Download the full version and explore a variety of ebooks

or text books at https://ebookball.com

Basics of Abdominal Gynaecological Obstetrics and

Small Parts Ultrasound 1st edition by Rajendra
Diwakar ISBN 981104872X 978-9811048722

_____ Follow the link below to get your download now _____

https://ebookball.com/product/basics-of-abdominal-
gynaecological-obstetrics-and-small-parts-ultrasound-1st-
edition-by-rajendra-diwakar-
isbn-981104872x-978-9811048722-6226/

Access ebookball.com now to download high-quality

ebooks or textbooks
Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at ebookball.com

Pocket Anatomy and Protocols for Abdominal Ultrasound 1st

edition by Steven Penny ISBN 197511941X 978-1975119416

https://ebookball.com/product/pocket-anatomy-and-protocols-for-
abdominal-ultrasound-1st-edition-by-steven-penny-
isbn-197511941x-978-1975119416-6276/

Pocket Anatomy and Protocols for Abdominal Ultrasound 1st

Edition by Steven M Penny ISBN 197511941X 9781975119416

https://ebookball.com/product/pocket-anatomy-and-protocols-for-
abdominal-ultrasound-1st-edition-by-steven-m-penny-
isbn-197511941x-9781975119416-3078/

Basics of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound 2nd edition by James

Daniels, William Dexter ISBN 3030739058 978-3030739058

https://ebookball.com/product/basics-of-musculoskeletal-
ultrasound-2nd-edition-by-james-daniels-william-dexter-
isbn-3030739058-978-3030739058-6252/

Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and

Gynecology 4th edition by Asim Kurijak, Frank A Chervenak
ISBN 9386056879 978-9386056870
https://ebookball.com/product/donald-school-textbook-of-ultrasound-in-
obstetrics-and-gynecology-4th-edition-by-asim-kurijak-frank-a-
chervenak-isbn-9386056879-978-9386056870-6204/
Examination Review for Ultrasound Abdomen and Obstetrics
and Gynecology 2nd edition by Steven Penny ISBN 149637729X
978-1496377296
https://ebookball.com/product/examination-review-for-ultrasound-
abdomen-and-obstetrics-and-gynecology-2nd-edition-by-steven-penny-
isbn-149637729x-978-1496377296-6184/

CRC Handbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volume II 1st Edition by Asim Kurjak 1138558494
9781138558496
https://ebookball.com/product/crc-handbook-of-ultrasound-in-
obstetrics-and-gynecology-volume-ii-1st-edition-by-asim-
kurjak-1138558494-9781138558496-8716/

(EBook PDF) CRC Handbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and

Gynecology 1st edition by Asim Kurjak 1351366165
9781351366168 full chapters
https://ebookball.com/product/ebook-pdf-crc-handbook-of-ultrasound-in-
obstetrics-and-gynecology-1st-edition-by-asim-
kurjak-1351366165-9781351366168-full-chapters-22268/

Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and

Gynecology 4th Edition by Asim Kurjak, Frank Chervenak
9386056879 9789386056870
https://ebookball.com/product/donald-school-textbook-of-ultrasound-in-
obstetrics-and-gynecology-4th-edition-by-asim-kurjak-frank-
chervenak-9386056879-9789386056870-8708/

(Ebook PDF) Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in

Obstetrics and Gynecology 4th edition by PhD Kurjak, Asim,
Chervenak, Frank 9386056870 978-9386056870 full chapters
https://ebookball.com/product/ebook-pdf-donald-school-textbook-of-
ultrasound-in-obstetrics-and-gynecology-4th-edition-by-phd-kurjak-
asim-chervenak-frank-9386056870-978-9386056870-full-chapters-22256/
Basics of Abdominal,
Gynaecological,
Obstetrics and Small
Parts Ultrasound

Rajendra K. Diwakar
Editor

123
Basics of Abdominal, Gynaecological,
Obstetrics and Small Parts Ultrasound
Rajendra K. Diwakar
Editor

Basics of Abdominal,
Gynaecological,
Obstetrics and Small
Parts Ultrasound
Editor
Rajendra K. Diwakar
Department of Radio-diagnosis
C.C.M. Medical College & Hospital
Durg
India

This book was advertised with a copyright holder “The Editor(s)/The Author(s)” in
error, whereas the publisher holds the copyright.
ISBN 978-981-10-4872-2    ISBN 978-981-10-4873-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4873-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017961727

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte. Ltd. 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
This book is dedicated to
my late father Mr. K. C. Diwakar
and
my late mother Smt. K. B. Diwakar
Preface

This is yet another attempt by me in writing a book. More than three decades
of experience in the field of ultrasound practice prompted me to venture for
this book. I thought that it would be most appropriate to bring out a short
book for the newcomer radiologists, residents in radiodiagnosis, obstetricians
and gynaecologists engaged in practising sonography, who are keen to have
knowledge or who intend to improve their diagnostic capabilities for better
management of patients. This book, I hope, will be able to provide answers to
so many frequently asked questions. Those who are engaged in basic ultra-
sound can use this concise book to improve their skill and as a ready refer-
ence in case of any doubt or when a difficult situation is faced at the time of
conducting the ultrasound examination. This book cannot replace textbooks.
Nonetheless, if only a few feel that they have benefitted by reading this book,
the purpose of bringing out this book will be fulfilled.

Durg, India Rajendra K. Diwakar

vii
Acknowledgements

To my granddaughter Reya, my son-in-law Peiyush and my daughter Prachi

who inspired me to begin writing a book which has seen the light of the day.
To my wife Kirti whose constant encouragement was the sole driving
force for me to bring out this book as early as possible.
To my son Rakesh who acquainted me with the use of a laptop.
To Dr. Shiv Chandrakar, chairman, and Dr. Mrs. Sunita Chandrakar, direc-
tor, C.C.M. Medical College, Durg, for their support.
To Dr. M. K. Dwivedi for his valuable guidance to complete the book.
To all my friends, my well-wishers and my patients for everything they
have contributed in bringing out this book.
Last but not the least, to Springer for encouraging me by accepting the
book for publication.

ix
Contents

1 Introduction and Physics of Ultrasound��������������������������������������    1

R.K. Diwakar
2 Abdominal Ultrasound������������������������������������������������������������������   13
M.K. Dwivedi
3 Gynaecologic Ultrasound��������������������������������������������������������������   57
R.K. Diwakar
4 Obstetric Ultrasound ��������������������������������������������������������������������   77
R.K. Diwakar
5 Colour Doppler Sonography in Obstetrics���������������������������������� 121
M.K. Dwivedi
6 Chromosomal Abnormalities�������������������������������������������������������� 127
M.K. Dwivedi
7 Ultrasound of Small Parts and Superficial Organs�������������������� 133
R.K. Diwakar
8 Neonatal Cranial Ultrasound�������������������������������������������������������� 147
R.K. Diwakar
9 Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy, Aspiration and Fine
Needle Aspiration Cytology���������������������������������������������������������� 153
M.K. Dwivedi
Appendix A �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 155
Appendix B �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 157

xi
About the Editor

Dr. Rajendra Kumar Diwakar

MBBS, MD (Radiology), 1976

Working Experience:
1. Senior Specialist, Dept. of Radiodiagnosis, JLN Hospital & Research
Centre, Bhilai Steel Plant, Steel Authority of India Ltd., Bhilai, Durg
(CG), India, from 1977 to 1992
2. Visiting Consultant, Radiodiagnosis, C.C.M. Hospital, Nehru Nagar,
Bhilai, Durg (CG), India, 2000–2010
3. Present Assignment: Assistant Professor, Dept. of Radiodiagnosis,
C.C.M. Medical & Hospital, Kachandur, Durg (CG), India, 2013 till today

Rajendra K. Diwakar is the recipient of the prestigious Dr. Ashok

Mukherjee Memorial Oration Award in 1988 in the Annual Congress of the
Indian Radiological and Imaging Association, India. He was honoured with
the Dr. D. C. Sen Gold Medal in 1987. He has published many scientific
papers in various national and international journals.
He has worked as senior radiologist for 12 years in JLN Hospital &
Research Centre, Bhilai Steel Plant, Sail, Bhilai, in the Department of
Radiodiagnosis. At present, he is a faculty member and assistant professor in
the Department of Radiodiagnosis in Chandulal Chandrakar Memorial
Medical College & Hospital, Durg (CG), India.

xiii
About the Contributor

Dr. M. K. Dwivedi
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Radiodiagnosis
CM Medical College & Hospital, Kachandur, Durg (CG), India-490024
MD (Radiology), 1988, Govt. Medical College, Jabalpur, Rani Durgavati
University, Jabalpur (M.P.), India

Major Scientific Papers Published

1. Management of severe hemoptysis due to pulmonary tuberculosis by
bronchial artery embolisation. IJRI, 1999; vol 9 (4).165–168
2. CT findings of descending necrotising mediastinitis. IJRI, 2001; vol
11(3):131–134
3. Efficacy of partial splenic artery embolisation in the management of
hypersplenism. IJRI, 2002; vol 12 (3). 371–374
4. Efficacy of fallopian tubal catheterization in treatment of infertility. IJRI,
2005; vol 1(4). 521–523

Working Experience:
Director and Head of the Department of Radiodiagnosis, JLN Hospital &
Research Centre, Bhilai Steel Plant, Steel Authority of India Ltd., Bhilai,
Durg (CG), India.490020 [1989-2016]

xv
 Introduction and Physics
of Ultrasound 1
R.K. Diwakar

Abstract
The detection and display of acoustic energy reflected from interfaces
within the body form the basis of all ultrasound applications. Knowledge
of ultrasound physics, range of frequency of transducer and propagation of
sound waves in human tissue are essential to choose the proper ultrasound
probe of suitable frequency to perform high-quality two-dimensional
greyscale and flow parameters. The images that are free from artefacts
avoid pitfalls and error in diagnosis, thus increasing the examination skills
and diagnostic capabilities and maximum gain from the state-of-the-art
ultrasound technology.
The sound energy used in diagnostic ultrasonography is free from any
biological hazards. However, because of the thermal effect and the risk of
cavitation, it is recommended that the proper frequency of ultrasound
transducer should be used keeping the examination time as minimal as
possible without affecting the quality of the examination. The American
Society in Ultrasound Medicine recommendations are adhered to.

Medical ultrasound or diagnostic ultrasound or Medical ultrasound uses the principle of prop-
sonography is synonym. It is also called greyscale agation and reflection of sound waves. We have
imaging, 2D imaging or B-mode imaging. The noticed that in a hall or a well or in front of a
high-frequency sound waves, in the range of mountain, if the sound is produced, we hear the
2–20 MHz, are used as a source of energy. They are same sound after sometime as it comes back to us
sent inside the human body, and the returning sig- after striking the object. This is called echo
nals are received to produce an image on the moni- (Fig. 1.1). This principle is used in sonar to locate
tor or screen of ultrasound equipment. Interpretation the submarine or a sunken ship in the bottom of
of the image is used in making a diagnosis. the sea or to find out the depth of the sea.
The propagation velocity of sound wave in com-
R.K. Diwakar mon body tissue [1] is shown in the graph (Fig. 1.2).
Department of Radio-Diagnosis, C.C.M. Medical The high-frequency sound waves which are
College & Hospital, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
inaudible to human ears are sent inside the body,
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte. Ltd. 2018 1

R.K. Diwakar (ed.), Basics of Abdominal, Gynaecological, Obstetrics and Small Parts Ultrasound,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4873-9_1
2 R.K. Diwakar

Fig. 1.1 Reflection of

Mountain Peak
sound wave producing
echo

Echo

Sound Waves

Fig. 1.2 Propagation Propagation velocity of Common

velocity of sound wave Tissues
in different body tissue 4500 4080
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000 1570 1540
1480 1450
1500
1000
330
500
0
Air Water Fat Blood Soft tissue Bone

and returning sound waves received are sent to advancement in the computers in the past made it
the computer for analysis to produce an image on possible today to have as small as portable or lap-
the monitor of the ultrasound equipment. Sound top ultrasound machine with good resolution and
below 2 MHz and above 20 MHz cannot be heard software for calculation of different parameters.
by the human ears. The ultrasound machine uses As sound passes through the tissue, it loses
the sound waves in the range of 2–20 MHz. With energy through the transfer of energy to the body
higher frequency of sound waves, the penetration tissue. The sound wave propagates by reflection,
or depth is reduced. In other words higher-­ refraction or scattering in the body tissue having
frequency probe is required for thinner patient or different physical properties (acoustic interfaces)
paediatric patients and for sonography of small (Fig. 1.3).
parts or superficial organs such as thyroid, breast, As the acoustic energy moves through a uni-
testes and parotid gland and for colour Doppler form medium, the energy is transferred to the
study of vascular system. The lower-frequency transmitting medium as heat. Attenuation is the
probe is needed for thick or obese patient (for result of the combined effects of absorption, scat-
focus at a depth of 10 cm or more). tering and reflections and is measured in decibel.
In the beginning the ultrasound machine used Attenuation value for normal tissues is shown in
to be big in size. The technical developments and the graph (Fig. 1.4).
1 Introduction and Physics of Ultrasound 3

Fig. 1.3 Transmission

of sound wave

Propagation Scattering Reflection

Fig. 1.4 Attenuation of Attenuation of Common Tissues

sound wave in different 14.00
body tissue 12.00
12.00

10.00
dB/cm/MHz

8.00

6.00 5.00

4.00

2.00 1.30
0.63 0.70
0.00 0.18
0.00
Water Blood Fat Soft Muscle Bone Air
Tissue

1.1 Ultrasound Equipment that almost all of the incident energy is reflected.
The area posterior to such structures is seen black/
The ultrasound equipment has a probe or trans- echo-free; this is called posterior shadowing. The
ducer to produce high-frequency acoustic instrument has a transmitter and receiver of sound
energy. After travelling inside the body, they are waves, i.e. the transducer. Ultrasound signals may
reflected from different interfaces of tissues be displayed in several ways [2] on the monitor in
within the body to generate high-resolution, different modes as shown below.
two-­dimensional greyscale images as well as
flow parameters (in duplex system or colour 1. A-mode (amplitude mode) in the form of
Doppler equipment) which are displayed on the oscilloscope. It was used in the earliest
monitor of the equipment. Familiarity with these A-mode devices. However, it is still used in
images and their interpretation enables one to A-mode ultrasound of the eye (Fig. 1.5).
make a diagnosis. 2. Real-time greyscale or B-mode display (bright-
The propagation velocity of sound in human ness mode) provides two-dimensional (2D)
body is assumed to be 1540 m/s. The sound waves image in the ultrasound of abdomen, pelvis and
travel through different interfaces of the body tis- obstetric-gynaecologic applications (Fig. 1.6).
sue. The sound waves are reflected, refracted and 3. M-mode (motion mode) ultrasound displays
scattered, or there is impedance. The acoustic echo amplitude and shows the position of
impedance is produced by high density of the moving reflectors. It is used for echocardiog-
structure like bone, calculus or calcification so raphy and vascular study (Fig. 1.7).
4 R.K. Diwakar

The image is stored on video. It can be printed

on the film by laser or optical camera. The image
can be recorded on thermal paper also. The qual-
ity of image depends on proper adjustment of
brightness and contrast, lack of which results in
unsatisfactory hard copy.
The ultrasound machines can broadly be clas-
sified into three types:

1. Black and white ultrasound machine for

greyscale imaging having a convex or linear
transducer
2. Colour ultrasound machine with convex,
Fig. 1.5 A-mode display for eye ultrasound micro-convex or linear probe
3. Ultrasound equipments with 3D and 4D facil-
Anterior
ity (Fig. 1.8)

The colour USG machines have facility for

black and white ultrasound and also the colour
imaging and flow studies.
The USG machine may have a single trans-
ducer (Fig. 1.9) or multiple transducers
(Fig. 1.10). Certain models of ultrasound equip-
ment may have multi-frequency probe, i.e. com-
Right Left bination of 3, 3.5 and 5 MHz probe. Transvaginal
Podterior probe may be in the range of 6–12 MHz
Fig. 1.6 B-mode/2D image in ultrasound (Fig. 1.11).

Fig. 1.7 M-mode

recording for foetal heart
calculation
1 Introduction and Physics of Ultrasound 5

Fig. 1.8 Laptop colour USG with 3D image of foetal face

Fig. 1.10 Ultrasound equipment with multiple probes

Fig. 1.9 Portable USG unit with single probe

3-5 MHz Convex Probe

Intracavitary Probe
7-10 MHz Linear Probe
2.5 MHz Microconvex Probe

Transvaginal Probe

Fig. 1.11 Different

shape and frequency of
ultrasound probes with
transvaginal probe
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Fig. 769.—Melrose Abbey. Niche, in Nave Pinnacle, with Figure of St. Andrew.

elements of the building. No church in Scotland retains such a striking

example of that important feature of Gothic architecture.

Fig. 770.—Melrose Abbey. Caps of Piers in Nave.

The eastern piers of the crossing have been demolished, probably in some
of the attempts to blow up the building in Henry VIII.’s time. Their
destruction has entailed that of the central tower, of which only the western
wall remains (see Fig. 766). The transepts have suffered by the fall of the
tower, the vaulting of the north transept being demolished, except in one
chapel, while that of the south transept is reduced to the south bays of the
central nave and the adjoining chapel (Fig. 771). Fortunately the south wall
of the transept, with its splendid decorated window, is still in good
preservation (Fig. 772). From the south transept access is obtained to the
roof of the aisle of the nave and the upper parts of the structure by a turnpike
stair, which also forms the only mode of approach to the tower (Fig. 773).
 The choir (Fig. 774), so far as the east end is concerned, is well
preserved, the buttresses and gable, the celebrated eastern window, and the
remarkable vaulting (Fig. 775) of the presbytery being all in good order. The
remainder of the choir, however, has been greatly wrecked by the fall of the
central tower; but many of the windows of the choir and transept,
Fig. 771.—Melrose Abbey. South Transept.
with their perpendicular tracery, have escaped destruction and afford the best
example in Scotland of that form of design (Fig. 776).
Fig. 772.—Melrose Abbey. South Transept: Exterior.
 Having described the present condition of the edifice, we shall now
consider the different parts in the order of their age, so far as ascertainable.
 Fig. 773.—Melrose Abbey. South-West Angle of South Transept.

There seems to be no part now traceable of the church erected in the

twelfth century, except perhaps one or two tombstones. It has been
 Fig. 774.—Melrose Abbey. East End of Choir.

pointed out above that the arrangements of that original church and cloister
probably influenced the position of the north wall of the nave, and thus
caused the narrowness of the north aisle. It seems not improbable that some
of the original north wall may be preserved as the core of the present wall,
having been faced up with newer work on each side.
 Fig. 775.—Melrose Abbey. Interior of Choir.

But, speaking generally, the building, as it now stands, is all of a date

subsequent to Bruce’s time, and much of it is later than the destruction which
occurred under Richard II. in 1385. The nave, from the crossing to the rood
loft, and part of the transepts are, undoubtedly, the oldest
 Fig. 776.—Melrose Abbey. South-East Angle of Transept and Choir.

portions of the existing edifice. The work in these is, for the most part, of the
Scottish decorated period. The nave piers, with their beautifully-carved caps,
and the mouldings of the arches are distinctly decorated work; and the flying
buttresses and pinnacles on the south side of the nave are, without doubt, of
the same period (see Figs. 766 and 773). So also is the south wall of the
transept, with its magnificent window and tracery and its buttresses, enriched
with fine canopies and quaint figures carved as corbels (see Fig. 772).
All these features bear a close
affinity to the decorated work of the
nave of York Minster, erected about
1400. The flying buttresses, with
pinnacles enriched with crockets and
foliaged finials (see Fig. 766); the
niches (Fig. 777), with their
elaborate canopies and corbels
composed of figures of monks and
angels (see Figs. 769 and 778); the
statues which formerly filled the
niches, of which very few now
remain; the decorated tracery of the
south transept window (see Fig.
772); and the whole character of the
work, both in its general scope and
in its details, is of fine decorated
design, and vividly recalls that of
York, Beverley, and other English
examples. It is not improbable that
some parts of the nave and transept
were erected during the period
between the death of King Robert
Bruce and the invasion of Richard II.
It should be mentioned that Bruce’s
bequest was not all received till
1399, and the operations also,
probably, proceeded slowly. The
doorway in the south wall of the
south transept (Fig. 779) is
apparently an insertion in older Fig. 777.—Melrose Abbey.
work. It is of a later style than the Niche.
window above; and the irregular
setting of the masonry on each side indicates that there has been some
patching and restoration in this part of the building. Fig. 780 shows the jamb
mouldings of this doorway. A passage or gallery passed along the interior at
the base of the large south window. It had a parapet of pierced work, now
destroyed, supported on a carved cornice (Fig. 781), having angels playing
on instruments introduced at intervals.
It is sometimes said that the north wall of the transept (Fig. 782) is of
earlier date than the rest; and, at first sight, the three simple lights and the
semicircular doors might give ground for that view. But, on closer
inspection, it is seen that the windows correspond with those of the
clerestory of the nave, and the round arches are simply one of the
peculiarities of Scottish Gothic in which that form is preserved, especially in
doorways, throughout all the periods of the style. The long lying panel about
the middle of the north wall further indicates a late date.
 Fig. 778.—Melrose Abbey. Pinnacle on South Side of Nave, with Statue of Virgin.

It seems to have contained a row of statues, as fourteen pedestals or

corbels still occupy its base. The small circular window in the gable, filled
with simple tracery (similar to a window at Dryburgh), is also a late feature.

Fig. 779.—Melrose Abbey. Doorway in South Transept.

 The south chapels of the nave have apparently been added during the
repairs of the earlier part of the fifteenth century. The forms of the flying
buttresses (see Fig. 766), which extend beyond the outer wall of the chapels
so as to comprise them, show that the restoration of this part of the nave is
all part of one design; and the arms of Abbot Hunter (Fig. 783), which occur
on the niche-corbel of the east buttress, indicate that these buttresses were
probably executed towards the middle of the fifteenth century. The tracery in
the windows of the south chapels would tend to confirm the belief that they
belong to the decorated period, but for the fact that this feature cannot be
fully relied on in Scotland as an index of date, tracery similar to this being
sometimes used at a later time.

Fig. 780.—Melrose Abbey. Door Jamb in South Transept.

 Fig. 781.—Melrose Abbey. Cornice under Gallery, inside South Window of Transept.

There is a distinct change in the design of the transepts from that of the
nave, as if the former had been added to the latter at a later period.
 Fig. 782.—Melrose Abbey. North Transept.

This is observable in the west wall of the north transept (see Fig. 782),
but still more so in the west wall of the south transept (Fig. 784). The
window nearest the nave is of a different design from that of the one further
off. The former (Fig. 785) may be older, and the latter (which is the same as
the other windows of the choir and transept) was, probably, built at the same
time as the latter. The stair turret is, doubtless, also of this date. It may be
remarked, in connection with this point, that the bases of the two piers of the
south aisle of the nave, next the crossing (see Fig. 784), differ from those of
the remainder of the nave aisle (Fig. 786), as well as from the bases of the
east piers of the transept (Fig. 787). These bases also differ from those of the
nave piers (Fig. 788). The same Fig. also shows the exterior base of the
choir. The pier at the angle of the south aisle with the transept has no wall-
shaft to carry the vaulting, which springs from a corbel (see Fig. 784). The
vaulting at this angle is also peculiar, and does not fit well with the aisle
vaults further west, but has a straight piece of wall built in perpendicularly
for the cross rib to stop upon (see Fig. 784). These points appear to indicate
that the piers next the crossing are older than the remainder. The vaulting
shafts of the main nave piers are somewhat unusual in design (Fig. 789),
having in their lower part the appearance of a double shaft, although above
the corbel, near the level of the capitals, they assume the form of a triple
vaulting shaft of the usual design. The same arrangement has been copied in
the transept (Fig. 790), where the piers seem to have been carried up from
old bases, as the double vaulting shaft has no proper base, but simply buts
against the round form of the ancient base (see Fig. 787), and in some cases
fits on to it awkwardly.
Turning now to the choir, we find
that the east wall and the other eastern
parts of the structure are more recent
than the nave. Probably this portion of
the church (see Fig. 774) had been
more damaged by Richard II. than the
nave, and required to be almost wholly
rebuilt. The style here corresponds
closely with the “perpendicular” of
England which prevailed in the
fifteenth century. Most of the
 clerestory windows of the choir and
presbytery are markedly in this style.
The great eastern window (see Fig.
774) is exceptional and unique, but it
has more of the character of
perpendicular than any other style.
The design of the buttresses is slightly
different from that of the south wall of
the transept (compare Figs. 772 and
774), but the niches and canopies are
very similar. The upper part of the
gable consists of a series of niches

Fig. 783.—Melrose Abbey.

Abbot Hunter’s Arms.
 Fig. 784.—Melrose Abbey. West Side of South Transept.

over the window arch, which diminish as they ascend towards the apex; and
the gable coping, crowned with a pierced parapet, filled in with quatrefoils,
corresponds generally in both cases. The design of the choir appears to have
been borrowed from that of the transept, but is of a lighter character; or
possibly the latter may have been damaged in 1385, and the upper part of
both gables may have been designed by the artist who had charge of the
restoration in the fifteenth century. It will be observed that flying buttresses
are continued round this part of the structure as well as the nave.
 Fig. 785.—Melrose Abbey. Clerestory Window in West Wall of South Transept.

As above stated, the upper portion of the choir walls has been
reconstructed at a date in the fifteenth century later than the nave. The
windows

Fig. 786.—Melrose Abbey. Fig. 787.—Melrose Abbey.

Base of Pier, South Aisle of Nave. Base of East Piers of Transept.
 Fig. 788.—Melrose Abbey. Fig. 789.—Melrose Abbey.
Bases of Nave Piers Vaulting Shafts of Main Nave Piers.
and Base of Exterior of Choir.

here and in the clerestory of the east wall of the transept are quite
perpendicular in character, and are apparently of the same date as the
presbytery. The clerestory windows of the choir and transept (see Figs. 775
and 771) have on the exterior arches distinct from those of the windows on
the inside of the wall, which are likewise of late character. A change in the
form of the caps of the piers is observable in the transept (see Fig. 790),
which points to their being late; while some of the windows in the lower
parts of the walls of the choir and transept contain curvilinear tracery, thus
indicating an earlier date for the lower part than the clerestory. There seems
to have been a good deal of restoration and patching in this part of the
structure.
 Fig. 790.—Melrose Abbey. Cap of Pier and Vaulting Shaft in North Transept.

The design of the west wall of the north transept (see Fig. 782) is
different from that of the other parts of the building. Owing to the position of
the cloister and to there being no aisle on this side, the place of the main
piers and arches is occupied by a blank wall. The clerestory windows,
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookball.com