dielectrics ore depend Ce ee ee Fase’ Verity ih G3) ond Be) Aedice to on eas G3) ond (40) per bossiers cost Pre mreqne® Aiea) intensify Cos deme caniion) cen we wrists os 7a > le a ES |) ae aw FS 2 Soe Phe intsosic innpresdence enn be wher jane) bee ead == 63) aS) ie Jagd —— a 65 a= C duet (orise) youva SK ed (ioc) n= — (ea) 5) = + 9 © J Fhe intasnsic impedance Calse emsled as ra Bane eripleatienses) is a comeplen awrber. . | SEB ond Fh one of 4 time phase Concert pits ) op) Chey are out = Phose in Space fon ate matenists Cire. for plane waves they ane Ler te each often). Genre epson /abuon: Prose velociky to bossy pielerctase fs lew than tet bs perpect Hicleetaic Cr PZ). aS Speed of pArpageton 4 Em vares 'S bower te bossy Ai deetc Carer le en) eg: Prose velocity Co sen ersten BW lower Hon tear ue Mishied water dre te Lighanr o- Tle jnfesnsic Jenpedd ance is Lesty deaDe Fes | bo complex a> Phare Uber befrocen Bae Cetis ts Similan te plore diverse bePoren vert tn > creck rh aAcactyv*e compere +) . = The mMagnitide of intrinsic tmpeclane & lower on con durchrve media. pe een (Saale Bom Fi ound tte tal ation ardien % Ses PAP PED AF boss os. Atterwaten to empaner tok » Mrwress ‘Youva Date | cee Bs plone Wave tn (Lew lou) Diclecin Lew-less mefetiaw = c ia use Con fences mony Part 4 complex peri ttuiry 2 Sma as compared ko rest past); This also depends om Jresrency fj He were. ID A mefentss may be loo-lots af Some traqpeny ond bossless at otter frequencies, C9. Conduckuity 4 Senwster & 45fe 9 ip pemi thirty & Bo Car two tragrencias) wat pany — Sse = 9-899 At (eo Gu She = e007 ang <<} AE 1 MHY sfc = 399 727) EN pasebee, € co al8o o finch 24 4raguency Hows, changing He nenge ih ethich a matenis may be consi dered bowd- bot. Tle properpes 4 He Wave prspagstrg co a tow lass msterte) Aemoin came os discussed tor boss} Hielerctnics, bet ano Simpltesi. uowress Page ne. ‘Youva Pore He core Q ¥ VES eu ene ee sre 2: aloe me) CO 4en’ Lae tet eee) Some arbi theses considensbn : Aetets onl, Ainsr three terms in +e enponsim: — eee ef aa) Gln — ©) 2JVeE oshere Un Ae-leit infriose impeclarte, C Same € end 4 bet size) Predoos Jee {= ais a [ast\—G For very low Joss casa He Second tam uo @ yee pea enter faa ee eye neglesred D> Pe welee Cen) EG athieh % same as Hef for lsi-Jess cone, Vp est! 2 Y ae facto. inlet = a £ Ge amet fe € =e mrwreses Pepe ne. youva ate Sienidanty — tntriosic impecklane Hulse oaks Be 1 Cert we 1e-ie5. oe AB Seen tle Aeachre pant in quite Smoth Re since Sfac <<\+ 2 Fon mary pracBcs! appG esis, one can use tHe intrinsic {mpeclane of Laslews cose. Case-M: Paepagete o4 plone Cane to Conductors: Foon bs abd Conduck~9 raters) shoe 27 =) imougs in any part 4 Cermplen parmithsry eo ner Peg Uple compared te Rest part, D Conduchion current dewinst: 2 ce jefe [oie Cregie 1 soe we De[ase ie longze) —— (s+TFs iat ae 75 youva * ot = | Use ee = JW he a Gs) p= jouer . [ieee [rea | a&) eee x Goma 1 EI DO ond B sre Same to Magirde and arc Very Lense D Wave is attenveled rnaopidhy . ae jeep Dts propagating ert can pe Wainer as =32}5, | FAG ye) 65) . Ushere Siwupery esi fa Seen V agate N Fas ey —=——(}¢ S ts Knee of Ha Skin depth” on depth encFasBowo" oy tle Save. SKIN depth : {uae The distence In whiah tHe amplitude % He plane Care is attenuated te Ye) 4 oF oniginat amp tnrde. Skinedepth in conductors in smo. phase velootty + Ve = ae = [203 Lote) aes ss hh youva ae ouesaceh sent te ee conductors: =. lat SPOR art A> 20 Pp CG Lntainsic trpeclene in carduretenrs Qe Ste 2 Sut - x Cit3) Jeste/e = Cri) jose CB kins) = [Se Seta) ee (43) is 2=(14+3) 5 3 oe ae The phore angle = intainsic impedena & 45° For, good Concducteans rege C pied durensity Ter gap bebind He electric tied intensit, by 49°

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