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AUTHOR: MOHAMED MOHAMUD SAGAL EMAIL: [email protected]

 Bogaan kas baa looga tagay

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 Contact: WhatsApp +254722318214

Email : [email protected]

Telegram channe:l somali community college

Youtube channel : Somali Community College

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MAHADNAQ
Waxaan awalan ama ugu horeyn u mahad celinayaa ALLE SW kor
ahaaye ina siiyey nimcooyin badan oona lasoo koobi Karin.kuwaasoo
ay ka mid tahay maskaxda oo ah halka memory ama halka ay ku jirto
waxa la xasuusto maskaxdasoo waligeed kaa buux sameenin waxaad
doontid inta dooni hala ekaadee ad ku kaydsan karto fadliga ilaahay
iyo awoodiisa.
Bal kawaran hadii la dhihi laha maskaxda way buux santaa ee waxaaga
ugu muhiimsan ku kaydso lakin rabigeen kor ahaaye sas inama oron
ee waxaa nala siiyey maskax aan buux sameenin waxaad doonto oo
wanga ahna ku kadsan karto oo uu ugu horeeyo inaad quraan ka ku
xifdiso,salada ku xifdiso waxaad doontid ee ku an facaayana aad ku
kaysato sida barashada luuqada English ka waxaan rabi
waydiisaneynaa inuu inoo ilaaliyo maskaxda iyo maankeena inaguna
hanuuniyo jidka khayr ka iyo janada ilaahay ina geenaayo . sidoo kale
rabi waxaan oga mahad celinayaa inuu sahlay iina fududeeyey in aan
buugaan isku habeeyo sabatoo ah wax xaga ilaahay ka qorneen ma
qabsoomayan.
SHUKRAN YAA RABII SHUKRAN.

AFEEF
Wax qaldida waa sifada bini aadam ka oo rabi unbaa wax qaldin sas
darteed hadey dhacdo in erey qalad ah aad buugaan ku dhax aragto in
meelaha laigala soo xariiri karo ee buugaan ku qoran laigala soo socod
siiyo si an dib ugu saxano gaar ahaan meelaha aan afsomaliga ku
turjumay hadey dhacdo in erey saa u taqaanay ma ahane aan si kale u
turjumay waxaa laga yabaa in ay tahay kala duwaanasha lahjada lakin
aan isla eegnee isoo gaarsii hadey dhacdo inaad la kulanto qaladkaas
oo kale, sidoo kale casharada qaar waan soo xigtay marka hada aragto
erey adan fahmin ama afsomaligiisa sikale kula noqday intaba igla soo
xariir telegram kan @mohamedsagal.ama WhatsApp +254722318214
si aan u wada saxno mahadsanid.

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TALO SIIN.
Barashada luuqada English ka waa sida luuqadaha kale loo barto oo
kale kamana adko kamana fududo micnaha hadada Arabic ama carabi
baratay tana waad baran kartaa.
Dad baa aamin san adoon joogin dhul looga hadlo luuqada English in
aadan baran Karin taasina waxba kama jiraan oo wax walba waxa ay
ku xiran tahay dad daalkaaga iyo waqtiga aad ku tacabto ama galiso
saas darteed marak luuqada englisha ka baraneyso waxaa laga rabaa
inaad laimaadid shuruudahaan
NIYAD makaa go on tahay inaad barato luuqadan mise waa xiiso
waxaaga iyo jecel oo kali ah.
WAQTI ma u haysaa wati yacni masiin kartaa waqti ugu yaraan hal
saac ama laba saac maalin kasta mudo sanad ah.

DADAAL IYO MACALIN ma gelin kartaa dadaal iyo isku dhibid marka
aad ku wareerto mise dhaqso wad ka niyad jabi oo marbo dhaxdaad
oga tagi mudo kadibna waad kusoo noqon, sidoo kale maheli kartaa
macalin qaladka kaa saxo.

Sadexda qodob hadaa sameyso waad baratay English ee hambalyo.,

SIDEE LOO AKHRISAN BOOK GA

Buuga waxa uu ka koowan yahay moowduucyo kala duwan intaskoo Meesha
rabtid aad ka bilaaban karto lakin ani waxaan kugula talin lahaa inaad
casharka koowaad ka bilaabato.

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Bogaan kas ba loo ga tagay

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Table Of Contents Tusmada Buuga

i Mahadnaq
ii Afeef
iii Talo Siin
iv Sidee Loo Akhriyaa Buugaan

Unit 1: Basics of English

- Lesson 1: The English Alphabet and Sounds
- Lesson 2: Basic Vocabulary (Numbers, Colors, Days, Months)
- Lesson 3: Simple Greetings and Introductions
- Lesson 4: Personal Pronouns and the Verb "To Be"
Unit 2: Building Blocks of English Grammar
- Lesson 1: Articles (a, an, the)
- Lesson 2: Plural Nouns and Regular Verbs
- Lesson 3: Present Simple Tense
- Lesson 4: Present Continuous Tense
- Lesson 5: Modal Verbs (Can, May, Must)
Unit 3: Everyday English
- Lesson 1: Telling Time and Date
- Lesson 2: Describing Weather and Seasons
- Lesson 3: Ordering Food and Drink
- Lesson 4: Shopping and Transactions
- Lesson 5: Asking Directions

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Unit 4: Conversational English
- Lesson 1: Making Small Talk
- Lesson 2: Making Appointments and Plans
- Lesson 3: Discussing Likes and Dislikes
- Lesson 4: Expressing Opinions and Feelings
Unit 5: Understanding and Using Complex Sentences
- Lesson 1: Past Simple Tense
- Lesson 2: Future Tense Forms
- Lesson 3: Conditional Sentences
- Lesson 4: Passive Voice
- Lesson 5: Reported Speech
Unit 6: Reading and Writing
- Lesson 2: Writing Emails and Letters
- Lesson 3: Writing Essays: Structure and Tips
Appendices
- English Phonemic Chart
- Irregular Verbs List
- Useful Expressions for Various Situations
- Grammar Reference
- Common Phrasal Verbs and Idioms
- Glossary of Terms

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Unit 1: Basics of English
Lesson 1: The English Alphabet and Sounds
The English Alphabet:
There are 26 individual letters in the English alphabet, with each letter
serving as a building block for word creation:

- Vowels: A, E, I, O, U. These letters can represent multiple sounds, which is

vital for pronunciation. For example, the letter 'A' can sound as in 'apple'
(short 'a') or 'acorn' (long 'a').
- Consonants: The remaining 21 letters from B to Z. Consonants often come
with a set sound that isn’t as varied as vowels but can change based on the
letters surrounding them.

Letter Names:
When we state the name of each letter, we use a standard pronunciation that
is recognized universally:
The English Alphabet
The English alphabet consists of 26 letters, each with a unique shape in two
cases—uppercase (capital letters) and lowercase (small letters). Here they
are, listed sequentially:
CAPITAL LETTERS SMALL LETTER SOUNDS

A a (ay)

B b (bee)

C c (see)

D d (dee)

E e (ee)

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F f (ef)

G g (gee)

H h (aitch)

I I (eye)

J j (jay)

K k (kay)

L l (el)

M m (em)

N n (en)

O o (oh)

P p (pee)

Q q (cue)

R r (ar)

S s (ess)

T t (tee)

U u (you)

V v (vee)

W w (double-u)

X x ex

Y y (wy)

Z z (zed/zee)

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Each letter can represent one or more sounds, and several letters can be
combined to create new sounds (such as 'sh' or 'ch'). In English, vowels (A, E,
I, O, U, and sometimes Y) can represent multiple sounds, which can depend on
their placement in a word and the letters around them.
Case Differences:
Understanding when to use uppercase or capital letters and lowercase letters
or small letters is important for proper nouns, sentences, and formal texts:
- Uppercase (Capital Letters): Typically used at the beginning of sentences
and proper nouns (e.g., names, places, companies). They also play a role in
acronyms, like NASA or UNESCO.
- Lowercase (Small Letters): Used in general text writing and within words.

Somali Explanation:
Xarfaha alifbeetada Ingiriisiga ayaa leh laba nooc oo kala duwan: Xarfaha
waaweyn (uppercase) iyo Xarfaha yaryar (lowercase).
Tusaale ahaan:
• Xarafka "A" wuxuu noqonayaa xaraf waaweyn, halka "a" uu yahay xaraf
yar.
• Xarafka "B" waa waaweyn, halka "b" uu yahay yar, iwm.
Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado sida loo isticmaalo labadan nooc maadaama ay
muhiim yihiin marka aad qorayso.
Tusaale ahaan:
• Xarfaha waaweyn badanaa waxaa loo isticmaalaa bilowga jumlada ama
magacyada gaarka ah. Tusaale Ahmed, Aisha Garissa iyo Muqdisho
• Xarfaha yaryar ayaa loo isticmaalaa inta badan qoraalka caadiga ah.

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The Alphabet Song:
A melody helps memorize the order and names of the alphabet, often taught
to children and language learners alike. The tune is similar to "Twinkle,
Twinkle, Little Star," and it goes like this:

(Singing)
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P,
Q, R, S,
T, U, V,
W, X,
Y and Z.
Now I know my ABCs;
Next time won't you sing?

Using this song can help lock in the sequence of the alphabet, making it easier
to recall when you read, write, or spell out words.

Here is a table displaying each letter of the English alphabet with both
uppercase and lowercase forms:

Uppercase farta
Lowercase farta yar yar
waawayn

A a

B b

C c

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Uppercase farta
Lowercase farta yar yar
waawayn

D d

E e

F f

G g

H h

I i

J j

K k

L l

M m

N n

O o

P p

Q q

R r

S s

T t

U u

V v

W w

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Uppercase farta
Lowercase farta yar yar
waawayn

X x

Y y

Z z

Take a moment to look at each pair. Notice how some letters are quite similar
in both forms (like 'O' and 'o'), while others have more distinct shapes ('A'
versus 'a'). Recognizing these pairs is crucial for reading fluency and accurate
writing.

Vowels and Consonants: Distinction and Sounds

In the English alphabet, vowels and consonants serve as the sound foundation
of the language, each group with its different features and roles.

Vowels:
Definition: Vowels are speech sounds made without blocking the airflow from
the lungs. In English, there are 5 vowels: A, E, I, O, U.

Sounds: Vowels can have both short and long sounds. For example:
- A: has a short sound as in "apple" and a long sound as in "cake." Tusaale
apple waa dhawaaq gaaban lakin cake waa dhawaaq dheeer ku dhawaaq
caaake
- E: has a short sound as in "bed" and a long sound as in "meet."
- I: has a short sound as in "fish" and a long sound as in "mind."
- O: has a short sound as in "dog" and a long sound as in "go."
- U: has a short sound as in "cup" and a long sound as in "flute."

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Sometimes, 'Y' acts as a vowel, especially when it's at the end of a syllable or
word (e.g., "happy," "gym").

Consonants:
Definition: Consonants are speech sounds that occur when the flow of air is
obstructed or partially blocked by the lips, teeth, or tongue.
- Sounds: Each consonant has a specific sound, and some have more than one
sound. For example:
- C: can be hard as in "cat" or soft as in "cent."
- G: can be hard as in "goat" or soft as in "giraffe."

Sound Matching: Identify words that contain the same vowel or

consonant sounds.
Sound matching is an excellent exercise for improving pronunciation and
developing awareness of English phonetics. Here are some examples of words
that share the same vowel and consonant sounds:
Vowel Sounds:
- Short A Sound: "cat," "hat," "bat," "mat," "flat."
- Long A Sound: "make," "cake," "late," "fate," "grape."
- Short E Sound: "bed," "red," "led," "shed," "fed."
- Long E Sound: "beet," "feet," "meet," "sheet," "greet."
- Short I Sound: "sit," "fit," "knit," "pit," "slip."
- Long I Sound: "dive," "ride," "tie," "flight," "night."
- Short O Sound: "pot," "not," "cot," "slot," "dot."
- Long O Sound: "home," "bone," "cone," "stone," "alone."
- Short U Sound: "but," "cut," "hut," "nut," "tub."

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- Long U Sound: "flute," "mute," "cute," "duke," "use."
Consonant Sounds:
- Hard C Sound: "cat," "cot," "clap," "crisp," "crack."
- Soft C Sound: "cent," "circle," "cereal," "cite," "cedar."
- Hard G Sound: "go," "get," "give," "gaggle," "garden."
- Soft G Sound: "giraffe," "giant," "gene," "geometry," "gem."
- S Sound: "sit," "sand," "silent," "sustain," "sofa."
- Z Sound: "zoo," "zero," "zone," "breeze," "freeze."
- T Sound: "tell," "tint," "stone," "butter," "little."
- D Sound: "do," "done," "drum," "middle," "saddle."

Long "E" Sound (/i:/)

1. Bee - Shinni
2. Sea - Badda
3. Tea - Shaah
4. Free - Xor
5. Key - Furaha
6. Flee - Carar
7. Ski - Barafka ku dul soco
8. Knee - Jilib
9. Tree - Geed
10. Breeze - Neecaw

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Short "A" Sound (/æ/)
11. Cat - Bisad
12. Bat – kibiley/fiidmeer
13. Map - Khariidad
14. Chat - Sheeko
15. Clap - Sacab tum
16. Trap - Dabin
17. Nap - Hurdo gaaban
18. Hat - Koofiyad
19. Rat - Jiir
20. Flat - Siman
Long "O" Sound (/oʊ/)
21. Boat - Doon
22. Coat - Jaakad
23. Float - Sabeyn
24. Rope - Xarig
25. Note - Qoraal
26. Vote - Codayn
27. Lobe – qayb= sida qaby jirka ka mid ah (part)
28. Toe - suul
29. Mope - Murugo
30. Cone – qaab (shape)

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"AR" Sound (/ɑ:r/)
31. Car – Baabuur/gaari
32. Bar - Baar
33. Far - Fog
34. Star - Xiddig
35. Jar – dhari(pot)
36. Harp - Qanbuus
37. Scar - Nabar
38. Mars - Mars
39. Charter – oglaansho (grant)
40. Par - Par

"AIR" Sound (/ɛər/)

41. Air - Hawo
42. Fair - Cadaalad
43. Chair - Kursi
44. Bear – Bear waa nooc xayawaanka barafka kunool kamid ah oo hilibka
cuna
45. Care - Daneyn
46. Stare - Eegid
47. Wear - Xidhasho
48. Dared - Geesinimo
49. Pair - Laba isu eg
50. Scare - Cabsi gelin

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Short "E" Sound (/ɛ/)
51. Bed - Sariir
52. Red - Casaan
53. Fed - Quudiyey
54. Led - Hoggaaminayey
55. Ned - Ned (Magac)
56. Shed - Barsad
57. Wed - Guursaday
58. Bled - Dhiig baxay
59. Fled - Baxsaday
60. Dead - Dhintay

"CH" Sound (/tʃ/)

61. Chair - Kursi
62. Peach - Bicir
63. Batch - Dufcad
64. Church - Kaniisad
65. Rich - Taajir
66. Latch - Qaboojiyaha
67. Stitch - Tolmo
68. Snatch - Qabsasho
69. Watch - Daawo
70. Stretch - Jiido

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S" Sound (/s/)
71. Sit - Fadhiiso
72. Send - Dir
73. Soap - Saabuun
74. Silent - Aamusnaan
75. Sink – iilid = wax biyo hoos ugu dagay
76. Sand - Ciid
77. Stress - Walaac
78. Soft - Jilicsan
79. Sale - Iib
80. Salt - Cusbo

"SH" Sound (/ʃ/)

81. Share - La wadaag
82. Shell - Qolof
83. Shake - Rux
84. Shape - Qaab
85. Sheep – Ido, lax
86. Ship - Markab
87. Shore - Xeeb
88. Flash - Ifin
89. Crash - Shil
90. Bash - Dabaaldag

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"NG" Sound (/ŋ/)
91. Ring - Giraan
92. Sing - Hees
93. Long - Dheer
94. Hang – Laalaansho ( wax meel kalaalaado)
95. Song - Hees
96. Ding – Ding = describe a quick sound, like a bell ringing;
97. Bang - Bangi
98. Strong - Xoog badan
99. Sling - Sling
100. Spring - Biyo bax
By practicing these sound-matching exercises, you'll get a better sense of how
vowels and consonants operate in English words. This repetition can help you
hone your pronunciation and make it easier to recognize and spell words
accurately.

EXERCISE 1 WITH ANSWERS LAYLI 1 IYO JAWAABO

FIIRO GAAR AH inta aadan jawabaha fiirin ka jawaab kadib isu sax
Activities to Practice Vowels and Consonants with Answers
Exercise 1: Identify the Vowels
Instructions: Look at the following words. Identify and underline the vowels
in each word.
1. Apple
2. Elephant
3. Orange
4. Umbrella

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 5. Ice
Answers:
1. Apple → A, E
2. Elephant → E, E, A
3. Orange → O, A, E
4. Umbrella → U, E, A
5. Ice → I, E

Exercise 2: Identify the Consonants

Instructions: Look at the same words. Identify and underline the consonants
in each word.
1. Apple
2. Elephant
3. Orange
4. Umbrella
5. Ice
Answers:
1. Apple → P, P, L
2. Elephant → L, P, H, N, T
3. Orange → R, N, G
4. Umbrella → M, B, R, L, L
5. Ice → C

Exercise 3: Match the Sounds

Instructions: Match the words that have the same vowel or consonant
sounds.
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Column A Column B

1. Cat A. Bat

2. Kite B. Bite

3. Dog C. Fog

4. Pen D. Hen

5. Sun E. Run

Answers:
1 → A (Cat, Bat)
2 → B (Kite, Bite)
3 → C (Dog, Fog)
4 → D (Pen, Hen)
5 → E (Sun, Run)

Exercise 4: Read Aloud and Emphasize

Instructions: Practice reading the following sentence aloud, emphasizing the
vowel and consonant sounds.
Sentence: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." Jumlada kor u akhri
kana raadi inta shibbane ama shaqal ah

Answers:
• Vowels: E, U, I, O, O, O, U, O, E, E, A, O
• Consonants: T, H, Q, C, K, B, R, W, N, F, X, J, M, P, S, V, R, T, H, L, Z, Y, D,
G

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Alphabet exercises: Alphabetical order, matching upper and lower case
Exercise 01
Alphabetical Order Exercise:
1. Arrange the following sets of letters in alphabetical order:
1. S, M, H, B, W
2. T, Q, A, Y, P
3. F, L, D, K, Z

1. Answers:
1. B, H, M, S, W
2. A, P, Q, T, Y
3. D, F, K, L, Z

2. Match the uppercase letter to its corresponding lowercase letter:

1. A - a
2. F - f
3. K - k
4. R - r
5. Z - z

(Challenge: Complete the rest of the alphabet in the same pattern.)

Exercise 1.1 Writing Practice Exercise:

1. Write down the uppercase and lowercase alphabet. This helps with
memorization and understanding the visual difference between letter
cases:
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- Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, ... Zz

2. Fill in the Missing Letter Exercise:

Fill in the missing letter in both uppercase and lowercase sequence:
1. A, ..., C, D, E (Answer: Bb)
2. J, K, L, ..., N (Answer: Mm)
3. X, Y, ..., a (Answer: Zz)

3. Ordering Mixed Cases Exercise:

Put this mixed sequence of letters in alphabetical order, recognizing the
equivalence of uppercase and lowercase.
1. c, A, B, a, b, C

3. Answer:
Aa, Bb, Cc
Engaging in these exercises helps familiarize learners with the English
alphabet's order and the distinct forms of each letter, which is particularly
important when learning to read and write.
Lesson 2: Basic Vocabulary (Numbers, Colors, Days, Months)
BASIC VOCABULARY
Greetings:
- Hello/Hi: A universal greeting for all times of the day.
- Good morning: Used to greet someone in the morning.
- Good afternoon: Used to greet someone in the afternoon.
- Good evening: Used to greet someone in the evening.
- Good night: Used when leaving in the evening or before going to bed.

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Farewells:
- Goodbye: A common phrase to say when you are departing.
- See you later: Implies that you will see them again soon.
- Take care: Used when you wish someone well on parting.
Politeness:
- Please: Used to make requests politely.
- Thank you: Expresses gratitude.
- You're welcome: The response to "thank you".
- Sorry: An apology, is used when you have made a mistake or wish to express
sympathy.
Basic Conversation Starters:
- How are you? A general inquiry about a person's well-being.
- I'm fine, thank you. And you? A typical response to "How are you?".
SOMALI TRANSLATION
Erayo Muhiim ah oo Aasaasi ah (BASIC VOCABULARY)
Salaanta (Greetings)
• Hello/Hi: Salaan! (Salaan guud oo loo isticmaalo xilliyada maalinta oo
dhan.)
• Good morning: Subax wanaagsan! (Waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu
salaamo qofka subaxdii.)
• Good afternoon: Galab wanaagsan! (Waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu
salaamo qofka galabtii.)
• Good evening: Fiid wanaagsan! (Waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu salaamo
qofka fiidkii.)
• Good night: Habeen wanaagsan! (Waxa loo isticmaalaa marka la baxayo
fiidkii ama ka hor inta aan la seexan.)

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Macsalaamada (Farewells)
• Goodbye: Nabadeey! (Erayo caadi ah oo loo isticmaalo marka aad
baxaysid.)
• See you later: Waan ku arki doonaa goor dambe. (Waxa loola jeedaa
inaad qofka mar kale arki doonto.)
• Take care: Is ilaali! (Waxa loo isticmaalaa marka aad qofka u
rajeenayso wanaag marka la kala tagayo.)
Dhaqan Wanaagsan (Politeness)
• Please: Fadlan. (Waxa loo isticmaalaa codsi si edeb leh.)
• Thank you: Mahadsanid. (Waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu muujiyo
mahadnaq.)
• You are welcome: Adiga ayaa soo dhaweyn leh. (Waxa loo isticmaalaa
jawaab ahaan "Mahadsanid".)
• Sorry: Waan ka xumahay. (Waxa loo isticmaalaa cafis weydiisasho ama
marka aad murugo muujinayso.)
Wadahadalka Aasaasiga ah (Basic Conversation Starters)
• How are you?: Sidee tahay? (Su'aal guud oo ku saabsan xaaladda
qofka.)
• I'm fine, thank you. And you? Waan fiicanahay, mahadsanid. Adiga se?
(Jawaab caadi ah oo la bixiyo marka "Sidee tahay?" la weydiiyo.)

Role-Play Activity:
Dialogue 1:
- Person A: Hi, how are you?
- Person B: I'm well, thank you. How about you?
- Person A: I'm good, thanks!

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Dialogue 2:
- Person A: Good morning! How's your day going?
- Person B: Good morning! Not too bad, just getting started. Thanks for asking.
Dialogue 3:
- Person A: Hello there! Could you please tell me what time it is?
- Person B: Hi! Sure, it's three o’clock.
Dialogue 4:
- Person A: Goodbye! It was nice seeing you.
- Person B: See you later! Take care.
Turjumada role play activities kore
(Role-Play Activity) Hawl-qabadka Doorka
Wadahadal 1: Dialogue 1
• Qof A: Salaan! Sidee tahay?
• Qof B: Waan fiicanahay, mahadsanid. Adiga se?
• Qof A: Waan fiicanahay, mahadsanid!
Wadahadal 2: Dialogue 2
• Qof A: Subax wanaagsan! Sidee kuu kuuu tahay maalintaada?
• Qof B: Subax wanaagsan! Wan fiicantahay, waad ku mahadsantahay
inaad i waydiisay.
Wadahadal 3:Dialogue 3
• Qof A: Salaan! Fadlan, ma ii sheegi kartaa waqtiga hadda?
• Qof B: Salaan! Dabcan, waa saddex saac.
Wadahadal 4: Dialogue 4
• Qof A: Nabadeey! Aad baan u farxay inaan ku arko.
• Qof B: Waan ku arki doonaa goor dambe! Is ilaali.

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Role-playing these dialogues in pairs can simulate real-life interactions,
making you comfortable with using these greetings and phrases in various
contexts. You could also extend these dialogues to include other common
phrases or situational vocabulary.
DAYS OF THE WEEK
Monday - The first day of the work week for most people.
2. Tuesday - The second day of the work week.
3. Wednesday - The middle of the work week, often referred to as "hump
day."
4. Thursday - The fourth day of the work week, just before the end of the
standard work week.
5. Friday - Often the last day of the work week, leading into the weekend.
6. Saturday - Typically part of the weekend and a day off for many workers.
7. Sunday - Also part of the weekend, and for some, a day of rest or religious
observance.

(DAYS OF THE WEEK) Maalmaha Toddobaadka

1. Monday: Isniin – Maalinta ugu horreysa ee toddobaadka shaqada.
2. Tuesday: Talaado – Maalinta labaad ee toddobaadka shaqada.
3. Wednesday: Arbaco – Bartamaha toddobaadka shaqada, badanaa loo
yaqaan "maalinta buundada".
4. Thursday: Khamiis – Maalinta afraad ee toddobaadka shaqada kahor
maalinta ugu dambeysa.
5. Friday: Jimce – Badanaa waa maalinta ugu dambeysa ee toddobaadka
shaqada, oo u gudubta fasaxa dhammaadka toddobaadka.
6. Saturday: Sabti – Badanaa waa qayb ka mid ah dhammaadka
toddobaadka, oo dad badan fasax ka yihiin shaqada.

21
 7. Sunday: Axad – Iyadana waa qayb ka mid ah dhammaadka
toddobaadka, oo dad badan u ah maalin nasasho ama cibaado.

DAYS OF THE WEEL MAALMAHA ASBUUCA

1. Isniin - Monday
2. Talaado - Tuesday
3. Arbaco - Wednesday
4. Khamiis - Thursday
5. Jimco - Friday
6. Sabti - Saturday
7. Axad - Sunday
Basic Conversational Phrases Translated into Somali., start the English
then Somali
English: "Hello, how are you?"
Somali: "Salaan, sidee tahay?"
English: "I'm fine, thank you. And you?"
Somali: "Waan fiicanahay, mahadsanid. Adiga sidee tahay?"
English: "Please take a seat."
Somali: "Fadlan kursiga kusoo dhawow."
English: "Thank you for your help."
Somali: "Waad ku mahadsantahay caawintaada."
English: "Excuse me, can you help me?"
Somali: "Raalli ahow, ma i caawin kartaa?"
English: "Where is the restroom?"
Somali: "Musqusha halkee bay ku taallaa?"

22
English: "What time is it?"
Somali: "Imisa saac hada?"
English: "Can you speak English?"
Somali: "Ma ku hadashaa Ingiriis?"
English: "I don't understand."
Somali: "Ma fahmin."
English: "Please repeat that."
Somali: "Fadlan, ku celi taas.
English: "Good morning."
Somali: "Subax wanaagsan."

English: "Good night."

Somali: "Habeen wanaagsan."
English: "How much does this cost?"
Somali: "Immisa ayaa tan ku kacaysaa?"
English: "Can I get the bill, please?"
Somali: "Biilka ma i siin kartaa, fadlan?"
English: "Where can I find a taxi?"
Somali: "Halkee baan ka heli karaa taksi?"
English: "I would like to order food."
Somali: "Waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaan cunto dalbado."
English: "Do you have vegetarian options?"
Somali: "Ma leedahay ikhtiyaaraad khudradeed?"
English: "I am allergic to nuts."
Somali: "Waxaan xasaasiyad ku qabaa lowska."

23
English: "Can we have the menu, please?"
Somali: "Menu-ga ma heli karnaa, fadlan?"
English: "I'm sorry for the trouble."
Somali: "Waan ka xumahay dhibaatada."

Directions:
English: "Can you show me on the map?"
Somali: "Ma tusi kartaa khariidada?"
English: "I'm lost."
Somali: "Waan lumay."
English: "Is this the way to the airport?"
Somali: "Ma jidkaan baa aada garoonka diyaaradaha?"
English: "How far is the hotel?"
Somali: "Intee buu jira fogaansho ahaan hoteelka?"

Dining Out:
English: "Is this spicy?"
Somali: "kan ma shiilan yahay?"
English: "Can I have some water, please?"
Somali: "Wax biyo ah ma i siin kartaa, fadlan?"
English: "A table for two, please."
Somali: "Miis labo qof ah, fadlan."
English: "I would like to make a reservation."
Somali: "Waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaan carbusto/qabsado."

24
Shopping:
English: "Do you accept credit cards?"
Somali: "Ma aqbashaan kaararka deynta?"
English: "Can I try this on?"
Somali: "Ma tijaabi karaa tan?"
English: "I'm just browsing, thank you."
Somali: "Waxaan kaliya eegayaa, mahadsanid."
English: "Could you give me a discount?"
Somali: "Ma i siin kartaa qiima dhimis?"

Emergencies:
English: "I need a doctor."
Somali: "Dhakhtar baan u baahanahay."
English: "Call the police, please."
Somali: "Fadlan, booliiska wac."
English: "Can you help me find my phone?"
Somali: "Ma i caawin kartaa inaan helo telefoonkayga?"
English: "I need help immediately."
Somali: "Waxaan u baahanahay caawimo degdeg ah."

Traveling:
English: "I would like a window seat, please."
Somali: "Waxaan jeclaan lahaa kursi daaqad leh, fadlan."
English: "When is the next bus to the city?"
Somali: "Goorma ayuu yahay basaska xiga ee magaalada aadaya?"

25
English: "Is there a youth hostel nearby?"
Somali: "Ma jiraa hoy dhalinyaro oo noo dhow?"
English: "Can I have a map of the city?"
Somali: "Ma heli karaa khariidad magaalada ah?"

Making Friends:
English: "My name is Your Sagal."
Somali: "Magacaygu waa Sagal."
English: "Would you like to have coffee?"
Somali: "Ma jeclaan lahayd inaad qaxwo cabto?"
English: "Can I join you?"
Somali: "Ma kugu soo biiri karaa?"
English: "It's nice to meet you"
Somali: "Waan ku faraxsanahay inaan kula kulmo."

Cultural Exchange:
English: "Can you tell me about your culture?"
Somali: "Ma ii sheegi kartaa dhaqankaaga?"
English: "What is a traditional dish here?"
Somali: "Maxaa halkan ah cunno dhaqameed?"
English: "I love learning new languages."
Somali: "Waxaan jeclahay barashada luuqadaha cusub."
English: "What are some local customs?"
Somali: "Waa maxay caadooyinka maxalliga ah qaarkood?"

26
At Work:
English: "I'm here for a business trip."
Somali: "Waxaan halkan u joogaa safar ganacsi."
English: "Could we schedule a meeting?"
Somali: "Ma ballansan karnaa kulan?"
English: "I'll send you the report by email."
Somali: "Waxaan kuugu soo dirayaa warbixinta emaylka."
English: "Where is the conference room?"
Somali: "Hoolka shirarka waa halkee?"

Health:
English: "Where is the nearest pharmacy?"
Somali: "Xagee ku yaal farmashiyaha ugu dhow?"
English: "I need medicine for a cold."
Somali: "Waxaan u baahanahay daawo qabowga/hergebka."
English: "Does this have side effects?"
Somali: "Ma leedahay waxyeelooyin ?"
English: "I have health insurance."
Somali: "Waxaan qabaa caymis caafimaad."

Accommodations:
English: "Is breakfast included?"
Somali: "Quraacdu ma ku jirtaa?"
English: "I need a room with two beds."
Somali: "Waxaan u baahanahay qol labo sariirood leh."

27
English: "Is there Wi-Fi in the room?"
Somali: "Ma jiraa Wi-Fi qolka ?"
English: "When is check-out time?"
Somali: "Goorma ayaa la baxayaa?"

Work and Business:

English: "Where can I connect to free Wi-Fi?"
Somali: "Halkee ka heli karaa Wi-Fi bilaash ah?"
English: "Could you send me the file by the end of the day?"
Somali: "Ma ii soo diri kartaa feylka dhamaadka maanta?"
English: "I'm here for a conference."
Somali: "Waxaan halkan u imid shir."
English: "Could I have your business card?"
Somali: "Kaarkaaga ganacsiga ma i siin kartaa?"

Leisure and Fun:

English: "Where is the closest beach?"
Somali: "Xeebta ugu dhow xagee ku taal?"
English: "Can I take photos here?"
Somali: "Ma sawiro ka qaadi karaa halkan?"
English: "What time does the museum close?"
Somali: "Museum-ku waqtigee buu xidhmaa?"
English: "Are there any concerts this weekend?"
Somali: "Ma jiraan wax riwaayado ah dhamaadka usbuucaan?"

28
Technology and Gadgets:
English: "How do I connect to the Wi-Fi here?"
Somali: "Sideen ugu xiraa Wi-Fi-ga halkan?"
English: "My phone battery is low; can I charge it here?"
Somali: "Batariga taleefankayga wuu hooseeyaa; ma ku dabeysankara karaa
halkan?"
English: "Do you sell charging cables for this model?"
Somali: "Ma iibisaan xadhkaha jaajarada ee noocan ah?"
English: "How much storage does this device have?"
Somali: "Immisa kayd ayaa qalabkan ku jira?"

Public Transportation:
English: "Does this train stop at the central station?"
Somali: "Ma joogsanayaa tareenkan saldhigga dhexe?"
English: "What time is the last subway tonight?"
Somali: "Waa goorma tareenka dhulka hoostiisa mara ee u dambeeya caawa?"
English: "How much is a day pass for the bus?"
Somali: "Immisa ayaa ku kacaysa tigidhka baska maalin kasta?"
English: "Where can I buy a transportation card?"
Somali: "Halkee ka iibsan karaa kaarka gaadiidka?"
Sports and Recreation:
English: "Can I rent a bicycle around here?"
Somali: "Ma kireysan karaa baaskiil meelahaan?"
English: "Is there a gym I can use in this area?"
Somali: "Ma jiraa jimicsi aan isticmaali karo aaggaan?"

29
English: "What time does the football game start?"
Somali: "Ciyaarta kubadda cagta waqtigee ayay bilaabmaysaa?"
English: "Where is the nearest golf course?"
Somali: "Goobta ugu dhow ee gowfku xagee ku taal?"

Environment and Nature:

English: "How do I get to the national park?"
Somali: "Sideen u tagaa beerta qaranka?"
English: "Are there guided tours available?"
Somali: "Ma jiraan socdaallo hagid leh oo la heli karo?"
English: "What kind of wildlife can we see here?"
Somali: "Noocyada duurjoogta ee aan halkan ka arki karno noocee ayay
yihiin?"
English: "Is it safe to swim in this lake?"
Somali: "Ma ammaan baa in lagu dabaasho haradan?"

Social and Cultural Events:

English: "Where can I find the local art gallery?"
Somali: "Halkee ka heli karaa galariyada farshaxanka ee maxalliga ah?"
English: "Is there a theater performance tonight?"
Somali: "Ma jiraa riwaayad masraxeed caawa?"
English: "What are the best places to experience local cuisine?"
Somali: "Waa goobahee ugu wanaagsan ee lagu khibrad heli karo cunnada
maxalliga ah?"
English: "Can you recommend any festivals happening soon?"
Somali: "Ma ku talin kartaa wax dabaaldegyo dhacaya dhawaan?"
30
phrases across a diverse range of subjects:
Education:
English: "Where is the nearest library?"
Somali: "Maktabadda ugu dhow halkan xagee ku taal?"
English: "Can you recommend a good language school?"
Somali: "Ma igula talin kartaa iskuul wanaagsan luqadaha?"
English: "I need to buy textbooks for my course."
Somali: "Waxaan u baahanahay inaan iibsado buugaagta manhajka
koorsooyinkayga."
English: "Are there any study groups I can join?"
Somali: "Ma jiraan kooxo waxbarasho oo aan ku biiri karo?"

Shopping and Commerce:

English: "What's the exchange rate here?"
Somali: "Sarifka lacagaha halkan maxuu yahay?"
English: "Can I get a discount on this?"
Somali: "Miyaan qiimo dhimis ka heli karaa tan?"
English: "Where can I find souvenirs?"
Somali: "Halkee ka heli karaa hadiyado?"
English: "Is there a warranty on this product?"
Somali: "Ma jiraa dammaanad qaad alaabtan ah?"

31
Food and Dining:
English: "Could you list the ingredients in this dish?"
Somali: "Ma liis gareyn kartaa maaddooyinka ku jira saxankan?"
English: "What are your vegetarian options?"
Somali: "Maxay yihiin ikhtiyaaraadka khudaarta ah ee aad leedahay?"
English: "Could I get this to go?"
Somali: "Ma heli karaa tan si aan u qaato?"
English: "Is this made with fresh produce?"
Somali: "Ma wax soo saar cusub ayaa lagu sameeyay?"

Emergencies:
English: "I need help immediately."
Somali: "Waxaan u baahanahay caawimaad deg deg ah."
English: "Where is the closest hospital?"
Somali: "Isbitaalka ugu dhow halkan xagee ku yaal?"
English: "Can you call an ambulance?"
Somali: "Ma wici kartaa gawaarida gurmadka degdega ah?"
English: "I lost my passport."
Somali: "Baasaboorkayga waan lumiyay."

32
Hobbies and Leisure:
English: "Are there any hiking trails around here?"
Somali: "Ma jiraan waddooyin la fuulo oo ku yaal halkan agtiisa?"
English: "I'm interested in joining a photography class."
Somali: "Waxaan xiiseynayaa inaan ku biiro fasal sawireedka."
English: "Where can I join a local sports team?"
Somali: "Halkee ka mid noqon karaa koox isboorti maxalli ah?"
English: "Do you have knitting or craft workshops?"
Somali: "Ma haysaa aqoon isweydaarsiyo tolo ama farshaxan?"

NUMBERS
list of numbers from 1 to 1000 written in words with their English-to-
Somali translations:

1–10
1. One – Hal / koow
2. Two - Labo
3. Three - Saddex
4. Four - Afar
5. Five - Shan
6. Six - Lix
7. Seven - Toddoba
8. Eight - Sideed
9. Nine - Sagaal
10. Ten - Toban

33
11–20
11. Eleven - Kow iyo toban
12. Twelve - Labo iyo toban
13. Thirteen - Saddex iyo toban
14. Fourteen - Afar iyo toban
15. Fifteen - Shan iyo toban
16. Sixteen - Lix iyo toban
17. Seventeen - Toddoba iyo toban
18. Eighteen - Sideed iyo toban
19. Nineteen - Sagaal iyo toban
20. Twenty - Labaatan

Tens (30–100)
30. Thirty - Soddon
31. Forty - Afaratan
32. Fifty - Konton
33. Sixty - Lixdan
34. Seventy - Toddobaatan
35. Eighty - Sideetan
36. Ninety - Sagaashan
37. One hundred - Boqol

34
Hundreds
200. Two hundred - Laba boqol
201. Three hundred - Saddex boqol
202. Four hundred - Afar boqol
203. Five hundred - Shan boqol
204. Six hundred - Lix boqol
205. Seven hundred - Toddoba boqol
206. Eight hundred - Sideed boqol
207. Nine hundred - Sagaal boqol

Thousands
1000. One thousand - Kun

For numbers in between:

• Combine the tens and ones using "iyo" (and).
Example:
o 21: Twenty-one - Labaatan iyo kow
o 45: Forty-five - Afaratan iyo shan
o 99: Ninety-nine - Sagaashan iyo sagaal

1–10
1. One – Hal / koow
2. Two - Labo
3. Three - Saddex

35
 4. Four - Afar
5. Five - Shan
6. Six - Lix
7. Seven - Toddoba
8. Eight - Sideed
9. Nine - Sagaal
10. Ten - Toban

11–20
11. Eleven - Kow iyo toban
12. Twelve - Labo iyo toban
13. Thirteen - Saddex iyo toban
14. Fourteen - Afar iyo toban
15. Fifteen - Shan iyo toban
16. Sixteen - Lix iyo toban
17. Seventeen - Toddoba iyo toban
18. Eighteen - Sideed iyo toban
19. Nineteen - Sagaal iyo toban
20. Twenty - Labaatan

21–30
21. Twenty-one - Labaatan iyo kow
22. Twenty-two - Labaatan iyo labo
23. Twenty-three - Labaatan iyo saddex
24. Twenty-four - Labaatan iyo afar

36
 25. Twenty-five - Labaatan iyo shan
26. Twenty-six - Labaatan iyo lix
27. Twenty-seven - Labaatan iyo toddoba
28. Twenty-eight - Labaatan iyo sideed
29. Twenty-nine - Labaatan iyo sagaal
30. Thirty - Soddon

31–40
31. Thirty-one - Soddon iyo kow
32. Thirty-two - Soddon iyo labo
33. Thirty-three - Soddon iyo saddex
34. Thirty-four - Soddon iyo afar
35. Thirty-five - Soddon iyo shan
36. Thirty-six - Soddon iyo lix
37. Thirty-seven - Soddon iyo toddoba
38. Thirty-eight - Soddon iyo sideed
39. Thirty-nine - Soddon iyo sagaal
40. Forty - Afaratan

41–50
41. Forty-one - Afaratan iyo kow
42. Forty-two - Afaratan iyo labo
43. Forty-three - Afaratan iyo saddex
44. Forty-four - Afaratan iyo afar

37
 45. Forty-five - Afaratan iyo shan
46. Forty-six - Afaratan iyo lix
47. Forty-seven - Afaratan iyo toddoba
48. Forty-eight - Afaratan iyo sideed
49. Forty-nine - Afaratan iyo sagaal
50. Fifty - Konton

51–60
51. Fifty-one - Konton iyo kow
52. Fifty-two - Konton iyo labo
53. Fifty-three - Konton iyo saddex
54. Fifty-four - Konton iyo afar
55. Fifty-five - Konton iyo shan
56. Fifty-six - Konton iyo lix
57. Fifty-seven - Konton iyo toddoba
58. Fifty-eight - Konton iyo sideed
59. Fifty-nine - Konton iyo sagaal
60. Sixty - Lixdan

61–70
61. Sixty-one - Lixdan iyo kow
62. Sixty-two - Lixdan iyo labo
63. Sixty-three - Lixdan iyo saddex
64. Sixty-four - Lixdan iyo afar
65. Sixty-five - Lixdan iyo shan

38
 66. Sixty-six - Lixdan iyo lix
67. Sixty-seven - Lixdan iyo toddoba
68. Sixty-eight - Lixdan iyo sideed
69. Sixty-nine - Lixdan iyo sagaal
70. Seventy - Toddobaatan

71–80
71. Seventy-one - Toddobaatan iyo kow
72. Seventy-two - Toddobaatan iyo labo
73. Seventy-three - Toddobaatan iyo saddex
74. Seventy-four - Toddobaatan iyo afar
75. Seventy-five - Toddobaatan iyo shan
76. Seventy-six - Toddobaatan iyo lix
77. Seventy-seven - Toddobaatan iyo toddoba
78. Seventy-eight - Toddobaatan iyo sideed
79. Seventy-nine - Toddobaatan iyo sagaal
80. Eighty - Sideetan

81–90
81. Eighty-one - Sideetan iyo kow
82. Eighty-two - Sideetan iyo labo
83. Eighty-three - Sideetan iyo saddex
84. Eighty-four - Sideetan iyo afar
85. Eighty-five - Sideetan iyo shan
86. Eighty-six - Sideetan iyo lix

39
 87. Eighty-seven - Sideetan iyo toddoba
88. Eighty-eight - Sideetan iyo sideed
89. Eighty-nine - Sideetan iyo sagaal
90. Ninety - Sagaashan

91–100
91. Ninety-one - Sagaashan iyo kow
92. Ninety-two - Sagaashan iyo labo
93. Ninety-three - Sagaashan iyo saddex
94. Ninety-four - Sagaashan iyo afar
95. Ninety-five - Sagaashan iyo shan
96. Ninety-six - Sagaashan iyo lix
97. Ninety-seven - Sagaashan iyo toddoba
98. Ninety-eight - Sagaashan iyo sideed
99. Ninety-nine - Sagaashan iyo sagaal
100. One hundred - Boqol

Start at number one and continue the sequence up to ten initially. It goes like
this:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 hada qor ilaa 1000 ayadoo words sida one, two…….?
once you’re comfortable, proceed up to twenty, then thirty, and so on, until
you reach one hundred.

Counting by Fives:
By counting by fives, you will touch on all the numbers that end with a 5 or 0.
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100
40
Counting by Tens:
This is similar to counting by fives, but we only consider the numbers that end
in a 0.
10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
Colors
English-to-Somali translation for the colors:
1. Red - Casaan
2. Blue - Buluug
3. Green - Cagaar
4. Yellow - Huruud
5. Orange - Jaalle
6. Purple - Guduud madow or Booran
7. Pink - Guduud khafiif
8. Brown - Bunni
9. Black - Madow
10. White - Caddaan
11. Gray - Cawl
12. Turquoise - Buluug cagaaran
13. Magenta - Casaanka guduudka leh
14. Cyan - Buluug khafiif
15. Maroon - Guduud qoto dheer

41
Sentences Using the Colors, With Their Somali Translations:

1. Red - Casaan
o The apple is red.
Tufaaxa waa casaan.
2. Blue - Buluug
o The sky is blue.
Cirku waa buluug.
3. Green - Cagaar
o The grass is green.
Cawska waa cagaar.
4. Yellow - Huruud
o The sunset is yellow."
(Qorrax-dhaca waa huruud.

5. Orange - Jaalle
o Oranges are orange in color.
Liinta waa jaalle.
6. Purple - Guduud madow or Booran
o The flower is purple.
Ubaxu waa guduud madow.
7. Pink - Guduud khafiif
o She likes pink dresses.
Dharkeeda guduud khafiifka ah ayay jeceshahay.
8. Brown - Bunni
o The table is brown.
Miiska waa bunni.
9. Black - Madow
42
 o The cat is black.
Bisadda waa madow.
10. White - Caddaan
o The paper is white.
Warqadda waa caddaan.
11. Gray - Cawl
o The car is gray.
Baabuurku waa cawl.
12. Turquoise - Buluug cagaaran
o The ocean looks turquoise.
Badda ayaa u muuqata buluug cagaaran.
13. Magenta - Casaanka guduudka leh
o She painted her nails magenta.
Ciddiyaha ayay ku rinjaysay casaanka guduudka leh.
14. Cyan - Buluug khafiif
o The box is cyan in color.
Sanduuqu waa buluug khafiif ah.
15. Maroon - Guduud qoto dheer
o He wore a maroon jacket.
Wuxuu xirnaa jaakad guduud qoto dheer ah

Days of the Week - Maalmaha Toddobaadka

1. Monday - Isniin
2. Tuesday - Talaado
3. Wednesday - Arbaco
4. Thursday - Khamiis
5. Friday - Jimce

43
 6. Saturday - Sabti
7. Sunday - Axad

Months of the Year - Bilaha Sannadka

1. January - Jannaayo
2. February - Febraayo
3. March - Maarso
4. April - Abriil
5. May - Maajo
6. June - Juun
7. July - Luuliyo
8. August - Ogosto
9. September - Sebtembar
10. October - Oktoobar
11. November - Nofeembar
12. December - Desembar

Greetings - Salaamaha
1. How are you? - Sidee tahay?
2. It's nice to see you. – is aragti wanaagsan.
3. Hey, what's up? - Haye, maxaa cusub?
4. How's your day going? - Sidee buu maalintaadu kuu tahay?
5. What's new? – Maxaa cusub?

44
Introductions - Isbarasho
1. Pleased to meet you. - Waan ku faraxsanahay inaan kula kulmo.
2. Nice to meet you. - Farxad bay ii tahay inaan kula kulmo.
3. Hi, I am sagal How about you?
Salaan, magacaygu waa sagal. Adiguna?
4. Hello, my name's Hodan. What's yours?
Salaan, magacaygu waa Hodan. Adiguna kee baa?
5. Hi there, I don't believe we've met. I'm Mohamed.
Salaan, ma rumaysan karo inaan hore u kulannay. Magacaygu waa
Maxamed.

Basic Conversation - Wadahadalka Aasaasiga ah

Person A: Hi, how are you?
A: Salaan, sidee tahay?
Person B: I'm good, thank you! How about you?
B: Waan fiicanahay, mahadsanid! Adiguna sidee tahay?
Person A: I'm doing well, thanks for asking. By the way, my name is ahmed.
What's your name?
A: Waan wanaagsanahay, waad mahadsan tahay inaad i weydiiso. Si kasta ha
ahaatee, magacaygu waa ahmed. Magacaagu waa?
Person B: Nice to meet you, ahmed. I'm Sarah.
B: Farxad bay ii tahay inaan kula kulmo, ahmed. Magacaygu waa Sarah.
Person A: It's a pleasure to meet you, Sarah. Are you new here?
A: Sharaf bay ii tahay inaan kula kulmo, Sarah. Ma kucusub tahay halkan?
Person B: Yes, I just moved to this city a month ago. How about you?
B: Haa, waxaan u soo guuray magaaladaan hal bil ka hor. Adigu sidee tahay?
Person A: I've been living here for a few years now. If you need any help
settling in, feel free to ask.
A: Waxaan halkan ku noolaa dhowr sano. Haddii aad u baahato wax
caawimaad ah inaad ku degto, si xor ah ii weydii.

45
Person B: Thank you, I appreciate that. So, what brings you to this event?
B: Mahadsanid, waan qadarinayaa taas. Haddaba, maxaa ku keenay
munaasabaddan?
Person A: I'm actually a volunteer here. I enjoy meeting new people and
helping out. How about you?
A: Dhab ahaantii, waxaan ahay mutadawiciye halkan. Waxaan jeclahay inaan la
kulmo dad cusub oo caawiyo. Adigu sidee tahay?
Person B: I came with a friend who invited me. I'm excited to make some new
connections too.
B: Waxaan la imid saaxiib i casuumay. Aad baan ugu faraxsanahay inaan
sameeyo xiriirro cusub.
Person A: That's great! I'm sure you'll have a wonderful time. If you have any
questions or need anything, don't hesitate to ask.
A: Taasi waa wax fiican! Hubaan inaad waqti fiican ku qaadan doonto. Haddii
aad qabto wax su’aalo ah ama aad u baahan tahay wax kale, ha ka laba labayn
inaad i weydiiso.
Person B: Thank you, John. I appreciate your kindness. Let's enjoy the event!
B: Mahadsanid, John. Waan qadarinayaa naxariistaada. Aan ku raaxaysano
munaasabadda!
Lesson 1: Parts of Speech
Objective:
To introduce learners to the eight parts of speech and their functions in
sentence formation.
English Lesson
1. Introduction to Parts of Speech
Explain that every word in a sentence belongs to one of eight parts of
speech—these help construct meaningful sentences.
2. Explanation of Each Part of Speech:
• Nouns: Name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples: cat, school, love

46
 • Pronouns: Words used in place of nouns.
Examples: he, she, they
• Verbs: Words that show action or state of being.
Examples: run, is, think
• Adjectives: Words that describe nouns or pronouns.
Examples: beautiful, fast, red
• Adverbs: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Examples: quickly, very, softly
• Prepositions: Words that show relationships between a noun and
other parts of the sentence.
Examples: in, on, by
• Conjunctions: Words that join words or groups of words.
Examples: and, but, because
• Interjections: Words used to express emotion.
Examples: wow, ouch, hooray

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 [email protected]

48
Somali Translation: Casharka 1: Qaybaha Hadalka
Ujeeddo:
In lagu baro ardayda siddeeda qaybood ee hadalka iyo shaqadooda dhisidda
weedhaha.
Hordhac:
in eray kasta oo weedh ku jira uu leeyahay mid ka mid ah siddeeda qaybood
ee hadalka. Kuwani waxay caawiyaan dhismaha weedho macno leh.
Sharaxaad Qaybaha Hadalka:
• Magac (Noun): Magaca qof, meel, shay, ama fikrad.
Tusaale: bisad, dugsi, jacayl
• Magac-uyaal (Pronoun): Erayo loo isticmaalo beddelka magacyada.
Tusaale: isagu, iyadu, iyaga
• Fal (Verb): Erayo muujinaya ficil ama xaalad.
Tusaale: orod, waa, fikir
• Sifo (Adjective): Erayo ku tilmaamaya magacyo ama magac-uyaal.
Tusaale: qurux badan, degdeg ah, casaan
• Fal-kaabayaal (Adverb): Erayo wax ka beddela falalka, sifooyinka, ama
falkaabayaalka kale.
Tusaale: si dhakhso ah, aad u, si deggan
• Meeleeye (Preposition): Erayo muujinaya xiriirka u dhexeeya magac
iyo qaybo kale oo weedh ah.
Tusaale: gudaha, dusha, agtiisa
• Xidhiidhe (Conjunction): Erayo isku xidha ereyo ama kooxo erayo.
Tusaale: iyo, laakiin, maxaa yeelay
• Tacajub (Interjection): Erayo lagu muujiyo dareen.
Tusaale: hooy, ooh, hurrey

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English Lesson
1. Sentence Structure: Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)
• Definition: A simple sentence is structured as Subject-Verb-Object
(SVO). SUBJECT (S)= faacil( ficil
Examples: sameeye)

VERB(V) = ficil ( ficil kii

1. Subject (S): The person or thing performing the action. lasameeyey)
2. Verb (V): The action or state of being. OBJECT(O) = mafcuul ( ficil
lagu sameeye
3. Object (O): The person or thing receiving the action.
Example Sentence:
o The boy (S) eats (V) an apple (O).

1. Subject (S): The boy is the one performing the action.

50
 o In the picture, he is holding an apple, showing he is the subject.
2. Verb (V): The action performed by the subject.
o The boy is eating the apple, which is the action depicted.
3. Object (O): The receiver of the action.
o The apple is the thing being eaten, making it the object.

Example Sentence:
The boy (S) eats (V) an apple (O).
The arrows in the image visually connect the subject to the verb and then to
the object, showing the flow of the action. This helps clarify how the SVO
structure functions.

Identify SVO Structure:

Write a sentence in English and Somali.
Example:
• The teacher explains the lesson.
1. Subject: The teacher
2. Verb: explains
3. Object: the lesson
Tusaale:
• Macallinka wuxuu sharxayaa casharka.
1. FAACILKA: Macallinka
2. Fal: sharxayaa
3. MAFCUULKA: casharka

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Clauses
Definition of a Clause:
A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.
Types of Clauses:
1. Independent Clause:
➢ A clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
➢ Example: She sings.
➢ Somali Translation: Iyadu way heesaysaa.
2. Dependent Clause:
➢ A clause that cannot stand alone and depends on an
independent clause.
➢ Example: Because she was happy.
➢ Somali Translation: Sababtoo ah way faraxsanayd.

3. Relative Clause:
➢ A clause that describes a noun and usually starts with "who,"
"which," or "that."
➢ Example: The boy who is running is my brother.
➢ Somali Translation: Wiilka ordaya waa walaalkay.

3. Phrases
• Definition: A phrase is a group of words that work together but do not
contain both a subject and a verb.
Types of Phrases with Bolded Examples
1. Noun Phrase
Definition: A group of words that acts as a noun.
• Examples:
➢ The beautiful garden
52
 ➢ A delicious meal
• Sentence Example:
o I visited the beautiful garden.
• Somali Translation:
o Waxaan booqday beerta quruxda badan.

2. Verb Phrase
Definition: A group of words that acts as a verb.
• Examples:
➢ Is eating an apple
➢ Will go to school
• Sentence Example:
➢ He is eating an apple.
• Somali Translation:
➢ Wuxuu cunayaa tufaax.

3. Prepositional Phrase
Definition: A phrase beginning with a preposition and followed by its object.
• Examples:
➢ On the table
➢ Under the tree
• Sentence Example:
o The book is on the table.
• Somali Translation:
o Buugga wuxuu ku yaalaa miiska dushiisa.

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4. Adjective Phrase
Definition: A group of words that describes a noun or pronoun.
• Examples:
o Full of hope
o Very excited about the trip
• Sentence Example:
o She is a girl full of hope.
• Somali Translation:
o Iyadu waa gabar ka buuxda rajo.

5. Adverb Phrase
Definition: A group of words that modifies a verb, adjective, or another
adverb.
• Examples:
➢ Very quickly
➢ In a polite manner

• Sentence Example:
o He spoke in a polite manner.
• Somali Translation:
o Wuxuu hadlay si edban.

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Personal Pronouns - Magacyada La-Dhiga ah
1. Singular Pronouns - Magacyada Hal-Qof ah:
• I (first person) - Aniga
• You (second person) - Adiga
• He (third person, masculine) - Isaga
• She (third person, feminine) - Iyadu
• It (third person, neuter) – Waxa

2. Plural Pronouns - Magacyada Dad Badan:

• We (first person) - Annaga
• You (second person) - Idinka
• They (third person) - Iyaga

Verb "To Be" - Falka "Ah"

Present Tense - Waqtiga Hadda:
• I am - Anigu waan ahay
• You are - Adigu waad tahay
• He is - Isagu waa yahay
• She is - Iyadu waa tahay
• It is - Waa yahay (ama tahay)
• We are - Annagu waannu nahay
• You (plural) are - Idinku waad tihiin
• They are - Iyagu waa yihiin

55
56
57
Examples of Third Person Pronouns in Different Cases

Past Tense - Waqtiga Tagay:

• I was - Anigu waan ahaa
• You were - Adigu waad ahayd
• He was - Isagu waa ahaa
• She was - Iyadu waa ahayd
• It was - Waa ahaa (ama ahayd)
• We were - Annagu waannu ahayn
• You (plural) were - Idinku waad ahaydeen
• They were - Iyagu waa ahaayeen

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Personal Pronouns Explanation - Sharaxaadda Magacyada La-Dhiga ah
Magacyada la-dhiga ah waa erayo lagu beddelo magacyada gaar ahaan dadka
ama waxyaabaha lagu sheego jumladaha. Waxaa loo kala saaraa iyadoo la
eegayo tiro (hal ama badan), qofka (koowaad, labaad, saddexaad), iyo
xaaladda (mawduuca, wax-qaataha, lahaanshaha).

1. Types of Personal Pronouns - Noocyada Magacyada La-Dhiga ah:

Singular Pronouns - Magacyada Hal-Qof ah:
• First Person (Koowaad):
o I (subjective) - Aniga, tusaale: "I am going to the store." (Anigu
dukaan baan u socdaa.)
o me (objective) - Aniga, tusaale: "She saw me at the store."
(Waxay i aragtay dukaanka.)
o my (possessive) - Kayga, tusaale: "That is my book." (Kani waa
buuggayga.)
o mine (possessive pronoun) - Kayga, tusaale: "The book is mine."
(Buuggu waa kayga.)
• Second Person (Labaad):
o You (subjective & objective) - Adiga, tusaale: "You are my
friend." / "I called you."
(Adigu saaxiibkay baad tahay. / Waan ku wacay.)
o your (possessive) - Kaa, tusaale: "This is your pencil." (Tani waa
qalin kaaga.)
o yours (possessive pronoun) - Kaa, tusaale: "The pencil is yours."
(Qalinku waa kaa.)
• Third Person (Saddexaad):
➢ He (subjective) - Isaga, tusaale: "He is a teacher." (Isagu waa
macallin.)

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 ➢ him (objective) - Isaga, tusaale: "I gave him a book." (Buug baan
siiyey isaga.)
➢ his (possessive) - Kiisa, tusaale: "That is his house." (Kani waa
gurigiisa.)
➢ She (subjective) - Iyadu, tusaale: "She is a doctor." (Iyadu waa
dhakhtarad.)
➢ her (objective) - Iyada, tusaale: "I met her yesterday." (Waxaan
la kulmay iyada shalay.)
➢ hers (possessive pronoun) - Keeda, tusaale: "The coat is hers."
(Koodhka waa keeda.)
➢ It (subjective & objective) - Waxa, tusaale: "It is cold." / "I like
it."
(Waa qabow. / Waan jeclahay.)
➢ its (possessive) - Kiisa/keeda, tusaale: "That is its tail." (Tani waa
dabadiisa/dabadeeda.)

Plural Pronouns - Magacyada Dad Badan:

• First Person (Koowaad):
o We (subjective) - Annaga, tusaale: "We are going to the park."
(Annagu barxadda ayaan u soconaa.)
o us (objective) - Annaga, tusaale: "Please join us." (Fadlan noogu
soo biir.)
o our (possessive) - Keenna, tusaale: "This is our project." (Kani
waa mashruucayaga.)
o ours (possessive pronoun) - Keenna, tusaale: "The project is
ours." (Mashruucu waa keena.)

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 Second Person (Labaad):

o You (subjective & objective, plural) - Idinka, tusaale: "You are

all invited." / "I will call you."
(Idinka oo dhami waad marti-qaadan tihiin. / Waan idin wacayaa.)
• Third Person (Saddexaad):
o They (subjective) - Iyaga, tusaale: "They are my friends." (Iyagu
waa saaxiibbaday.)
o them (objective) - Iyaga, tusaale: "I saw them at the concert."
(Waxaan ku arkay iyaga riwaayadda.)
o their (possessive) - Kooda, tusaale: "That is their car." (Kani waa
gaarigooda.)
o theirs (possessive pronoun) - Kooda, tusaale: "The car is theirs."
(Gaarigu waa kooda.)

Personal Pronouns
1. Singular Pronouns:
o I (first person)
o You (second person)
o He (third person, masculine)
o She (third person, feminine)
o It (third person, neuter)
2. Plural Pronouns:
o We (first person)
o You (second person)
o They (third person)

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Verb "To Be"
The verb "to be" has different forms depending on the tense and the subject
pronoun. Here are the present and past forms:
Present Tense:
• I am
• You are
• He is
• She is
• It is
• We are
• You (plural) are
• They are
Past Tense:
• I was
• You were
• He was
• She was
• It was
• We were
• You (plural) were
• They were

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Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are words that substitute for specific nouns (usually
people or things) in a sentence. They are categorized by number (singular or
plural), person (first, second, third), and case (subjective, objective,
possessive).
1. Types of Personal Pronouns:
Singular Pronouns:
• First Person: Refers to the speaker.
o I (subjective), e.g., "I am going to the store."
o me (objective), e.g., "She saw me at the store."
o my (possessive), e.g., "That is my book."
o mine (possessive pronoun), e.g., "The book is mine."
• Second Person: Refers to the person being addressed.
o You (subjective & objective), e.g., "You are my friend." / "I called
you."
o your (possessive), e.g., "This is your pencil."
o yours (possessive pronoun), e.g., "The pencil is yours."
• Third Person: Refers to someone or something else.
o He (subjective), e.g., "He is a teacher."
o him (objective), e.g., "I gave him a book."
o his (possessive), e.g., "That is his house."
o she (subjective), e.g., "She is a doctor."
o her (objective), e.g., "I met her yesterday."
o hers (possessive pronoun), e.g., "The coat is hers."
o it (subjective & objective), e.g., "It is cold." / "I like it."
o its (possessive), e.g., "That is its tail."

63
Plural Pronouns:
• First Person: Referring to the speaker(s).
o We (subjective), e.g., "We are going to the park."
o us (objective), e.g., "Please join us."
o our (possessive), e.g., "This is our project."
o ours (possessive pronoun), e.g., "The project is ours."
• Second Person: Referring to the people being addressed.
o You (subjective & objective, plural), e.g., "You are all invited." / "I
will call you."
• Third Person: Referring to others.
o They (subjective), e.g., "They are my friends."
o them (objective), e.g., "I saw them at the concert."
o their (possessive), e.g., "That is their car."
o theirs (possessive pronoun), e.g., "The car is theirs."
2. Importance of Pronouns:
Personal pronouns are essential for clarity and conciseness in communication.
They help avoid repetition of names and make sentences more fluid. For
example:
• Instead of saying "John went to John’s house," we can say "John went to
his house."
The Verb "To Be"
The verb "to be" is one of the most fundamental verbs in English. It serves as
a linking verb and helps express existence, identity, characteristics, and
conditions.
Forms of "To Be"
The verb "to be" changes form according to the subject and tense.
Present Tense:

64
 Subject Form

I am

You are

He/She/It is

We are

You (plural) are

They are

Examples:
• I am happy.
• You are a student.
• He is tall.
• She is a doctor.
• It is raining.
• We are ready.
• They are friends.
Past Tense:

Subject Form

I was

You were

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 Subject Form

He/She/It Was

We Were

You (plural) Were

They Were

Examples - Tusaalooyin:
• I was at the party last night.
Anigu waxaan joogay xafladdii xalay.
• You were late for class.
Adigu waad ka dib dhacday casharka.
• He was a great leader.
Isagu wuxuu ahaa hoggaamiye weyn.
• She was my teacher.
Iyadu waxay ahayd macalimadaydii.
• It was a beautiful day.
Waa maalin qurux badan.
• We were happy together.
Annagu waxaan ku faraxsanaanay wadajir.
• They were excited about the trip.
Iyagu waxay ahaayeen kuwo xiisaynaya safarka.

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Usage of "To Be" - Isticmaalka "Ah":
Falka "to be" (ah) waxaa loo isticmaali karaa siyaabo kala duwan sida:
1. Describing Identity - Sharaxidda Aqoonsiga(jinsiyd):
"She is a musician."
"Iyadu waa muusikiiste."
2. Expressing Conditions - Muujinta Xaaladaha:
"They are tired."
"Iyagu waa daalan yihiin."
3. Stating Existence - Muujinta Jiritaanka:
"There is a book on the table."
"Waxaa jira buug miiska saaran."
4. Forming Continuous Tenses - Sameynta Waqtiyada Joogtada ah:
"I am running."
"Anigu waxaan ordayaa."

Lesson 1: Articles (a, an, the)

Objective:
To understand the use of articles in English: "a," "an," and "the."
Explanation:
Articles are used to define or limit nouns. There are three articles in English:
a, an, and the.
• "A" is used before words that begin with a consonant sound.
o Example: a book, a cat, a car.
• "An" is used before words that begin with a vowel sound.
o Example: an apple, an umbrella, an hour.
• "The" is used when referring to something specific or already
mentioned.
o Example: the sun, the book on the table.

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 • In Somali, the vowel is translated as "owels shaqal English, the vowels
are A, E, I, O, U.

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Five of the letters are "vowels": a e i o u = vowels shaqal
b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z. = consonants---- waa shibane
Somali Translation:
• "A" waxaa loo isticmaalaa erayada bilaabma codka shibane.
o Tusaale: a buug, a bisad, a gaari. Example: a book, a cat, a car.

• "An" waxaa loo isticmaalaa erayada bilaabma codka shaqal

o Tusaale: an tufaax, an dalaayad, an saacad. = Example: an apple,
an umbrella,
an hour
• "The" waxaa loo isticmaalaa marka la tixraacayo wax gaar ah ama horay
loo soo sheegay.
o Tusaale: the qoraxda, the buugga miiska saaran. = Example: the
sun, the book on the table.

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EXERCISE 1.2 WITH ANSWER LAYLI 1.2 MACAL JAWABAHA
FIIRO GAAR AH ka jawaab inta aadan fiirin jawaabaha
Exercise: Lesson 1 - Articles (a, an, the)
Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct article: "a", "an", or "the".
1. I saw ___ elephant at the zoo.
2. She is ___ best student in our class.
3. He has ___ orange in his hand.
4. ___ sun rises in the east.
5. We live in ___ small town.
6. ___ book on the table is mine.
7. There is ___ cat in the garden.
8. Can you pass me ___ pen on the desk?
9. I have ___ idea!
10. I would like to visit ___ Eiffel Tower in Paris.

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Answers:
1. an elephant at the zoo.
2. the best student in our class.
3. an orange in his hand.
4. The sun rises in the east.
5. a small town.
6. The book on the table is mine.
7. A cat in the garden.
8. the pen on the desk.
9. an idea!
10. The Eiffel Tower in Paris.
Waxaan rajeynaa inaad kawada jawaabtay adoon fiirin good

Lesson 2: Plural Nouns and Regular Verbs

Objective:
To understand the formation of plural nouns and the use of regular verbs in
the present tense.
Explanation:
• Plural Nouns are formed by adding -s or -es to the singular noun.
o Example: cat becomes cats, dog becomes dogs.
o If a noun ends in -s, -x, -sh, or -ch, add -es.
▪ Example: box becomes boxes, wish becomes wishes.
• Regular Verbs form their past tense by adding -ed to the base verb.
o Example: walk becomes walked, talk becomes talked.
Somali Translation:
70
 • Magacyada Jamac waxaa loo sameeyaa adigoo ku daraya -s ama -es
magacyada keliga.
o Example: cat becomes cats, dog becomes dogs. = Tusaale: bisad
waa bisado, ey waa eyo. Marka lagu daro S
o Haddii magac uu ku dhammaado -s, -x, -sh, ama -ch, waxaad ku
darsanaysaa -es.
▪ Tusaale: BOX= Kudar es sabata waxuu ku dhamaaday X
waxuuna noqon BOXES jamaciisa
▪ Tusale watch = watches
▪ Church = churches
• Falka Caadiga ah waxaa lagu sameeyaa waqtiga hore adigoo ku daraya
-ed falka aasaasiga ah.
o Tusaale: socod waa socday, hadal waa hadlay.

Exercise:1.3 Lesson - Plural Nouns and Regular Verbs layly 1.3 iyo
jaawaabaha
Instructions: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with
the correct plural form of the noun or the correct form of the regular verb.
Dhameystir jumlooyinkaan hoose adoo noun ka baracket ka ku jiro
isticmaalaayo sida tan koowaad child – children.
Ka jawaaab inta aadan fiirin jawaabaha
Part 1: Plural Nouns
1. There are many ___ (child) in the playground.
2. The ___ (dog) are playing in the park.
3. I have two ___ (book) to read.
4. She bought three ___ (dress) for the party.
5. The ___ (flower) in the garden are blooming.
Part 2: Regular Verbs

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 6. He ___ (play) soccer every Saturday.
7. They ___ (visit) their grandparents last weekend.
8. She ___ (study) for the exam yesterday.
9. We ___ (watch) a movie last night.
10. I ___ (call) my friend yesterday.

Answers:
Part 1: Plural Nouns
1. There are many children in the playground.
2. The dogs are playing in the park.
3. I have two books to read.
4. She bought three dresses for the party.
5. The flowers in the garden are blooming.
Part 2: Regular Verbs
6. He plays soccer every Saturday.
7. They visited their grandparents last weekend.
8. She studied for the exam yesterday.
9. We watched a movie last night.
10. I called my friend yesterday.

Lesson 3: Present Simple Tense

Objective:
To understand and use the present simple tense in sentences.

72
Explanation:
The present simple tense is used to talk about habitual actions, facts, and
general truths.
• Structure: Subject + base verb (s/es for he, she, it).
o Example: I walk to school every day.
o Example: She reads books.
Somali Translation:
Waqtiga Hadda ee Caadiga ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo sheego falal
joogto ah, xaqiiqooyin, iyo runta guud.
• Qaabka: Faacilka + falka aasaasiga ah oo lagu daray (s/es haddii uu
yahay he, she, it).
o Example: She reads books. Read waxaan ku dar nay S maxaa
yeelay faacilka waa he, haduu ahaan lahaa faacilka she ama it
sidoo kale ficilka waxaan ku dareenaa S
Examples
• **He plays guitar.** play ficil waxaan ku dar nay play+s= plays sababta
faacilka ayaa ah HE
Waxaan dhahnay present simple tence haduu faacilka ama subject
yahay HE,SHE IYO IT ficika ay sameeyaan S ama ES baa lagu dari.
Ka dhax firi jumlooyinkan hoose kuwa lamid ah
• 2. It rains often in the spring.
• 3. They watch movies on Fridays.
• 4. She writes in her journal every night.
• 5. He studies for exams every weekend. studies waxa es laagu daray
awal bey ahyd study marka jamac marla loo badalaayo waa studies
waxaa laga bixiyey Y kadib lagu daray IES
• 6. The dog barks loudly.
• 7. She teaches English at a local school.

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 • 8. He cooks dinner every evening.
• 9. **The sun sets in the west.
• 10. **She enjoys painting in her free time.
Here are some examples of present simple tense sentences with verbs
that end in "y," where the base form changes when used with "he,"
"she," or "it":

1. **He studies for his exams.

2. **She carries the books.
3. **It flies high in the sky.
4. **He worries about his grades.
5. **She tries to help her friends.
6. **The baby cries when he is hungry.
7. **He hurries to catch the bus.
8. **She brushes her teeth every morning.
9. **It dries quickly in the sun.
10. **He parties with his friends on weekends.

Exercise: 1.4 Lesson 3 - Present Simple Tense layli 1.4

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in the
Present Simple tense. Use the verbs in parentheses.
FIIRO GAAR AH ka jawaab inta aadan fiirin jawaabaha

1. She __________ (eat) breakfast every morning.

2. I __________ (play) football on Sundays.
3. They __________ (go) to school by bus.

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 4. He __________ (work) in a bank.
5. We __________ (live) in a big city.
6. My parents __________ (like) to travel during holidays.
7. The train __________ (arrive) at 9:00 AM.
8. She __________ (study) English at the university.
9. I __________ (not like) to drink coffee.
10. He __________ (speak) three languages.

Answers:
1. She eats breakfast every morning.
2. I play football on Sundays.
3. They go to school by bus.
4. He works in a bank.
5. We live in a big city.
6. My parents like to travel during holidays.
7. The train arrives at 9:00 AM.
8. She studies English at the university.
9. I do not like to drink coffee.
10. He speaks three languages.

Lesson 4: Present Continuous Tense

Objective:
To understand and use the present continuous tense.

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Explanation:
The present continuous tense is used to describe actions that are happening
right now or around the present time.
• Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing.
o Example: I am walking to school right now.
o Example: They are reading books at the moment.
Somali Translation:
Waqtiga Joogtada ah ee Hadda waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sharaxo falalka
dhacaya hadda ama ku dhow waqtiga hadda.

• Qaabka: faacilka ( Qofka) + am/is/are + falka -ing.

• Faacilka oo lagu daray AM ama IS ama ARE oo lagu daray ficilkiisa ING
• Example: I am walking to school right now = walka waa ficikii waxa
lagu daray ing = walking
o Tusaale: Anigu waxan socdaa iskuulka hadda.
o Example: They are reading books at the moment. Read waa
ficil+ing = reading
o Tusaale: Iyagu way akhrinayaan buugaagta waqtigan.

Exercise: 1.5 Lesson 4 - Present Continuous Tense layli 1.5

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in the
Present Continuous tense. Use the verbs in parentheses.
FIIRO GAAR AH ka jawaab inta aadan fiirin jawaabaha

1. She __________ (read) a book right now.

2. They __________ (watch) a movie at the moment.
3. I __________ (write) an email to my friend.

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 4. We __________ (study) for the test this week.
5. He __________ (play) football with his friends.
6. The children __________ (run) in the playground.
7. My parents __________ (travel) to Italy this month.
8. I __________ (not understand) this lesson.
9. She __________ (cook) dinner right now.
10. They __________ (not listen) to the teacher.

Answers:
1. She is reading a book right now.
2. They are watching a movie at the moment.
3. I am writing an email to my friend.
4. We are studying for the test this week.
5. He is playing football with his friends.
6. The children are running in the playground.
7. My parents are traveling to Italy this month.
8. I do not understand this lesson.
9. She is cooking dinner right now.
10. They are not listening to the teacher.

Lesson 5: Modal Verbs (Can, May, Must)

Objective:
To understand the use of modal verbs: can, may, must.
Explanation:
• Can is used to express ability or possibility.

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 o Example: I can swim.
• May is used to ask for permission or show possibility.
o Example: May I go to the bathroom?
• Must is used to express necessity or strong obligation.
o Example: You must study for the exam.
Somali Translation:
• Can waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo muujiyo awood ama suurto galnimo.
o Tusaale: Anigu waan dabaalan karaa.
• May waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo weydiisto ogolaansho ama in la
muujiyo suurto galnimo.
o Tusaale: Ma ii oggolaan kartaa inaan tago musqusha?
• Must waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo muujiyo baahi ama waajibaad xoog
leh.
o Tusaale: Waa inaad barato imtixaanka.

Exercise: 2.0 Lesson 5 - Modal Verbs (Can, May, Must) layli 2.0
FIIRO GAAR AH ka jawaab inta aadan fiirin jawaabaha

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct modal verb: can, may, or
must.
1. You __________ wear a helmet while riding a bike.
2. I __________ speak three languages.
3. __________ I borrow your pen for a moment?
4. He __________ study more if he wants to pass the exam.
5. You __________ leave the room once the bell rings.
6. She __________ drive a car when she was 18.

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 7. We __________ go to the party if we finish our work.
8. Students __________ complete their assignments on time.
9. I __________ visit my grandmother this weekend.
10. You __________ talk during the test.

Answers:
1. You must wear a helmet while riding a bike.
2. I can speak three languages.
3. May I borrow your pen for a moment?
4. He must study more if he wants to pass the exam.
5. You may leave the room once the bell rings.
6. She could drive a car when she was 18. (Note: This is an example of
"could," the past form of "can.")
7. We may go to the party if we finish our work.
8. Students must complete their assignments on time.
9. I may visit my grandmother this weekend.
10. You must not talk during the test.

Unit 3: Everyday English

Below are the lessons for Unit 3, with simple explanations, examples, and
Somali translations.

Lesson 1: Telling Time and Date

Objective: Learn how to ask and answer questions about time and date.
Key Vocabulary:
• Time: Saacad
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 • Date: Taariikh
• Morning: Subax
• Afternoon: Galab
• Evening: Fiid
• Night: Habeen
• O'clock: Saacad buuxda
• Quarter past: Rubuc dhaftay
• Half past: Nus ka dhaftay
• Quarter to: Rubuc ka dhiman
Examples:
• What time is it? (Saacadu waa imisa?)
• It is 8 o’clock. (Waa siddeeda saac.)
• It’s half past seven. (Waa toddobo iyo badh.)
• What is the date today? (Maanta waa taariikhdee?)
• Today is December 1st. (Maanta waa Diseembar 1aad.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: What time is it?
B: It’s quarter to three.
A: What is the date today?
B: Today is the 30th of November.
Somali Translation:
A: Saacadu waa imisa?
B: Waa rubuc ka dhiman saddex.
A: Maanta waa taariikhdee?
B: Maanta waa Noofembar 30aad.

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Lesson 2: Describing Weather and Seasons
Objective: Learn how to talk about weather and seasons.
Key Vocabulary:
• Weather: Cimilada
• Sunny: Qorrax leh
• Rainy: Rooban
• Cloudy: Daruuro leh
• Windy: Dabaysha badan
• Hot: Kulul
• Cold: Qabow
• Spring: Gu’
• Summer: Xagaaga
• Autumn/Fall: Dayr
• Winter: Jiilaal

Examples:
• What is the weather like today? (Cimiladu maanta waa sidee?)
• It is sunny and hot. (Waxay tahay qorrax leh oo kulul.)
• In winter, it is cold. (Jiilaalka waa qabow.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: What is the weather like?
B: It’s cloudy and rainy.
A: Do you like winter?
B: No, I prefer summer.

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Somali Translation:
A: Cimiladu waa sidee?
B: Waa daruuro leh oo rooban.
A: Ma jeceshahay jiilaalka?
B: Maya, waxaan doorbidaa xagaaga.

Lesson 3: Ordering Food and Drink

Objective: Learn how to order food and drinks in a restaurant or café.
Key Vocabulary:
• Menu: Liiska cuntada
• Water: Biyo
• Tea: Shaah
• Coffee: Qaxwo
• Juice: Cabitaan
• Bread: Rooti
• Rice: Bariis
• Chicken: Digaag
• Fish: Kalluun
• Bill: Biil
Examples:
• Can I see the menu, please? (Ma heli karaa liiska cuntada?)
• I would like rice and chicken. (Waxaan rabaa bariis iyo digaag.)
• Can I have a cup of tea? (Ma heli karaa koob shaah ah?)
• How much is the bill? (Biilku waa imisa?)

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Practice Dialogue:
A: Can I have the menu, please?
B: Sure. Here you are.
A: I would like chicken and rice.
B: Okay. Anything to drink?
A: A glass of juice, please.
Somali Translation:
A: Ma heli karaa liiska cuntada?
B: Haa. Waa kan.
A: Waxaan rabaa digaag iyo bariis.
B: Waa hagaag. Ma u baahan tahay cabitaan?
A: Haa, koob cabitaan ah fadlan.
Lesson 4: Shopping and Transactions
Objective: Learn how to shop and talk about prices.
Key Vocabulary:
• Shop: Dukaan
• Price: Qiimaha
• Cheap: Jaban
• Expensive: Qaali
• Money: Lacag
• Change: Sarrifka
• Buy: Iibso
• Sell: Iibi
Examples:
• How much is this? (Waa imisa qiimuhu?)
• It costs $10. (Waxay ku kacaysaa $10.)
• Do you have this in blue? (Ma haysaa kan buluug ah?)
• I want to buy this. (Waxaan rabaa inaan iibsado kan.)
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Practice Dialogue:
A: How much is this shirt?
B: It’s $15.
A: That’s expensive! Can I get a discount?
B: Okay, $12.
Somali Translation:
A: Shaatigan waa imisa qiimihiisu?
B: Waa $15.
A: Waa qaali! Ma heli karaa qiimo dhimis?
B: Hagaag, $12.
Lesson 5: Asking Directions
Objective: Learn how to ask for and give directions.
Key Vocabulary:
• Left: Bidix
• Right: Midig
• Straight: Toos
• Near: Agagaarka
• Far: Fog
• Turn: Leexo
• Road: Jid
• Bridge: Buundo
• Building: Dhismo

Key Vocabulary Sentences:

1. Left (Bidix)
o "Turn left at the next intersection."
o "The store is on your left."

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 2. Right (Midig)
o "Take a right turn after the park."
o "You will see the restaurant on your right."
3. Straight (Toos)
o "Go straight for two blocks."
o "The museum is straight ahead."
4. Near (Agagaarka)
o "The bus stop is near the supermarket."
o "My house is near the school."

5. Far (Fog)
o "The hotel is too far from here."
o "The airport is very far from the city center."
6. Turn (Leexo)
o "You need to turn left at the corner."
o "Please turn right at the traffic light."
7. Road (Jid)
o "Take the first road on the right."
o "Follow the road until you reach the park."
8. Bridge (Buundo)
o "The bridge is just ahead, cross it."
o "You will find the café near the bridge."
9. Building (Dhismo)
o "The post office is next to the tall building."
o "Turn right after the second building."

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Example Dialogue:
Person A:
"Excuse me, how do I get to the nearest hospital?"
Person B:
"Go straight for two blocks, then turn left. The hospital is on your left, next to
the building."
Person A:
"Is it near here?"
Person B:
"Yes, it's very near. Just follow the road and you will see it."
Examples:
• Where is the market? (Suuqu xaggee ku yaallaa?)
• Go straight and turn left. (toos usoco/aad oo bidix u leexo.)
• Is it near here? (Ma u dhowdahay halkan?)
Practice Dialogue:
A: Excuse me, where is the bus station?
B: Go straight, then turn right. It’s near the bridge.
A: Thank you!

Somali Translation:
A: ig raali ahhow, saldhiga baska xaggee ku yaallaa?
B: toos usoco/aad, kadibna midig u leexo. Waxay ku ag taal buundada.
A: Mahadsanid!

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Lesson 1: Making Small Talk
Objective: Learn how to engage in light, informal conversation with others.
Key Vocabulary:
• How are you? (Sidee tahay?)
• I’m good, thanks. (Waan fiicanahay, mahadsanid.)
• What’s up? (Maxaa dhacaya?)
• Not much. (Waxba ma jiro.)
• How’s the weather? (Sidee tahay cimiladu?)
• Nice to meet you. (Waan ku faraxsanahay inaan ku arko.)
Examples:
• How are you today? (Sidee tahay maanta?)
• I’m fine, thank you. (Waan fiicanahay, mahadsanid.)
• What’s up? (Maxaa dhacaya?)
• Not much, just relaxing. (Waxba ma jiro, kaliya waan nasanayaa.)
• How’s the weather today? (Sidee tahay cimiladu maanta?)
• It’s sunny and warm. (Waxay tahay qorrax leh oo kulul.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: Hi, how are you?
B: I’m good, thanks. How about you?
A: I’m doing well, thanks. What’s up?
B: Not much, just taking it easy.
A: Sounds good!
Somali Translation:
A: Haye, sidee tahay?
B: Waan fiicanahay, mahadsanid. Adigu, sidee tahay?
A: Waan fiicnahay, mahadsanid. Maxaa dhacaya?
B: Waxba ma jiro, kaliya waan nasanayaa.
A: Waa wanaagsan tahay!
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Lesson 2: Making Appointments and Plans
Objective: Learn how to make and arrange appointments or plans.
Key Vocabulary:
• Appointment: Ballan
• Plan: Qorshe
• Meet: Kulan
• Available: La heli karo
• Schedule: Jadwal
• Time: Waqti
• When: Goorma
• Where: Xagee
Examples:
• Can we meet tomorrow? (Ma kulmi karnaa berri?)
• I’m free at 3 PM. (Waxaan fasax/xor ahay saacadda 3da fiidnimo.)
• When do you want to meet? (Goorma ayaad rabtaa inaan kulano?)
• How about Friday at 10 AM? (Maxaa ku saabsan Jimcaha saacadda 10
subaxnimo?)
• Where should we meet? (Xagee ayaan ku kulmi doonaa?)

Practice Dialogue:
A: Do you want to meet tomorrow?
B: Sure! What time?
A: How about 3 PM?

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B: Sounds good. Where?
A: Let’s meet at the coffee shop.
Somali Translation:
A: Ma rabtaa inaan berri kulanno?
B: Haa, goorma?
A: Maxaa ku saabsan saacadda 3da fiidnimo?
B: Waa fiican tahay. Xagee?
A: Aan ku kulanno makhaayadda shaaha.

Lesson 3: Discussing Likes and Dislikes

Objective: Learn how to talk about what you like and dislike.
Key Vocabulary:
• Like: Jecel
• Dislike: Neceb
• Favorite: Jecel yahay
• Enjoy: Ku raaxeyso
• Don’t like: Ma jecli
• Love: Jeclahay
• Hate: Necebahay
Examples:
• I like playing soccer. (Waxaan jecelahay inaan kubbadda cagta ciyaaro.)
• I don’t like watching TV. (Ma jecli inaan daawado telefishinka.)
• My favorite food is pizza. (Cuntadayda ugu jecel waa pizza.)
• I love reading books. (Waxaan jeclahay inaan akhriyo buugaag.)
• I hate waking up early. (Waan necbahay inaan subaxdii kacdo.)

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Practice Dialogue:
A: Do you like going to the beach?
B: Yes, I love it! What about you?
A: I don’t like it much. I prefer the mountains.
B: That’s interesting.
Somali Translation:
A: Ma jeceshahay inaad xeebta tagto?
B: Haa, waan jeclahay! Adiguna?
A: Anigu si weyn uma jecli. Waxaan doorbidaa buuraha.
B: Taasi waa xiiso badan.

Lesson 4: Expressing Opinions and Feelings

Objective: Learn how to express your opinions and feelings in conversation.
Key Vocabulary:
• Think: U maleyn
• Feel: Dareemid
• Agree: Raalli ahaansho
• Disagree: Ka soo horjeed
• Love: Jecel
• Hate: Neceb
• Sure: Hubi
• Maybe: Waxaa laga yaabaa
• Don’t know: Ma ogi
Examples:
• I think this movie is great. (Waxaan u maleynayaa in filimkan uu yahay
mid weyn.)
• I feel tired today. (Waxaan dareemayaa daal maanta.)

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 • I agree with you. (Waan kula raacsanahay.)
• I don’t agree with that. (Ma raacsani taas.)
• I’m sure it will be fun. (Waan hubaa inay noqon doonto madadaalo.)
• Maybe we should try it. (Waxaa laga yaabaa inaan isku dayno.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: I think the weather is nice today.
B: Yes, I agree. It’s perfect for a walk.
A: I’m not sure, maybe tomorrow will be better.
B: I don’t know, but today is good enough for me.
Somali Translation:
A: Waxaan u maleynayaa in cimiladu maanta tahay mid fiican.
B: Haa, waan raacsanahay. Waa ku haboon tahay socod.
A: Ma hubo, waxaa laga yaabaa berri inay noqoto mid ka wanaagsan.
B: Ma ogi, laakiin maanta ayaa ii wanaagsan.

Unit 5: Understanding and Using Complex Sentences

Below are lessons for Unit 5, with detailed explanations, examples, and Somali
translations.
Lesson 1: Past Simple Tense
Objective: Learn to describe completed actions in the past.
Key Vocabulary:
• Yesterday: Shalay
• Last week: Toddobaadkii hore
• Ago: Hore
• Did: Sameeyey
• Went: Tagay/aaday
• Saw: Arkay

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Examples:
• I went to the market yesterday. (Waxaan shalay tagay suuqa.)
• She finished her homework last week. (Waxay dhammaysay shaqadeeda
guriga toddobaadkii hore.)
• They saw the movie two days ago. (Waxay arkeen filimka labo maalmood
ka hor.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: What did you do yesterday?
B: I visited my friend. What about you?
A: I stayed at home and watched TV.
Somali Translation:
A: Maxaad shalay samaysay?
B: Waxaan booqday saaxiibkay. Adiguna?
A: Waxaan joogay guriga oo daawaday telefishinka.

Lesson 2: Future Tense Forms

Objective: Learn to talk about actions that will happen in the future.
Key Vocabulary:
• Will: Waa doonaysaa
• Tomorrow: Berri
• Next week: Toddobaadka dambe
• Plan: Qorshe
• Intend: Ujeedo
• Shall: Waa la samaynayaa

Examples:
• I will travel to Nairobi tomorrow. (Waxaan berri u safri doonaa Nairobi.)

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 • She will visit her grandmother next week. (Waxay toddobaadka dambe
booqan doontaa ayeeydeed.)
• They will not attend the meeting. (Kama soo qayb geli doonaan kulanka.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: What will you do tomorrow?
B: I will go shopping. And you?
A: I will study for my exams.
Somali Translation:
A: Maxaad berri samayn doontaa?
B: Waxaan tagi doonaa suuqa. Adiguna?
A: Waxaan baran doonaa imtixaankayga.

Lesson 3: Conditional Sentences

Objective: Learn to talk about possibilities and hypothetical situations.
Key Vocabulary:
• If: Haddii
• Would: Lahaa
• Could: Ahaa kara
• Might: Laga yaabo
• Possible: Macquul
Examples:
• If it rains, I will stay at home. (Haddii ay roob da’do, waxaan joogi
doonaa guriga.)
• If I had money, I would buy a car. (Haddii aan lacag haysto, waxaan
iibsan lahaa baabuur.)
• If they had studied, they might have passed the test. (Haddii ay baran
lahaayeen, waxay dhaafi lahaayeen imtixaanka.)

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Practice Dialogue:
A: What will you do if it rains tomorrow?
B: I will stay home and read a book.
Somali Translation:
A: Maxaad samayn doontaa haddii roob da’o berri?
B: Waxaan joogayaa guriga oo akhrin doonaa buug.

Lesson 4: Passive Voice

Objective: Learn how to emphasize the action rather than the doer.
Key Vocabulary:
• Built: Lagu dhisay
• Done: Lagu sameeyey
• Written: Lagu qoray
• Said: Lagu yiri
• Made: Lagu sameeyey
Examples:
• The house was built in 2020. (Guriga waxaa lagu dhisay 2020.)
• The book was written by a famous author. (Buugga waxaa qoray qoraa
caan ah.)
• The work will be done tomorrow. (Shaqada waxaa la qaban doonaa
berri.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: Who built this house?
B: It was built by a local company.

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Somali Translation:
A: Yaa dhisay gurigan?
B: Waxaa dhisay shirkad maxalli ah.

Lesson 5: Reported Speech

Objective: Learn to report what someone else said.
Key Vocabulary:
• Said: Yiri
• Told: U sheegay
• Asked: Waydiiyey
• Mentioned: Xusay
• Reported: Soo sheegay
Examples:
• He said, “I am going to the market.” → He said that he was going to the
market.
(Wuxuu yiri, "Waxaan u socdaa suuqa." → Wuxuu yiri inuu u socday
suuqa.)
• She told me, “I will call you tomorrow.” → She told me that she would call
me the next day.
(Waxay ii sheegtay, "Waxaan kuu soo wici doonaa berri." → Waxay ii
sheegtay inay berri ii soo wici doonto.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: What did she say?
B: She said that she was busy.
Somali Translation:
A: Maxay tiri?
B: Waxay tiri inay mashquulsan tahay.

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Unit 5: Understanding and Using Complex Sentences
Below are the lessons with detailed explanations, examples, and Somali
translations for better understanding.

Lesson 1: Past Simple Tense

Objective: Learn to describe actions that happened and were completed in
the past.
Key Vocabulary:
• Yesterday: Shalay
• Last week: Toddobaadkii hore
• Ago: Hore
• Was/Were: Ahaa/Ahayd
• Went: Tagay
• Saw: Arkay
Examples:
1. I visited my grandparents yesterday.
(Waxaan shalay booqday awoowgay iyo ayeeyday.)
2. She went to the market last week.
(Waxay toddobaadkii hore tagtay suuqa.)
3. They studied for their exams two days ago.
(Waxay labo maalmood ka hor barteen imtixaankooda.)
4. He did his homework after dinner.
(Wuxuu shaqadiisa guriga qabtay ka dib cashada.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: What did you do yesterday?
B: I played football with my friends. What about you?
A: I stayed at home and cleaned my room.
Somali Translation:
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A: Maxaad shalay samaysay?
B: Waxaan la ciyaaray kubbadda saaxiibbaday. Adiguna?
A: Waxaan joogay guriga oo nadiifiyey qolkeyga.

Lesson 2: Future Tense Forms

Objective: Learn to talk about actions or events that will happen in the future.
Key Vocabulary:
• Tomorrow: Berri
• Next year: Sannadka dambe
• Plan: Qorshe
• Will/Shall: Waan samayn doonaa
• Going to: Waan sameynayaa
Examples:
1. I will travel to Nairobi tomorrow.
(Waxaan berri u safri doonaa Nairobi.)
2. We are going to start a new project next week.
(Waxaan toddobaadka dambe bilaabi doonaa mashruuc cusub.)
3. She will cook dinner for the family tonight.
(Waxay caawa cunto u karin doontaa qoyska.)
4. They will not attend the meeting.
(Kama soo qaybgali doonaan kulanka.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: What will you do tomorrow?
B: I will visit my friend. And you?
A: I will prepare for the workshop.
Somali Translation:

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A: Maxaad berri samayn doontaa?
B: Waxaan booqan doonaa saaxiibkay. Adiguna?
A: Waxaan isu diyaarin doonaa aqoon-is-weydaarsiga.

Lesson 3: Conditional Sentences

Objective: Learn to describe hypothetical situations or possibilities.
Key Vocabulary:
• If: Haddii
• Would: Lahaa
• Could: Ahaa kara
• Might: Laga yaabaa
• Possible: Macquul

Lesson 3: Conditional Sentences

Objective: Learn to describe hypothetical situations or possibilities.

Key Vocabulary Sentences:

1. If (Haddii)
o "If it rains, we will stay indoors."
o "Haddii uu roob da’o, waxaan joogaynaa guriga.).)."
2. Would (Lahaa)
o "I would go to the party if I had time."
o Waxaan aadi lahaa xaflada hadii aan heli lahaa waqti
o "He would help you if he could."
3. Could (Ahaa kara)
o "If I were rich, I could travel around the world."
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 o "She could play the piano when she was a child."

Exercise: 2.1 Conditional Sentences layli 2.1

Instructions: Complete the following sentences using if, would, or could.
1. If I had a car, I __________ (drive) to work every day.
2. If you studied harder, you __________ (pass) the exam.
3. She __________ (go) to the concert if she wasn’t feeling sick.
4. If they had more money, they __________ (buy) a new house.
5. We __________ (help) you if we knew the answer.
6. If he worked harder, he __________ (get) a promotion.
7. I __________ (travel) to Paris if I had the chance.
8. If it __________ (rain) tomorrow, we would stay home.
9. She __________ (speak) three languages if she practiced more.
10. If you __________ (ask) him, he would have given you advice.

Answers:
1. If I had a car, I would drive to work every day.
2. If you studied harder, you would pass the exam.
3. She would go to the concert if she wasn’t feeling sick.
4. If they had more money, they could buy a new house.
5. We could help you if we knew the answer.
6. If he worked harder, he would get a promotion.
7. I would travel to Paris if I had the chance.
8. If it rained tomorrow, we would stay home.
9. She could speak three languages if she practiced more.

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 10. If you had asked him, he would have given you advice.

Examples:
1. If it rains, we will stay at home.
(Haddii uu roob da’o, waxaan joogaynaa guriga.)
2. If I were rich, I would help the poor.
(Haddii aan hodan ahaan lahaa, waxaan caawin lahaa dadka saboolka
ah.)
3. If they study hard, they will pass the exam.
(Haddii ay si fiican u bartaan, way baasi doonaan imtixaanka.)
4. If he had called, I would have helped him.
(Haddii uu soo wici lahaa, waan caawin lahaa.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: What will you do if you win the lottery?
B: I will buy a big house.
Somali Translation:
A: Maxaad samayn doontaa haddii aad ku guulaysato quraacda?
B: Waxaan iibsan doonaa guri weyn.

Lesson 4: Passive Voice

Objective: Learn to focus on the action rather than the doer.
Key Vocabulary:
• Built: Lagu dhisay
• Written: Lagu qoray

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 • Done: Lagu sameeyey
• Said: Lagu yiri
• Made: Lagu sameeyey
Examples:
1. The house was built last year.
(Guriga waxaa lagu dhisay sannadkii hore.)
2. The book was written by a famous author.
(Buugga waxaa qoray qoraa caan ah.)
3. The work will be done by tomorrow.
(Shaqada waxaa la dhamayn doonaa berri.)
4. The cake was made by my mother.
(Doolshaha waxaa sameeyey hooyaday.)
Practice Dialogue:
A: Who made this cake?
B: It was made by my mother.
Somali Translation:
A: Yaa sameeyey doolshahan?
B: Waxaa sameeyey hooyaday.

Lesson 5: Reported Speech

Objective: Learn to report someone’s words or statements.
Key Vocabulary:
• Said: Yiri
• Told: U sheegay
• Asked: Waydiiyey
• Mentioned: Xusay
• Reported: Soo sheegay

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Examples:
1. He said, “I am tired.” → He said that he was tired.
(Wuxuu yiri, "Waan daallanahay." → Wuxuu yiri inuu daallan yahay.)
2. She told me, “I will come tomorrow.” → She told me that she would come
the next day.
(Waxay ii sheegtay, "Waxaan imaan doonaa berri." → Waxay ii sheegtay
inay imaan doonto maalinta xigta.)
3. They asked, “Where are you going?” → They asked where I was going.
(Waxay waydiiyeen, "Xaggee ayaad u socotaa?" → Waxay waydiiyeen
xaggee aan u socday.)

Exercise:2.2 Lesson 5 - Reported Speech layli 2.2

Instructions: Convert the following sentences from direct speech to
reported speech.

1. Direct Speech: "I am going to the market," she said.

Reported Speech: _____________________________
2. Direct Speech: "We have finished our homework," they said.
Reported Speech: _____________________________
3. Direct Speech: "I will call you tomorrow," he said.
Reported Speech: _____________________________
4. Direct Speech: "Do you like pizza?" she asked.
Reported Speech: _____________________________
5. Direct Speech: "Where are you going?" he asked.
Reported Speech: _____________________________
6. Direct Speech: "I didn’t see her at the party," John said.
Reported Speech: _____________________________

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 7. Direct Speech: "Can you help me with this project?" she asked.
Reported Speech: _____________________________
8. Direct Speech: "We are planning a trip next month," they said.
Reported Speech: _____________________________
9. Direct Speech: "Close the door," the teacher said.
Reported Speech: _____________________________
10. Direct Speech: "Why didn’t you call me?" she asked.
Reported Speech: _____________________________

Answers:
1. She said that she was going to the market.
2. They said that they had finished their homework.
3. He said that he would call me the next day.
4. She asked if I liked pizza.
5. He asked where I was going.
6. John said that he hadn’t seen her at the party.
7. She asked if I could help her with the project.
8. They said that they were planning a trip the following month.
9. The teacher told us to close the door.
10. She asked why I hadn’t called her.

Practice Dialogue:
A: What did she say?
B: She said that she was busy.
Somali Translation:
A: Maxay tiri?
B: Waxay tiri inay mashquulsan tahay.

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Lesson 2: Writing Emails and Letters
Objective: Learn to write formal and informal emails and letters.
Email/Letter Structure:
1. Greeting:
o Formal: Dear Sir/Madam,
(Rasmiga ah: Mudane/Marwo qaaliga ah,)
o Informal: Hi Ahmed,
(Aan rasmi ahayn: Salaan Ahmed,)
2. Introduction:
o Explain why you are writing.
Example: I am writing to inquire about your services.
(Tusaale: Waxaan qorayaa inaan wax ka waydiiyo adeegyadaada.)
3. Body:
o Provide details of your message.
Example: I need a room for two nights, starting from May 3rd.
(Tusaale: Waxaan u baahanahay qol labo habeen ah, laga bilaabo
May 3aad.)
4. Closing:
o Formal: Yours sincerely,
(Rasmiga ah: Si xushmad leh,)
o Informal: Best regards,
(Aan rasmi ahayn: Salaan diiran,)

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Examples of Formal and Informal Emails with Somali Translation
1. Formal Email Example
Subject: Inquiry About Conference Room Booking
Dear Sir/Madam,
I hope this email finds you well. I would like to know the availability of your
conference rooms for a business meeting.
We need a conference room for 20 people on December 15th, 2024, from 10:00
AM to 4:00 PM. Please provide the pricing details and any additional facilities
included, such as projectors or refreshments.
Looking forward to your response.
Yours sincerely,
Amina Hassan

Somali Translation:
Mowduuc: Weydiin ku saabsan ballansashada qol shir
Mudane/Marwo
Waxaan rajaynayaa in emailkan uu idin soo gaaro si wanaagsan.
Waxaaninkugu soo qorayaa si aan wax uga weydiiyo helitaanka qolalka
shirarka ee shir ganacsi.
Waxaan u baahanahay qol shir oo qaadi kara 20 qof, December 15, 2024, laga
bilaabo 10:00 subaxnimo ilaa 4:00 galabnimo. Fadlan ii soo dir faahfaahinta
qiimaha iyo adeegyada kale ee la socda, sida projector iyo cunto fudud.
Waxaan sugayaa jawaabtaada.
Si xushmad leh,
Amina Xasa
2. Informal Email Example
Subject: Weekend Plans
Hi Ahmed,

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How are you? I hope you’re doing well. I wanted to let you know that we are
planning a small picnic this Saturday at the city park. It starts at 2:00 PM, and
we’d love for you to join us.
Please bring any snacks you like. Let me know if you can make it.
Best regards,
Ali
Somali Translation:
Mowduuc: Qorshayaasha Usbuuca
Salaan Axmed,
Sidee tahay? Waxaan rajeynayaa inaad fiican tahay. Waxaan kuu soo qorayaa
inaan ku ogeysiiyo in aan qorsheynay kulan yar oo picnic ah Sabtida soo socota
ee beerta magaalada. Waxay bilaabaneysaa 2:00 duhurnimo, waana jeclaan
lahayn inaad nagu soo biirto.
Fadlan keen wax cunto fudud ah oo aad jeceshahay. Ii soo sheeg haddii aad
imaan karto.
Salaan diiran,
Cali

Lesson 3: Writing Essays: Structure and Tips

Objective: Learn to write structured essays with clear ideas.
Essay Structure:
1. Introduction:
o State your main idea or thesis.
Example: Global warming is a critical issue that requires
immediate action.
(Tusaale: Cimilada kululaanshaha waa arrin muhiim ah oo u
baahan tallaabo degdeg ah.)
2. Body Paragraphs:

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 o Support your thesis with examples and arguments.
Example: One reason for global warming is the burning of fossil
fuels.
(Tusaale: Hal sabab oo keenta cimilada kululaanshaha waa
shidaalka la gubo.)
3. Conclusion:
o Summarize your main points and restate your thesis.
(Koob oo dib ugu celso fikraddaada ugu weyn.)
Tips:
• Use simple sentences for clarity.
• Proofread your essay for grammar errors.

Examples of Essays with Somali Translation

Example 1: The Importance of Education
Introduction:
Education is the foundation of personal and societal development. It provides
individuals with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in life.
Body Paragraphs:
Firstly, education empowers individuals by teaching them how to read, write,
and think critically. For instance, literacy helps people understand laws, secure
jobs, and improve their living conditions.
Secondly, education contributes to societal progress. Educated individuals
innovate, create, and improve technologies that benefit communities. For
example, advancements in medicine and technology have been achieved through
education.
Lastly, education reduces poverty. People with higher education have better job
opportunities and earn more, lifting themselves and their families out of poverty.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, education is essential for individual and societal success. It

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empowers people, fosters innovation, and reduces poverty, making it a vital tool
for growth and development.

Somali Translation:
Hordhac:
Waxbarashadu waa aasaaska horumarinta shakhsi ahaaneed iyo tan bulshada.
Waxay dadka siisaa xirfado iyo aqoon ay ku guuleystaan nolosha.
Qodobada muhiimka ah
Marka hore, waxbarashadu waxay awood siisaa shakhsiyaadka iyada oo
baraysa sida loo akhriyo, loo qoro, iyo in si qoto dheer loo fikiro. Tusaale ahaan,
aqoonta akhriska iyo qorista waxay caawisaa dadka inay fahmaan sharciga,
shaqo helaan, oo ay nolol fiican yeeshaan.
Marka labaad, waxbarashadu waxay gacan ka geysataa horumarka bulshada.
Dadka wax bartay hal-abuur ayey sameeyaan, farsamooyin horumariya, oo
bulshooyinka faa’iido u leh. Tusaale ahaan, horumarka daawooyinka iyo
tignoolajiyada waxaa lagu gaaray waxbarasho.
Ugu dambeyntii, waxbarashadu waxay yaraysaa saboolnimada. Dadka leh
waxbarasho sare waxay helaan fursado shaqo oo fiican, oo lacag badan helaan,
iyagoo kor u qaadaya naftooda iyo qoysaskooda.
Gabagabo:
Gabagabadii, waxbarashadu waa lama huraan guusha shakhsi ahaaneed iyo
tan bulshada. Waxay awood siisaa dadka, kobcisaa hal-abuurka, oo yareysaa
saboolnimada, taasoo ka dhigaysa aalad muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay koboca
iyo horumarka.

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Example 2: The Impact of Social Media on Society
Introduction:
Social media has transformed the way people communicate and interact
globally. While it has benefits, it also poses challenges to individuals and society.
Body Paragraphs:
Firstly, social media connects people worldwide. Platforms like Facebook and
WhatsApp allow families and friends to stay in touch despite physical distances.
Secondly, social media is a powerful tool for education and awareness. For
example, during crises, information is shared quickly, helping people stay
informed.
However, social media also has negative effects. For instance, it can lead to
addiction, decreased productivity, and mental health issues like anxiety and
depression.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, while social media has revolutionized communication and
education, its challenges must be addressed. Responsible usage can maximize its
benefits and minimize its harms.
Somali Translation:
Hordhac:
Baraha bulshada waxay beddeleen habka ay dadku isku xiriiraan iyo is
dhexgalka caalamka. Inkastoo ay leedahay faa’iidooyin, haddana waxay
keenaysaa caqabado gaar ah iyo kuwo bulsho.
Qodobada muhiim ka ah:
Marka hore, baraha bulshada waxay isku xiraan dadka caalamka oo dhan.
Madalaha sida Facebook iyo WhatsApp waxay u oggolaadaan qoysaska iyo
asxaabta inay is xiriiyaan xitaa haddii ay kala fog yihiin.
Marka labaad, baraha bulshada waa aalad awood leh oo waxbarasho iyo wacyi
gelin ah. Tusaale ahaan, xilliyada dhibaatooyinka, macluumaadka si degdeg ah
ayaa loo wadaagaa, taasoo dadka ka caawisa inay helaan warar sax ah.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baraha bulshada waxay sidoo kale leeyihiin saameyn
xun. Tusaale ahaan, waxay keeni kartaa balwad, hoos u dhac wax soo saar, iyo
dhibaatooyin maskaxeed sida walaaca iyo niyad-jabka.
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Gabagabo:
Gabagabadii, inkastoo baraha bulshada ay kacaan gelisay isgaarsiinta iyo
waxbarashada, waa in caqabadaha laga hortagaa. Isticmaalka masuulka ah
wuxuu kordhin karaa faa’iidooyinka oo yareyn karaa dhibaatooyinka.

Appendix 1: English Phonemic Chart (Jaantuska Fonekta ee Af-

Ingiriisiga)

Vowels (Shibbane)

Symbol Example Somali Translation

/iː/ see /siː/ arag

/ɪ/ sit /sɪt/ fadhi

/ʊ/ book /bʊk/ buug

/uː/ too /tuː/ sidoo kale

/e/ get /ɡet/ helid

/ə/ about /əˈbaʊt/ ku saabsan

/ɜː/ her /hɜː/ iyada

/ɔː/ saw /sɔː/ arkay

/æ/ cat /kæt/ bisad

/ʌ/ cup /kʌp/ koob

/ɑː/ car /kɑː/ gaari

/ɒ/ not /nɒt/ maya

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Consonants (Shibbanayaasha)

Somali
Symbol Example
Translation

/p/ pen /pen/ qalin

/b/ bed /bed/ sariir

/t/ ten /ten/ toban

/d/ dog /dɒɡ/ eey

/k/ cat /kæt/ bisad

/ɡ/ go /ɡəʊ/ tagid

/f/ fish /fɪʃ/ kalluun

/v/ van /væn/ gaari yar

/s/ sun /sʌn/ cadceed

/z/ zoo /zuː/ xayawaanka

/ʃ/ she /ʃiː/ iyada

measure
/ʒ/ cabir
/ˈmeʒə(r)/

/h/ hat /hæt/ koofiyad

/m/ man /mæn/ nin

/n/ net /net/ shabaq

/ŋ/ song /sɒŋ/ hees

/l/ leg /leɡ/ lug

/r/ red /red/ casaan

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 Somali
Symbol Example
Translation

/j/ yes /jes/ haa

/w/ we /wiː/ annaga

/tʃ/ chair /tʃeə(r)/ kursi

/dʒ/ juice /dʒuːs/ casiir

Appendix 2: Irregular Verbs List (Liiska Falalka Aan Caadiga Ahayn)

Past Somali
Base Form Past Simple
Participle Translation

go went gone tagid

be was/were been ahaansho

have had had lahaansho

do did done samayn

see saw seen aragid

eat ate eaten cunid

take took taken qaadid

write wrote written qorid

read read read akhrisid

buy bought bought iibsasho

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 Past Somali
Base Form Past Simple
Participle Translation

make made made samayn

speak spoke spoken hadlid

drive drove driven wadid

drink drank drunk cabid

know knew known garasho

think thought thought fikirid

find found found helid

give gave given bixid

Appendix 3: Useful Expressions for Various Situations

Somali Translation: Erayo Faa’iido Leh oo Loo Adeegsado Xaalado Kala
Duwan

1. Greetings and Introductions (Salaanta iyo Isbarashada)

1. Hello! → Salaan!
2. Good morning! → Subax wanaagsan!
3. Good afternoon! → Galab wanaagsan!

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 4. Good evening! → Fiid wanaagsan!
5. How are you? → Sidee tahay?
6. I’m fine, thank you. → Waan fiicanahay, mahadsanid.
7. What’s your name? → Magacaa?
8. My name is... → Magacaygu waa...
9. Nice to meet you. → Aad ayaan kuugu faraxsanahay.
10. Where are you from? → Xagee baad ka timid?

2. Asking for Directions (Waydiisashada Jihooyinka)

11. Where is the nearest hospital? → Halkee ku yaal isbitaalka ugu
dhow?
12. Can you show me on the map? → Ma i tusi kartaa khariidada?
13. Is it far from here? → Ma ka fog tahay halkan?
14. Turn left. → Bidix u leexo.
15. Turn right. → Midig u leexo.
16. Go straight ahead. → Si toos ah u soco.
17. Is there a bus stop nearby? → Ma ku dhow yahay istaanka baska?
18. How long will it take to get there? → Mudo intee le'eg ayay
qaadanaysaa in halkaas la gaaro?
19. I’m lost. Can you help me? → Waan lumay. Ma i caawin kartaa?
20. Is this the right way? → Tani ma tahay jidka saxda ah?

3. Shopping and Transactions (Wax iibsiga iyo Macaamilka)

21. How much does this cost? → Immisa ayey tani tahay?
22. I would like to buy this. → Waxaan rabaa inaan iibsado tan.
23. Do you have a bigger size? → Ma haysaa cabir weyn?
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 24. Can I pay with a credit card? → Ma ku bixin karaa kaar deyn?
25. I’m just looking, thank you. → Kaliya waan eegayaa, mahadsanid.
26. Can you give me a discount? → Ma ii dhimi kartaa qiimaha?
27. Where is the fitting room? → Halkee ku yaal qolka isku dayga?
28. I’d like a receipt, please. → Fadlan, waxaan rabaa rasiidh.
29. This is too expensive. → Tani waa mid qaali ah.
30. Do you sell this in another color? → Ma haysaa tan midab kale?

4. Dining Out (Cunista Dibadda)

31. Can I see the menu? → Ma arki karaa menu-ga?
32. I’ll have the chicken, please. → Fadlan, waxaan qaadan doonaa
digaaga.
33. What do you recommend? → Maxaad ku talinaysaa?
34. Can I have some water, please? → Fadlan, ma heli karaa biyo?
35. Is this dish spicy? → Ma kulul yahay cunto kani?
36. I’m allergic to peanuts. → Waxaan u xeranahay looska.
37. I’d like the bill, please. → Fadlan, waxaan rabaa biilka.
38. Is this table available? → Miiskani ma yahay mid bannaan?
39. I’d like a takeaway. → Waxaan rabaa inaan qaato.
40. Thank you for the delicious meal. → Mahadsanid cunnada macaan.

5. Emergencies (Xaaladaha Degdega ah)

41. I need help! → Waxaan u baahanahay caawin!
42. Call the police! → Booliiska soo wac!
43. Where is the nearest hospital? → Halkee ku yaal isbitaalka ugu
dhow?
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 44. I lost my wallet. → Boorsadaydii ayaan lumiyey.
45. My phone is missing. → Telefoonkaygu wuu maqan yahay.
46. I’m not feeling well. → Waan xanuunsanahay.
47. There’s been an accident. → Shil ayaa dhacay.
48. I need a doctor. → Waxaan u baahanahay dhakhtar.
49. Can you help me translate this? → Ma i caawin kartaa inaan tan
turjumo?
50. Please call an ambulance. → Fadlan, ambalaasada soo wac.

6. Making Plans and Appointments (Samaynta Qorshooyin iyo Ballamo)

51. What time is the meeting? → Goorma ayaa shirka bilaabmaya?
52. Can we meet tomorrow? → Ma is arki karnaa berri?
53. I’ll call you later. → Waan ku soo wici doonaa goor dambe.
54. Let’s meet at 5 o’clock. → Aan ku kulanno 5-ta galabnimo.
55. I’m running late. → Waan dib dhacayaa.
56. Can you reschedule? → Ma u wareejin kartaa wakhtiga?
57. I’m busy today. → Maanta waan mashquulsanahay.
58. Do you have time now? → Ma haysaa wakhti hadda?
59. Where should we meet? → Halkee ku kulmi doonaa?
60. Let me check my calendar. → Aan eegayo jadwalkayga.

7. Expressing Feelings and Opinions (Muujinta Dareenka iyo Fikirka)

61. I’m happy. → Waan faraxsanahay.
62. I’m sad. → Waan murugooday.
63. I’m tired. → Waan daalay.

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 64. I think it’s a good idea. → Waxaan u maleynayaa inay tahay fikrad
fiican.
65. I don’t agree. → Ma ogolaanayo.
66. That’s amazing! → Taasi waa yaab leh!
67. I’m worried. → Waan walwalsanahay.
68. I’m excited! → Waan faraxsanahay!
69. This is interesting. → Tani waa xiiso leh.
70. I’m angry. → Waan xanaaqsanahay.

8. Traveling (Safarada)
71. Where can I buy a ticket? → Halkee ka iibsan karaa tigidh?
72. What time does the train leave? → Goorma ayaa tareenka
baxayaa?
73. Is this seat taken? → Kuraastani ma la qaatay?
74. How long is the flight? → Duulimaadku waa intee?
75. Can I have a window seat? → Ma heli karaa kursiga daaqadda
agteeda?
76. Where is the boarding gate? → Halkee ku taalla albaabka raaca?
77. Do I need a visa? → Ma u baahanahay fiiso?
78. Is this a direct flight? → Tani ma tahay duulimaad toos ah?
79. I’m here for vacation. → Waxaan halkan u joogaa fasax.
80. Can you help me with my luggage? → Ma i caawin kartaa
alaabteyda?

9. Daily Conversations (Hadallada Maalinlaha ah)

81. What are you doing? → Maxaad qabanaysaa?

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 82. Can you help me? → Ma i caawin kartaa?
83. What’s the time now? → Immisa ayaa saacadda hadda tahay?
84. I need to go. → Waxaan u baahanahay inaan tago.
85. I’ll be back soon. → Waxaan soo noqon doonaa goor dhow.
86. What’s the weather like? → Sidee u egyahay cimiladu?
87. It’s raining. → Roob baa da’aya.
88. It’s sunny. → Waa qorax leh.
89. I’m hungry. → Waan gaajeysanahay.
90. I’m thirsty. → Waan harraad badanahay.

10. Polite Phrases (Ereyada Dhaqanka Wanaagsan)

91. Please. → Fadlan.
92. Thank you. → Mahadsanid.
93. Excuse me. → Iga raali noqo.
94. I’m sorry. → Waan ka xumahay.
95. You’re welcome. → Adiga ayaa soo dhaweyn leh.
96. No problem. → Dhib ma jiro.
97. May I help you? → Ma ku caawin karaa?
98. Have a nice day. → Maalin wanaagsan.
99. See you later. → Waan ku arki doonaa goor dambe.
100. Take care. → Is ilaali.

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Grammar Reference
This section will provide explanations of key English grammar rules, examples
in English and Somali, and tips to help learners understand and use grammar
correctly.
1. Parts of Speech
• Nouns: Definition, types (common, proper, countable, uncountable),
examples.
o Example:
▪ The book is on the table.
▪ Somali: Buuggu wuxuu saaran yahay miiska.
• Pronouns: Personal, possessive, reflexive, etc.
o Example:
▪ She is reading a book.
▪ Somali: Waxay akhrinaysaa buug.
• Verbs: Main verbs, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs.
o Example:
▪ I can swim.
▪ Somali: Waan dabaalan karaa.
2. Sentence Structure
• Basic word order: Subject + Verb + Object.
o Example:
▪ Ali eats an apple.

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 ▪ Somali: Cali wuxuu cunayaa tufaax.
• Questions and negations:
o Do you like tea?
▪ Somali: Ma jeceshahay shaah?
3. Tenses
• Present Simple: Usage, form, and examples.
o Example:
▪ I go to school every day.
▪ Somali: Waxaan maalin walba aadaa iskuul.
• Past Simple:
o Example:
▪ She visited her grandmother.
▪ Somali: Waxay booqatay ayeeyadeed.
• Future Forms:
o Example:
▪ We will travel tomorrow.
▪ Somali: Berrito ayaannu safri doonaa.
4. Articles
• Definite article (the) and indefinite articles (a, an).
o Example:
▪ I saw a cat.
▪ Somali: Waxaan arkay bisad.
5. Adjectives and Adverbs
• Adjectives: Describing nouns.
o Example:

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 ▪ The house is big.
▪ Somali: Gurigu waa weyn yahay.
• Adverbs: Describing verbs.
o Example:
▪ She runs quickly.
▪ Somali: Waxay u orodaysaa si degdeg ah.
6. Prepositions
• Common prepositions: in, on, at, with, etc.
o Example:
▪ He is at the market.
▪ Somali: Wuxuu ku sugan yahay suuqa.
7. Conditional Sentences
• Zero, first, second, and third conditionals.
o Example:
▪ If it rains, I will stay home.
▪ Somali: Haddii roobku da’o, waxaan joogi doonaa
guriga.
8. Passive Voice
• Form and usage.
o Example:
▪ The cake was baked by Mary.
▪ Somali: Kekadii waxaa dubtay Maryan.
9. Direct and Reported Speech
• Examples of converting direct to reported speech.
o Example:

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 ▪ He said, "I am tired."
▪ Somali: Wuxuu yiri, "Waan daallanahay."
10. Irregular Verbs
• Include a comprehensive list in the appendix for quick reference.
o Example:
▪ go - went - gone
▪ Somali: tag - tagay - tagtay.

Common Phrasal Verbs and Idioms

This section will include useful phrasal verbs and idioms with their meanings,
examples, and Somali translations to help learners understand and use them
in context.
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are combinations of verbs with prepositions or adverbs that
create new meanings.
1. Break down – Stop working (for machines).
o Example:
▪ My car broke down yesterday.
▪ Somali: Baabuurkayga ayaa shalay jabay.
2. Bring up – Raise a topic or a child.

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 o Example:
▪ She brought up an interesting question.
▪ Somali: Waxay soo bandhigtay su’aal xiiso leh.
3. Carry on – Continue.
o Example:
▪ Please carry on with your work.
▪ Somali: Fadlan sii wad shaqadaada.
4. Look after – Take care of.
o Example:
▪ I’ll look after the kids while you’re out.
▪ Somali: Carruurta waan ilaalin doonaa inta aad
maqantahay.
5. Put off – Postpone.
o Example:
▪ The meeting was put off until tomorrow.
▪ Somali: Shirka waxaa dib loogu dhigay berrito.
6. Run out of – Have none left.
o Example:
▪ We ran out of milk.
▪ Somali: Caanaha waa naga dhammaadeen.
7. Turn on / Turn off – Start/stop a device.
o Example:
▪ Can you turn on the lights?
▪ Somali: Ma damiin kartaa laydhka?

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Idioms
Idioms are expressions whose meanings are not literal and often differ from
the meanings of their individual words.
1. A piece of cake – Something very easy.
o Example:
▪ The test was a piece of cake.
▪ Somali: Imtixaanku wuxuu ahaa mid aad u fudud.
2. Hit the nail on the head – Do or say something exactly right.
o Example:
▪ You hit the nail on the head with that solution.
▪ Somali: Waxaad si sax ah uga hadashay xalkaas.
3. Under the weather – Feeling sick.
o Example:
▪ I’m feeling under the weather today.
▪ Somali: Maanta caafimaadkaygu ma fiicna.
4. Burn the midnight oil – Work late into the night.
o Example:
▪ He’s burning the midnight oil to finish his project.
▪ Somali: Wuxuu habeenkii u shaqaynayaa si uu
mashruuciisa u dhammeeyo.
5. Break the ice – Start a conversation in a comfortable way.
o Example:
▪ She told a joke to break the ice.
▪ Somali: Waxay sheegtay kaftan si ay sheekada u
bilowdo.
6. Spill the beans – Reveal a secret.

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 o Example:
▪ Who spilled the beans about the surprise party?
▪ Somali: Yaa fashiliyey xafladdii lama filaanka ahayd?
7. Bite off more than you can chew – Take on too much responsibility.
o Example:
▪ He bit off more than he could chew by accepting two jobs.
▪ Somali: Wuxuu qaatay mas'uuliyad ka badan intuu
qaban karo markii uu aqbalay laba shaqo.

Glossary of Terms
The glossary will include essential English terms and their Somali translations
to aid learners in quickly referencing words and understanding their
meanings in different contexts. The terms can be grouped into categories for
clarity.

General Vocabulary
1. Book – Buug
2. School – Iskuul
3. Friend – Saaxiib
4. Family – Qoys
5. Work – Shaqo
6. Time – Waqti
7. Water – Biyo
8. Food – Cunto

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Grammar Terms
1. Noun – Magac
2. Verb – Fal
3. Adjective – Sifo
4. Pronoun – Magac u yaal
5. Adverb – Fal kaab
6. Preposition – Meeleeye
7. Sentence – Jumlad
8. Tense – Xilli fal

Numbers and Measurements

1. One – Hal ama koow
2. Ten – Toban
3. Hundred – Boqol
4. Kilogram – Kiilo garaam
5. Meter – Mitir
6. Day – Maalin
7. Week – Usbuuc
8. Year – Sannad

Colors
1. Red – Casaan
2. Blue – Buluug
3. Green – Cagaar
4. Yellow – Huruud

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 5. Black – Madow
6. White – Caddaan

Everyday Phrases
1. Hello – Salaan
2. Goodbye – Nabad gelyo
3. Thank you – Mahadsanid
4. Please – Fadlan
5. Yes – Haa
6. No – Maya

Human Body
1. Head – Madax
2. Hand – Gacmo
3. Eye – Indho
4. Leg – Lug
5. Heart – Wadno

Technology and Computers

1. Computer – Kombiyuutar
2. Mouse – moows
3. Keyboard – Kiiboodh
4. File – Fayl
5. Internet – Internet

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Nature and Weather
1. Sun – Qorrax
2. Rain – Roob
3. Wind – Dabaysha
4. River – Wabiga
5. Mountain – Buur

Expanded Glossary of Terms

Here’s an extended glossary categorized for comprehensive coverage, with
Somali translations for easy reference:

General Vocabulary
1. City – Magaalo
2. Village – Tuulo
3. House – Guri
4. Road – Waddo
5. Market – Suuq
6. Shop – Dukaan
7. Hospital – Isbitaalka
8. Bank – Bangi

Grammar Terms
1. Clause – Qayb jumlad
2. Phrase – Weedh
3. Subject – Mawduuc

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 4. Object – Wax fal lagu sameeyay
5. Conjunction – Isku-xidh
6. Article – Tixraac magac
7. Direct Speech – Hadal toos ah
8. Reported Speech – Hadal soo gudbin

Numbers and Measurements

1. Two – Laba
2. Twenty – Labaatan
3. Thousand – Kun
4. Kilometer – Kiilo mitir
5. Gram – Garaam
6. Liter – Liitar
7. Hour – Saacad
8. Minute – Daqiiqad
9. Second – Ilbiriqsi

Colors
1. Brown – Bunni
2. Pink – Guduudan
3. Orange – Liimihi ah
4. Purple – Guduud madow
5. Grey – Cawl
6. Gold – Dahab ah
7. Silver – Qalin ah

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Everyday Phrases
1. How are you? – Sidee tahay?
2. I am fine. – Waan fiicnahay.
3. What is your name? – Magacaagu waa maxay?
4. My name is... – Magacaygu waa...
5. How much is this? – Imisa ayaa lagu iibiyaa?
6. Where is the bathroom? – Meeday musqusha?
7. Excuse me – Iga raali noqo.

Human Body
1. Ear – Dheg
2. Nose – Sanka
3. Mouth – Af
4. Foot – Cag
5. Arm – Gacan
6. Stomach – Calool
7. Back – Dhabar
8. Skin – Maqaarka

Technology and Computers

1. Screen – Shaashad
2. Printer – Daabace
3. Software – Barnaamij
4. Hardware – Qalabka adag

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 5. Email – Boostada korontada
6. Password – Furaha sirta
7. Login – Galitaanka
8. Download – Soo dejin

Nature and Weather

1. Sky – Cirka
2. Cloud – Daruur
3. Tree – Geed
4. Forest – Kayn
5. Desert – Lama-degaan
6. Ocean – Bad weyn
7. Island – Jasiirad
8. Season – Xilli

Transportation
1. Car – Baabuur
2. Bus – Bas
3. Train – Tareen
4. Plane – Diyaarad
5. Bicycle – Baaskiil
6. Boat – Doon
7. Taxi – Taksiyo
8. Traffic – Taraafik

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Food and Drinks
1. Rice – Bariis
2. Meat – Hilib
3. Fish – Kalluun
4. Milk – Caano
5. Tea – Shaah
6. Bread – Rooti
7. Egg – Ukun
8. Vegetables – Khudaar

Work and Professions

1. Doctor – Dhakhtar
2. Teacher – Macallin
3. Farmer – Beeraley
4. Engineer – Injineer
5. Driver – Darawal
6. Shopkeeper – Dukaanle
7. Nurse – Kalkaaliye
8. Manager – Maareeye

Health and Wellness

1. Medicine – Dawo
2. Pain – Xanuun
3. Fever – Qandho

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 4. Cough – Qufac
5. Injury – Dhaawac
6. Doctor – Dhakhtar
7. Clinic – Cusbitaal yar
8. Healthy – Caafimaad qaba

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