(i)

Think IAS. Think Drishti.

UPSC Civil Services

Examination (Mains)
Previous 12 Years
Solved Papers
(2013-2024)

Drishti Publications
(A Unit of VDK Publications Pvt. Ltd.)
641, First Floor, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-110009
Telephone: +91-87501-87501
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.drishtiias.com
 CONTENTS
ART OF ANSWER WRITING (v)-(viii)

GENERAL STUDIES-I...................................... 1-194 GENERAL STUDIES-III................................ 389-584

z 2024 3 z 2024 391
z 2023 20 z 2023 410
z 2022 34 z 2022 425
z 2021 48 z 2021 440
z 2020 62 z 2020 455
z 2019 76 z 2019 471
z 2018 95 z 2018 489
z 2017 109 z 2017 502
z 2016 122 z 2016 517
z 2015 136 z 2015 531
z 2014 150 z 2014 545
z 2013 169 z 2013 563

GENERAL STUDIES-II................................. 195-388 GENERAL STUDIES-IV................................ 585-784

z 2024 197 z 2024 587
z 2023 219 z 2023 608
z 2022 231 z 2022 623
z 2021 245 z 2021 644
z 2020 259 z 2020 661
z 2019 277 z 2019 677
z 2018 294 z 2018 693
z 2017 307 z 2017 707
z 2016 322 z 2016 718
z 2015 336 z 2015 730
z 2014 350 z 2014 745
z 2013 366 z 2013 764
 (v)

ART OF ANSWER WRITING

The main examination is intended to assess the overall intellectual traits and depth of understanding of candidates
rather than merely the range of their information and memory. So, scoring well in the Civil Services Main Exam is
crucial to finally get into the services of one’s choice. Thus, one has to master the technique of writing a perfect
answer to fetch good marks. A good answer is generally divided into the introduction, body and conclusion.

Introduction
„ It is the precursor to the actual content of the answer.

„ As it is said, “first impression is the last impression”, writing an impressive introduction is the first opportunity
to impress an examiner.
„ There may be various ways to write an introduction, such as:
z Relating the answer to a recent happening or event of significance;
z Writing a precise sentence of what will follow in detail in the answer;
z Defining the most important concept in the question asked.

Body
„ It is the actual content of the answer.

„ It should contain all the dimensions/perspectives related to the questions asked. The more the dimensions
one includes in an answer, the more chances are there to get good marks.
„ It should contain all the relevant concepts, facts and figures.
„ One should try to address the positive as well as negative aspects of the initiatives/issues mentioned in the
question.
„ One’s content of the answer should be according to the demand of the question, which is explicitly conveyed
by the use of directive words in the question, such as discuss, analyse, comment, explain, etc.

Conclusion
„ It is again an important component of the answer. It leaves the final impression in the mind of the examiner.

„ One should be optimistic and forward-looking in the conclusion but at the same time, be realistic too.
„ Conclusion may vary as per the demand of the answer but some of the ways to conclude an answer are:
z Taking a balanced view weighing the pros and cons of the steps/initiatives;
z Providing the suggestions/solutions to improve the situation/problem;
z Relating the main content of the answer to the present situations;
z Summarising in few words what you have already stated.

Five Steps to Write a Good Answer

„ Step 1: One should understand the question in its entirety. To get a comprehensive understanding of the
question, underline the keywords and read the question at least two times.
„ Step 2: Brainstorm for a minute or two on the main theme of the question. Without knowledge or clear
understanding of the main theme you will not be able to frame a good answer.
„ Step 3: Organise your answer into headings and sub-headings in advance.
„ Step 4: Write the answer keeping in mind the essential points under the introduction, body and conclusion.
„ Step 5: Revise your answer and have a final check for the spelling and grammatical errors. Also underline the
essential arguments/keywords of the answer to attract the attention of the examiner.
 General Studies-I

General Studies-I

Drishti Publications 1
 SYLLABUS
General Studies-I
Indian Heritage and Culture,
History and Geography of the World and Society
 Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from
ancient to modern times.
 Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present
significant events, personalities, issues.
 The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors/contributions from
different parts of the country.
 Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
 History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world
wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies
like communism, capitalism, socialism etc. – their forms and effect on the society.
 Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
 Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and
developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
 Effects of globalization on Indian society.
 Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
 Salient features of world’s physical geography.
 Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian
sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary
sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
 Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity,
cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical
features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of
such changes.
 2024

Question 1: Underline the changes in the field of society and economy from the Rig Vedic to the later Vedic
period. (150 words) [10]
Indian Culture – Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Answer: The transition from the Rig Vedic (1500–1000 BCE) to the Later Vedic (1000–500 BCE) period marked
a shift from a nomadic lifestyle to a sedentary agrarian society, leading to profound changes in social structures
and livelihoods.
Aspect Rig Vedic Period Later Vedic Period
Flexible, based on profession, tribal, Rigid, hierarchical, with four distinct classes:
Varna System
and egalitarian society. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.
Position of Women Women participated in rituals. Emergence of Sati and child marriages.
Flexible patriarchy, freedom in
Patriarchy Women confined to household duties.
choosing spouses (e.g., Swayamvara).
Vedic Education Open to both genders. Restricted to upper castes.
Cattle were the main symbol of Land ownership and agricultural productivity
Symbol of Wealth
wealth (e.g., Gavisthi). became the main symbols of wealth.
Agriculture became the backbone of the
Extent of Agriculture Pastoral and semi-nomadic economy.
economy.
Trade was limited, mainly barter- Expansion of trade and commerce, introduction
Trade and Commerce
based. of coins (Nishka), and rise of Shrenis (guilds).
The crafts were simple. Occupations Emergence of specialized crafts. Hereditary
Crafts and Occupations
were not hereditary. occupations.
The shift from the nomadic, egalitarian society of the Rig Veda to the rigid caste structure and agrarian economy
of the later Vedic time led to urbanization in the Ganga Valley, exemplified by the Mahajanapadas.

Question 2: Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi for the development of art and literature of South
India. (150 words) [10]
Indian Culture: Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature, and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Answer: The Pallavas ruled from 3rd to the 9th century CE. They were feudatories of the Satavahanas. The Pallava
kings were great patrons of South Indian arts, architecture, and literature.

Pallavas’ Contributions to Art

„ Temple Architecture: The Pallavas introduced rock-cut temples and pioneered the Dravidian style of architecture,
evolving from cave temples to monolithic rathas, and finally to the structural temples, developed in four stages.
z Mahendravarman introduced the rock-cut temples.
z Monolithic rathas and Mandapas at Mamallapuram credited to Narasimhavarman I. e.g., Panchapanadava
rathas.
z Rajasimha introduced structural temples constructed from soft sandstone. E.g., Kailasanatha temple at Kanchi.
z Structural temples built by the later Pallavas. e.g., Vaikundaperumal temple.
„ Sculpture: The Pallavas significantly advanced sculpture like Open Art Gallery at Mamallapuram and Descent
of the Ganges.
The Paintings at the caves of Sittannavasal belonged to them.

Drishti Publications 3
 2023

Question 1: Explain the role of geographical factors towards the development of Ancient India.
 (150 words) [10]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Answer: Geographical factors played a pivotal role in shaping the development of ancient India. These factors
encompassed the country’s diverse terrain, climate, and natural resources, which in turn influenced settlement
patterns, agricultural practices, trade routes, etc.

Role of Geographical Factors

„ River Systems: Perennial rivers like the Indus and Ganges fueled urban civilizations like the Harappan, supported
agriculture, ensured food security, and promoted trade and communication in India.
„ Mountain Ranges: The Himalayas in the north acted as a natural defense, supplied river water, and influenced
climate, yet passes like Khyber and Bolan fostered cultural exchanges and migrations.
„ Coastal Plains: The Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal coasts boosted trade with Southeast Asia, West Asia, and
Africa. Cities like Lothal and Muziris thrived as trade hubs.
„ Forested Regions and Plateaus: Dense forests supplied timber, medicine, and animals. Mineral-rich areas like
Chotanagpur boosted metallurgy and mining. Forested zones like Nalanda and Bodh Gaya thrived as Buddhist
hubs.
„ Desert and Semi-arid Regions: The Thar Desert acted as a natural barrier against invasions and fostered trade
centers like Bikaner and Jaisalmer despite its arid conditions.
Ancient India’s geography shaped its civilization, culture, economy, and society, influencing interactions with
the world and enriching its heritage.

Question 2: What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in their approach
towards education and nationalism? (150 words) [10]
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present significant events, personalities,
issues.

Answer: Gandhi and Tagore, key figures in India’s independence, had distinct approaches to education and
nationalism, despite a common goal of freedom from British rule.

Differences between Mahatma Gandhi and Tagore on Education

„ Mahatma Gandhi
z Basic Education Emphasis: Gandhi advocated for basic education with a focus on practical skills like farming
and handicrafts, promoting the Nai Talim (Basic Education System).
z Values-centric Education: His approach was rooted in Indian cultural and moral values, emphasizing character-
building.
z Self-reliance: Education was seen as a tool for self-reliance and self-sufficiency, symbolized by the spinning
wheel during the freedom struggle.
„ Rabindranath Tagore
z Cosmopolitan Education: Tagore's perspective on education was cosmopolitan, blending Indian traditions
with global values through the founding of Visva-Bharati University.
z Holistic Development: He encouraged self-expression, creativity, and individualism, creating an environment
that celebrated freedom of thought and expression. Santiniketan exemplified this approach.

20 Drishti Publications
 2022

Question 1: How will you explain that medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the social life of those days?
 (150 words) [10]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Answer: Indian temples have symbolised the very ethos of lifestyle of people through the centuries. To illustrate,
sculptural elements, like dancers, musicians, teachers and disciples, were either depictions of daily life events or
inspired from social life of that times.

Medieval Indian Temple Sculptures and Representation of Social Life

„ The human figures at Kandariya Mahadeva Temple show the beauty and elegance of sculptural activity. The
general theme of these sculptures is pursuit of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha.
„ Dance and music were important aspects of life. The musical pillars of Vittala Temple at Hampi combine the
music and sculptural sense of the society.
„ The Ranga Mandapa (Virupaksha Temple) is the area where all social activities took place. This place has both
carvings and paintings which convey the power of the king who built it.
„ Scene of appreciating literature in an assembly by Narasimha (Ganga ruler) is reflected in the sculptures of the
Sun Temple, Konark.
„ The pillars of Hoysala architecture stand evidence to the expertise of sculpture community of society, they are
the signed artworks unlike other works.
„ The temple Vahanas (Srirangam Temple) which are used to carry the idols of deity showcase the utility of small
sized images and processions during festivities.
The sculptures in temples have remained an important component of Indian culture. They were either portrayals
of ordinary life, documentation of a victory, a good deed, or done for religious purposes.

Question 2: Why did the armies of the British East India Company – mostly comprising of Indian soldiers – win
consistently against the more numerous and better equipped armies of the then Indian rulers? Give reasons.
 (150 words) [10]
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present significant events, personalities,
issues.

Answer: The British East India Company had European soldiers in its early days in India. However, the British
army gradually began recruiting from Indian classes and communities, and with subsequent political development,
the number of Indian soldiers increased in the British army, providing it effective strength.
Despite having a numerical disadvantage, the British managed to win battles like Plassey and Buxar for the
following reasons:
„ Infighting and Multiple Front Wars: There was constant infighting among Indian rulers like Marathas helped
Britishers in 3rd Anglo Mysore war. The British took on one enemy to another sequentially.
„ Leadership and Strategy: Unlike Indian kings, who lacked effective leadership, governors like Clive and Wellesley
(through Subsidiary Alliance) were able to strategize and utilise their human resources efficiently.
„ Military Superiority: The British army had an advantage over that of Indian rulers because of the modern
weapons and technology such as firearms, modern muskets and cannon.
„ More Organized: The British had more organized, better hierarchy and a uniform way of operating which gave
them an edge over Indian rulers. For example, effective suppression of the Revolt of 1857.

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 2021

Question 1: Evaluate the nature of Bhakti Literature and its contribution to Indian culture. (150 words) [10]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Answer: Originally began in South India in the 9th century with Shankaracharya, the Bhakti Literature spread
over all parts of India and by the 16th century and became a great spiritual force to reckon with, especially after
the great wave made by Kabir, Nanak and Shri Chaitanya.

Nature of Bhakti Literature

„ Bhakti and Sufi supported each other. Various recitation of sufi saints found place in Sikhs’ religious canons.
„ Spread of Bhakti cult due to adoption of vernacular languages which was easy to be understood by masses.
„ It preached for removal of sectarianism and casteism. The Bhakti literature called for inclusion of castes and
out-castes.

Contribution of Bhakti Literature

„ The Bhakti literature promoted the growth of vernacular language in different parts of the country.
z Bengali was used by Chaitanya and by the poet Chandidas, who wrote extensively on the theme of the love
of Radha and Krishna.
z Shankaradeva popularised the use of the Assamese in the Brahmaputra valley in the 15th century. He used
an entirely new medium to spread his ideas.
z Marathi reached its apogee at the hands of saints like Eknath and Tukaram.
z Other prominent saints like Kabir, Nanak, and Tulsidas contributed enormously to regional literature and
language with their captivating verses and spiritual exposition.
„ Emergence of a new cultural tradition with the influence of Bhakti and sufism. Also emergence of new sects
like Sikhism, Kabir panth etc.
„ Post-Vedanta ideas were explored by Nimbarkacharya through his Dvaitadvaita, by Ramanujacharya in his
Vishishta Advaita etc.
„ As a literary movement, it liberated poetry from singing the praises of kings and introduced spiritual themes.
From a style point of view, it introduced simple and accessible styles like vachanas (in Kannada), saakhis, dohas
and other forms in various languages and ended the hegemony of Sanskrit metrical forms.
The ideas of Bhakti Movement continued to permeate the cultural ethos of the society through the enormous
body of literature left by them. The congruence in their ideas not only saved us from the likely internecine conflicts
but also built the spirit of tolerance.

Question 2: Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young
Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. (150 words) [10]
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present-significant events, personalities,
issues.
Answer: When the British came to India, they introduced the English language as well as certain Western ideas.
This led to the development of new Indian middle-class intelligentsia, where people like Raja Ram Mohan Roy,
Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar, Dayanand Saraswati, etc. spread the ideals of liberty, social and economic equality,
democracy and justice.

Brahmo Samaj and Raja Ram Mohan Roy

„ Raja Ram Mohan Roy is known as the father of Modern India’s Renaissance and a tireless social reformer who
inaugurated the age of enlightenment and liberal reformist modernisation in India.

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 2020

Question 1: The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early
Indian art and history. Discuss.  (150 words) [10]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Answer: Rock-cut architecture is the art of moulding a structure by chiselling it out of solid natural rock. Some
conspicuous rock-cut structures of ancient India include Chaityas, Viharas, temples, etc.

Rock-cut Architectures: Emblem of Indian Art

„ The Mesolithic period saw the first use and modifications. The overhanging rocks of natural caves were
embellished with petroglyphs or rock-cut designs. Example: Bhimbetka.
„ In the 3rd century BCE, rock-cut caves were constructed by the Mauryans for the Avijika and Jain ascetics in the
Barabar and Nagarjuni hills of Bihar. The caves are known for the bow-shaped arches.
„ The Gupta and Vakataka period (3rd century CE – 6th century CE) was perhaps the golden age for rock-cut
architecture. During this period, the designs of rock-cut architectures became more elaborate and aesthetics
more pronounced. A profuse variety of decorative sculpture, intricately carved columns and carved reliefs mark
the rock-cut architecture of the period. Example: Ajanta Caves.
„ The Pallava architects started the carving of rock for the creation of monolithic copies of structural temples.
Example: Panch Ratha of Mamallapuram, the five structures shaped as rathas or chariots chiselled out of a
large block of stone of granite dates back to the 7th century.
„ The Kailash temple, constructed by Rashtrakutas at Ellora, provides a singular example, excavated from the top
down rather than by the usual practice of carving into the scarp of a hillside.

Historical Significance
„ The rock-cut architectures are mostly religious but also reflect an important connection between religion,
commerce, and society. The stories represented on the cave walls or through sculptures are valuable sources
of historical information.
„ Buddhist monks created their cave hermitages near trade routes. The Buddhist missionaries employed the
caves as shrines and shelters conforming to the religious concepts of asceticism. Traders often travelled the
trade routes in the company of the Buddhist missionaries.
„ The architecture also reflects the changing realities of the subcontinent. The themes of rock-cut architectures
changed as Buddhism weakened in the face of a renewed Hinduism during the 6th-8th century CE.
„ The Buddhist stories were replaced by Hindu Gods and mythologies. Many cave temples, developed under the
patronisation of southern Indian Hindu kings were dedicated to Hindu gods and goddesses.
Rock-cut architectures occupy a very important place in Indian history. Their significance has been rightly
underlined as many rock-cut structures have been incorporated in the UNESCO world heritage list. Example: Ajanta
caves, Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, etc.

Question 2: Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate.
 (150 words) [10]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Answer: The Pala dynasty, founded by Gopala, ruled the regions of Bengal and Bihar from the 8th century until
the end of the 12th century. The Pala kings were Buddhists and adopted initiative and policies which helped in the
enrichment of Buddhism.

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 2019

Question 1: Highlight the Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in Gandhara art. (150 words) [10]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Answer: Gandhara art is a style of Buddhist visual art that developed between the 1st century BCE and the 7th
century CE in what is now northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. The region came under the political
influence of a variety of kingdoms which resulted in the emergence of a mixed school of art.
The sculptural tradition in Gandhara had the confluence of Bactria, Parthia and the local Gandhara tradition.
However, the real patrons of this school of art were the Scythians and the Kushanas, particularly Kanishka.

Features of Gandhara Art Borrowed from Greco-Bactria

„ The Gandhara school drew upon the anthropomorphic traditions of Roman religion and represented the Buddha
with a youthful Apollo-like face, dressed in garments resembling those seen on Roman imperial statues. Its
significance lies in the fact that until then Buddha was not represented in a human-like figure.
„ Wavy hair in a top knot, sometimes a moustache on the face, urna (a dot or third eye) between the eyebrows,
elongated earlobes, garment with thick pleats usually covering both shoulders, and muscular formation of the
body are other resembling features.
„ Other motifs and techniques that Gandhara school incorporated from classical Roman art, include vine scrolls,
cherubs bearing garlands, tritons, and centaurs.
„ The images having physiognomic features depicting symbolic expression such as of calmness, sharp outlines,
smooth surface, expressive images etc. are the centre point of attraction.
Gandhara art not only assimilated the features of Hellenistic art but also borrowed many West Asiatic and
Central Asiatic features such as:
„ Halo behind the head of Buddha was associated with solar deities of ancient Persian and Greek art.
„ Figures with conical and pointed caps on their heads resemble the Scythian caps of similar design.
„ The regular depiction of fire worship in the Gandhara art, a trait which was probably derived from Iranian sources.
The foreign elements imbibed in the Gandhara art not only placed it on a high pedestal of artistic achievements
but also made possible the naturalistic depiction of the human form for the first time in the Indian art history.

Question 2: The 1857 Uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had
occurred in the preceding hundred years of British Rule. Elucidate. (150 words) [10]
The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
Answer: The revolt of 1857 was the cumulative effect of British expansionist policies, economic exploitation
and administrative innovations over the years which had adversely affected all strata of the Indian society (i.e.
the rulers of Indian states, sepoys, zamindars, peasants, traders, artisans, pundits, maulvis, etc). The simmering
discontent growing in the last hundred years had busted in the form of a violent storm in 1857 which shook the
very foundation of the British Empire.

Genesis of Resentment
The genesis of resentment can be categorised into five broad categories with different causative factors as
mentioned below:
„ Civil Uprising: Rapid changes in the economy, administration and land revenue system which went against
several zamindars and poligars due to which they lost control over their land and its revenues. They were
further sidelined in rank by government officials and a new class comprising of merchants and money-lender
came in scenario. Some of the important Civil Uprisings were Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1800), Revolt of Raja of
Vizianagaram (1794), Poligars’ Revolt (1795-1805).

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Question 1: Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss. (150 words) [10]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Answer: Indian subcontinent has been the cradle of civilizations. From early Indus valley civilization to modern
day nation states, Indian art, culture and its heritage have undergone a sea of change. Indian art heritage is one of
the most vibrant and diverse in the world. Indian art heritage is a link between past and present, and it provides
an insight into the life of different civilizations of human history. With time these heritages have deteriorated and
some are at the verge of being extinct.
Indian art heritage includes cave paintings of prehistoric period, sculptures of early periods, paintings of Mughal
and British period, and also the tribal art forms that are practiced in various parts of India.

Reasons for Preservation and Safeguard of the Indian Heritage

„ Indian art heritage has been a great source of insight into the administration and life of people. For instance
the Madhubani painting gives an insight into the life of people of Darbahnga region of Bihar.
„ India has a unique identity in the world for its art and culture which represents Indian civilization on world
platform. Any deterioration and its degradation will affect the uniqueness of India on global platform.
„ Art and craft has been a source of income for artists. Vanishing art forms may lead to loss of personal income
of the individuals and will overall hamper the nation’s economy.
„ For many tribal communities, art and craft is the source of income. Declining art heritage is hampering the
income of the backward and tribal areas of India.
„ Art heritage has been a source of attraction for tourism, and academic interest. It contributes to the economy
of the country.
„ Art and culture has been the diplomatic tool of Indian policy as soft power in world politics.
„ Art heritage also represents “unity in diversity” of India and builds a bridge between people living abroad to
get connected with their native country.
„ Many Indian art forms are on the verge of extinction, such as Manjusha painting of Bihar, the traditional art of
Puppetry, Parsi embroidery, Naga craft, Dhokra handicraft, etc.
Indian government from the very start has been active in preserving the art heritage through institutions
like Lalit Kala Akademi and Sahitya Akademi. Recently the government has started many initiatives, to preserve
the rich art heritage of the country, such as Ek Bharat Shresth Bharat programe, Tribal haats, GI tag to the local
products, e-haat, etc. Apart from strict implementation of such programmes, Government should provide financial
assistance to strengthen regional and local museums, preserving art heritage through virtual media, and promote
local paintings on products like wallet, mobile cover, pillow cover, etc.

Question 2: Assess the importance of the accounts of the Chinese and Arab travellers in the reconstruction of
the history of India. (150 words) [10]
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present-significant events, personalities, issues.
Answer: Literary accounts are an important source of information for history. The accounts left by the foreign
travellers, who were eyewitnesses to the events that occurred at that time, are an important source to corroborate
other sources of history.
Literary accounts left by the Chinese and Arab travellers give a great insight into the administration, religion,
culture, and life practices of the Indians. Chinese travellers like Fa Hein, and Hiuen Tsang have left a rich account
of Gupta reign and Harsha’s rule in India.
Arab travellers such as the merchants – Sulayman, Abu Zaid, etc. provided vivid accounts on Indian culture and
science, which are valuable sources for the study of early medieval Indian history. Arab travellers have provided

Drishti Publications 95
 2017

Question 1: How do you justify the view that the level of excellence of the Gupta numismatic art is not at all
noticeable in later times? (150 words) [10]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Answer: Gupta coins are among the most remarkably detailed coins from ancient India featuring exquisite
artistic details. The Gupta numismatic art stands out from coins crafted during the reign of other dynasties.

Unique Features of Gupta Period Coins

„ The coins are achievement of remarkable craftsmanship. It is evident by the finesse of the variety of images
carved on both faces of the coin and its smooth and even wedges.
„ The coins had detailed carvings. This ranged from Chandragupta riding a horse to Samudragupta playing Veena
and the Goddess Lakshmi to a sacrificial horse for Ashvamedha ceremony and so on.
„ Apart from these detailed images, there were inscriptions as well, often adding details of the image inscribed
on the coin.
„ Most of the important kings of Gupta dynasty are now believed to have had multiple coin types during the
course of their reign, in which older designs were dropped and newer motifs were adopted.
„ According to scholars, unique designs of the coins during the Gupta period was made possible by the use of
clay-molds by skilled mint-masters.

Features of Post-Gupta Period Coins

„ Post Gupta period marked the rise of internal feuds amongst kings. These feuds led to fragmented kingdoms
and poor treasury. Hence coins were minted in metal of inferior quality-usually nickel, copper and lead.
„ The coins minted during the Sultanate period were impacted due to frequent changes in the regime and lack
of time to focus on design.
„ Islamic law prohibited idolatry. This is evident from the coins which bore only textual information such as the
name of the king and date of issue.
„ Coins minted in the South India were confined to dynastic crests. For instance the Chalukyan coins had image
of boar, the Pallavas had image of Bull, etc.
„ Coins of British times were monotonous in design. They were limited by textual information of coin denomination
and year on obverse side and portrait of the king or queen on the reverse side.
Post-Gupta period saw a deterioration of numismatic art in India. It was due to systemic economic distress,
town-based artisans producing good quality coins were forced to migrate to the countryside causing a decline
of craft production and a decay of townships. Without urban centres and foreign trade, and with increasing
decentralisation of political power which had resulted from the urban to rural migration of artisans, the excellence
of Gupta numismatic art could not be sustained or recreated in the times that followed.

Question 2: Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity?
 (150 words) [10]
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present-significant events, personalities, issues.
Answer: The first half of the eighteenth century witnessed the decline and disintegration of the mighty Mughal
Empire and rise of virtually independent regional powers. Features of the political landscape of India of the mid-
eighteenth century were as follows:
„ The Mughal court saw a host of weak emperors in succession, emperors who were incapable to command the
glorious empire and would rather indulge in wasteful extravagance of pomp and show. Courtrooms became
kingmaker’s ground for treachery and war of succession became recurrent.

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Question 1: Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives successfully expounds Buddhist
ideals. Elucidate. (200 words) [12½]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Answer: After the death of the Buddha, Stupas were to be raised in his honor. The relics of the Buddha were
distributed to different kingdoms and Stupas were erected over them.
„ The Buddhist Stupa transcends its predecessor, the burial mound, by shifting the emphasis from a particular
relic to a higher transcendental actuality as realized by the Buddha, i.e. the Buddha’s attainment and the
worshiper’s goal.
„ The Early Buddhist stupa art had many motifs which could be associated with folk traditions. Such stupa art
did not show Buddha in bodily form but six important events like birth, enlightenment, first sermon, etc., were
shown by different folk motifs. For instance, Buddha’s birth at sanchi stupa has been depicted by motifs of
Maya being flanked by two elephants which represents Gaja-Lakshmi figure.
„ The Jataka stories were depicted on the torans of Stupas. These stories are a method of teaching Buddhists,
the lessons of Karma, Samsara, and Dharma. The overall structure of the Jataka Tales is all about the cycle of
samsara that the Buddha had to experience before reaching enlightenment.
„ The main structure of the Great Stupa consisted of a flattened hemispherical dome, called an anda, placed
atop a cylindrical base. Anda, literally an egg, alluded not only to the shape, but to its deeper significance as
a symbol of latent creative power. The anda was also intended as an architectural replica of the infinite dome
of heaven, representing the cycle of death and rebirth.
„ The harmika, located at the summit of the anda, symbolized the zenith beyond life and death (nirvana). Its
resemblance to a sacrificial altar is of particular significance as it is important to sacrifice the self and the world
for the attainment of nirvana meaning by that what was below needed to be sacrificed to reach the top.
„ The parasol (chattra) was always a distinguishing feature that implied royalty and dignity, it symbolized the
sacred Tree of Life or enlightenment.
„ The three elements of the chattra at Sanchi represented the Three Jewels of Buddhism: the Buddha, the
Dhamma (the Law), and the Sangha (the community of monks).
„ Vedikas were repeated around the stupa and on the terrace on which the anda rested (medhi level). They
served to demarcate the boundary of the sacred precinct with the secular world.

Question 2: Krishnadeva Raya, the King of Vijayanagara, was not only an accomplished scholar himself but was
also a great patron of learning and literature. Discuss. (200 words) [12½]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Answer: Krishnadeva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty was one of the most famous kings of the Vijayanagar Empire.
During his reign, the kingdom prospered both culturally and materialistically. He was one of the most revered
rulers not only for his able administration but also for his love and passion for art and literature. It was during his
period, the Vijayanagar Empire reached its zenith of glory. He was known variously as ‘Kannadaraya’, ‘Sri Karnata
Mahisa’ and ‘Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana’.

Contribution in the Field of Learning and Literature

„ Krishnadeva Raya was a great patron of literature and was known as Abhinava Bhoja. The rule of Krishna Deva
Raya was an age of prolific literature in many languages.

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Question 1: The ancient civilization in Indian sub-continent differed from those of Egypt, Mesopotamia and
Greece in that its culture and traditions have been preserved without a breakdown to the present
day. Comment.  (200 words) [12½]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Answer: Indian society is mostly bound by its culture and traditions since the ancient times. The great cultures
developed in other countries of the world have either perished or modified to a great extent. The Indian cultural
system has the characteristics of acceptance and tolerance. Hence, despite major changes and upheavals, significant
threads of continuity can be traced throughout the course of Indian history till the present day.

Causes
„ The ancient Indian scriptures like Vedas, Puranas have given a strong foundation to the Indian culture.
„ The Indian culture has kept on changing, and has discarded the things irrelevant to the modern society but
continuing the basic spirit.
„ Indian civilisation is remarkable for its antiquity and continuity, viz. we can see the Mother Goddess and
Pashupati are still worshipped, which can be traced in the Harappan culture. Also, Vedic, Buddhism, Jainism
and other traditions continue to be followed in the Indian society.
„ There have been movements and reforms such as Buddhism and Jainism brought the reform movements in
Vedic culture in the 6th century BCE, socio-religious movements in the 18th and 19th centuries in modern India
etc. Yet, the basic philosophy of Indian culture has remained intact.
„ Also, though the Indian rulers like Kushans, Shakas were of different origins, but they assimilated to the Indian
culture well. This is not evident with the Egyptians, who succumbed under the pressure of the Roman Empire
and never tried to assimilate the two cultures together.
„ Moreover, all these civilizations had institutional slavery except India, which lacked any such exploitative system.
India had social outcasts and untouchables, but their status was much better than the slaves elsewhere. The
presence of this institution also helped the downfall of great civilizations like Egypt and Mesopotamia.
„ The extreme climatic conditions and non-availability of resources has led to the decline of civilizations in places
like Egypt and Greece, whereas the suitable climatic conditions and availability of natural resources helped in
sustainable growth of civilisation in Indian sub-continent.

Question 2: Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life of the times but also a
fine aesthetic sense comparable to modern painting. Critically evaluate this comment. (200 words) [12½]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Answer: The Mesolithic art is often used to describe all arts and crafts created between the Palaeolithic and
Neolithic periods. The art forms developed in that period mostly depicted the sources of livelihood of man, whereas
the modern art depicts the creative faculty of him.
„ The art forms that developed during the Upper Palaeolithic period including cave paintings and engravings,
small sculptural artifacts, etc., were likely continued by the Mesolithic people. These paintings consisted
of human and animal figures engaged in hunting as well as early agricultural activities, such as collecting
honey.
„ The paintings of Mesolithic Age also showed social life, sexual activity, childbirth, rearing of children and burial
ceremony of that period which clearly indicated that Mesolithic man had developed an aesthetic sense, since
most of the paintings of this period depicted the Nature had the same appeal as is found with the modern art.

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 2014

Question 1: To what extent has the urban planning and the culture of the Indus Valley Civilization provided
inputs to the present day urbanization? Discuss. (150 words) [10]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Answer: Indus Valley Civilization (2600 BCE-1900 BCE) is considered as the first urban civilization of the
world. Archaeological evidence shows that there existed sophisticated urban planning and culture, which was
technologically advanced. Some of the features of the urban planning that provided inputs to the present day
urbanization are:

Streets
„ Well lined straight streets cutting each other at right angles.
„ The streets and roads divided the city into rectangular blocks.
„ Lamp posts and dustbins on the streets at regular intervals.
Similar features have been incorporated while designing cities like Navi Mumbai, Chandigarh and Noida dividing
the city into various sectors.

Drainage/Sewage System
„ Closed separate drainage system and soak pits connected to the public drainage.
„ Brick laid sewage channels flowing through every street.
„ Closed manholes on every sewage channel for maintenance.
„ Provision for carrying excess water out of the city.
Modern day advanced sewage systems based on collection, treatment and re-usage has their genesis in IVC
sewage system.

Town Planning/Settlement Pattern

„ Town divided into citadel and lower town. Citadel had majority of the public buildings and administrative
structures, and lower town area was for residential purposes for the general public.
„ Defensive walls were surrounding the cities with transport facilities for commutation.
„ Burnt bricks were used to build houses and public structures.
Cities like New Delhi, where administrative structure has been segregated from the residential area incorporate
this concept.

Public Structures
„ Public structures like the great bath, great granaries general conference hall or VIP quarters in citadel were
built for administrative or ceremonial purposes.
We see modern day grand structures like parliaments and legislative assemblies, high-courts and supreme
courts have their genesis in IVC grand public buildings.

Culture
„ Use of jewellery and ornaments.
„ Art of sculpting, dancing, pottery making, usage of beads for protection against evil spirits still prevalent in
the society.

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 2013

Question 1: Though not very useful from the point of view of a connected political history of South India, the
Sangam literature portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness. Comment.
 (200 words) [10]
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Answer: The Sangam literature was an ancient Tamil literature composed during the three literary gatherings
during 3rd century BC to 3rd century AD around Madurai (Pandyan capital) in Southern India. The Sangam literature
is a major source of information for the social, economic and political life of the people living in deltaic Tamil Nadu
in the early Christian centuries.
Sangam literature portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness.

Economic Portrayal by Sangam Literature

„ Trade Activity: It gives detailed information of the Indo-Roman trade, such as import items (gold, wine, pottery,
slaves) and export items (spices, textiles, silk) are mentioned and verified even by Roman accounts.
„ Trading Centres: Emergence of trading centres like important ports of the age (Muziris, Arikamedu), important
cities (Kanchivaram), etc. The port city of Puhar became an important place of foreign trade as big ships entered
this port containing precious goods.
„ Agriculture Practises: It tells us about the various agricultural practices that were followed at that time. Varieties
of crops and types of rice that were cultivated are listed.
„ Economic Activities: A high expertise was attained in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. These
were in great demand in the western world especially for the cotton clothes woven at Uraiyur.

Social Portrayal by Sangam Literature

„ Society: As per Sangam literature, though Brahmanism had percolated in the society, the society was not
completely divided as per Chaturvarna doctrine. Tolkappiyam refers to four castes namely arasar (Ruling Class),
anthanar, vanigar(carried on trade and commerce) and vellalar(Agriculturists).
„ Religion: The primary deity of the Sangam period was Murugan, who is hailed as Tamil God.Other gods
worshipped during the Sangam period were Mayon (Vishnu), Vendan (Indiran), Varunan and Korravai.
„ Position of Women: Though the society was patriarchal, position of women was relatively better. Female
worshipping was also prevalent such as Kannagi worship as per epic Silappadikaram. Women had respect and
were allowed intellectual pursuits. There were women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar
who flourished and contributed to Tamil literature.
„ Five Fold Division of Land: Tolkappiyam refers to the Five-fold division of lands – Kurinji (hilly tracks), Mullai
(pastoral), Marudam (agricultural), Neydal (coastal) and Palai (desert). Society was divided into clans and the
concept of caste had not evolved. Main clans were hills men, forestmen, delta people, coastal people. Some
of these clans were considered untouchables.

Political Portrayal by Sangam Literature

„ Dynasty: As per the Sangam literature, the region around Sangam literature (also known as Tamilakam) was
comprised of three Tamil dynasties – Chera, Chola and Pandya alongwith a number of minor dynastic chieftains
or kings. The three dynasties were ruled by kings called Vendhar and the smaller kingdoms were ruled by
chieftains called vel or velir.

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 General Studies-II

General Studies-II

Drishti Publications 195

 SYLLABUS
General Studies-II
Governance, Constitution, Polity,
Social Justice and International Relations
 Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant
provisions and basic structure.
 Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges
pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels
and challenges therein.
 Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
 Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.
 Parliament and State legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers &
privileges and issues arising out of these.
 Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary – Ministries and
Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and
their role in the Polity.
 Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
 Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of
various Constitutional Bodies.
 Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.
 Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues
arising out of their design and implementation.
 Development processes and the development industry – the role of NGOs, SHGs, various
groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
 Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and
the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted
for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
 Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to
Health, Education, Human Resources.
 Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
 Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance-
applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency
& accountability and institutional and other measures.
 Role of civil services in a democracy.
 India and its neighborhood-relations.
 Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting
India’s interests.
 Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests,
Indian diaspora.
 Important International institutions, agencies and fora – their structure, mandate.
 2024

Question 1: Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference
to “one nation – one election” principle. (150 words) [10]
Functions and Responsibilities of the Union and the States, Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure,
Devolution of Powers and Finances up to Local Levels and Challenges Therein.
Answer: “One Nation – One Election (ONOE)” advocates for simultaneous elections across the country to
improve governance and reduce the frequent disruptions caused by repeated elections.

Need for Electoral Reforms

„ Criminalization of Politics: An increasing number of elected representatives with criminal backgrounds threatens
the integrity of the electoral system.
„ Money Power in Elections: The growing influence of money in elections has escalated corruption and created
an uneven playing field due to unregulated funding.
„ Political Instability due to Frequent Elections: The constant cycle of elections in India, occurring almost every
year at various levels, results in policy paralysis due to the frequent implementation of the Model Code of
Conduct. Frequent elections divert resources and attention away from governance toward electioneering.
„ Voter Turnout and Inclusiveness: Increasing voter participation, particularly among marginalized communities
and migrants, remains a significant challenge. The Election Commission has proposed initiatives such as remote
voting for migrants.
„ Misuse of Technology and Social Media: The growing influence of social media in shaping voter opinions has
raised concerns about misinformation, fake news, and potential voter manipulation. Electoral reforms are
necessary to regulate digital campaigning and ensure a fair playing field.
„ Inefficiencies in the Electoral Roll: Errors and discrepancies in electoral rolls result in disenfranchisement.
„ Need for Simultaneous Elections: The proposal for “One Nation – One Election” aims to reduce election-related
expenses, alleviate voter fatigue, and promote policy continuity.

ONOE was Supported by

„ The Election Commission in its First Annual Report (1983) proposed simultaneous elections citing several
reasons including:
„ Reduction in the official expenditure of the government, parties and candidates.
„ Reduced burden on administrative machinery and security forces by reducing frequent election duties.
„ Mitigation of governance issues arising from short-term political agendas.
„ The Law commission in its 170th report supported this idea recommending one election every five years.
„ The Parliamentary Standing Committee in 2015 supported ONOE citing “long-term good governance”.

Concerns Raised Against ONOE

„ Conducting simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and all State assemblies would result in national issues
overshadowing regional and State specific issues.
„ National political parties would have a significant advantage over regional parties undermining federalism.
„ It would also require major amendments to the Constitution, RPA 1951 and Rules of Procedure in LS and State
legislative assemblies.
While “ONOE” offers several benefits, its implementation would require constitutional amendments and
procedural changes. A phased approach, as suggested by Kovind Panel Report (2023), offers a practical solution,
but its success depends on consensus and careful execution.

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 General Studies-III

General Studies-III

Drishti Publications 389

 SYLLABUS
General Studies-III
Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity,
Environment, Security and Disaster Management
 Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth,
development and employment.
 Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
 Government Budgeting.
 Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country, – different types of irrigation
and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues
and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
 Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public
Distribution System-objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks
and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
 Food processing and related industries in India – scope and significance, location, upstream
and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
 Land reforms in India.
 Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on
industrial growth.
 Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
 Investment models.
 Science and Technology – developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
 Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and
developing new technology.
 Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology
and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
 Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
 Disaster and disaster management.
 Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
 Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
 Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social
networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering
and its prevention.
 Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime
with terrorism.
 Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.
 2024

Question 1: Examine the pattern and trend of public expenditure on social services in the post-reforms period
in India. To what extent this has been in consonance with achieving the objectives of inclusive growth?
 (150 words) [10]
Inclusive Growth and Issues arising from it
Answer: Since the economic reforms of 1991, India’s public spending on social services has adapted to balance
market-driven growth with inclusive development. The government has progressively increased its investments
in education, health, and welfare programs to foster equity and mitigate inequalities.

Patterns and Trends in Public Expenditure on Social Services

„ Overall Increase in Allocation: Public expenditure on social services rose from 5% of GDP in 2000-01 to 8.3% in
2022-23. For instance, funding for education grew from ₹3.43 lakh crore in 2014-15 to ₹6.07 lakh crore in 2021-22.
„ Emphasis on the Health Sector: Government spending on health increased from 0.9% to 2.1% of GDP by 2022-
23. FY 2023-24 allocation is `89,155 crore. Notably, the Ayushman Bharat scheme, launched in 2018, provides
coverage for over 50 crore people (Budget 2022-23).
„ Targeted Welfare Initiatives: Following the reforms, the government shifted towards targeted programs for
vulnerable populations. For example, the PM Awas Yojana (PMAY) delivered 1.14 crore rural houses by 2022
(NITI Aayog).
„ Rise of Centrally Sponsored Schemes: Centrally sponsored initiatives like the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
have gained prominence since 2014, achieving 100% rural sanitation coverage by 2019.
„ Increased Social Security Spending: There has been a greater emphasis on social security programs, including
pensions and insurance. For example, the PM Jan Dhan Yojana facilitated the opening of over 47 crore bank
accounts as of 2022.

Alignment with Inclusive Growth Positive Contributions

„ Poverty Reduction: Targeted welfare initiatives have significantly reduced poverty levels, lifting 271 million
people out of poverty between 2006 and 2016 (UNDP).
„ Healthcare Access for the Poor: Initiatives like Ayushman Bharat have enhanced healthcare access for
economically disadvantaged groups, with 3.26 crore hospital admissions recorded by 2022 (NHA Data).
„ Rural Employment and Livelihood Security: Programs such as MGNREGA provide rural employment, creating
390 crore person-days of work in 2021-22 (MoRD).
„ Women Empowerment: Women-focused programs like PM Ujjwala Yojana promote social inclusivity, delivering
over 9 crore LPG connections to women by 2022 (Budget 2022).
„ Balanced Regional Development: Initiatives like the Aspirational Districts Programme focus on underdeveloped
regions, resulting in improved socio-economic indicators in 112 backward districts (NITI Aayog).

Areas of Misalignment with Inclusive Growth Challenges Identified

„ Urban-Rural Disparities: Social spending tends to favor urban areas, leaving rural regions underserved. For
example, urban healthcare infrastructure often receives more funding than rural health services (Economic
Survey 2021-22).
„ Subpar Education Outcomes: Despite increased funding, the quality of education in public schools remains
low, as evidenced by ASER 2020 highlighting poor learning levels in rural areas.
„ Overburdened Healthcare Infrastructure: Public healthcare remains strained, particularly in rural areas, with
only 1.4 hospital beds per 1,000 people, below the global average (NHP, 2020).
„ Welfare Scheme Leakages: Corruption and inefficiencies undermine the effectiveness of social programs, with
significant food grain diversion reported in the Public Distribution System (NITI Aayog).

Drishti Publications 391

 General Studies-IV

General Studies-IV

Drishti Publications 585

 SYLLABUS
General Studies-IV
Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
This paper will include questions to test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues
relating to integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues
and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study
approach to determine these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered :
 Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in-human
actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics – in private and public relationships.
 Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and
administrators; role of family society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
 Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour;
moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
 Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and non-
partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion
towards the weaker-sections.
 Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and
governance.
 Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
 Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical
concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations
and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance;
strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international
relations and funding; corporate governance.
 Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and
probity; Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes
of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery,
Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.
 Case Studies on above issues.
 2024

Question 1: (a) The application of Artificial Intelligence as a dependable source of input for administrative
rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically examine the statement from the ethical point of view.
 (150 words) [10]
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in
government and private institutions
Answer: The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a reliable input for administrative decision-making
presents both opportunities and ethical challenges. AI can enhance efficiency, provide data-driven insights, and
minimize human error. However, its integration into public administration raises significant ethical concerns.
„ Lack of Accountability: AI systems are often seen as “black boxes” because of their complex algorithms, making
it difficult to trace the rationale behind their decisions. In public administration, accountability is crucial, and
if decisions are made solely based on AI inputs, it may blur the lines of responsibility.
„ Potential Bias in Algorithms: AI algorithms are developed by humans and trained on data, which may contain
inherent biases. If AI systems are not properly audited, they could reinforce and perpetuate societal biases,
leading to discriminatory outcomes in public services.
z Example: Biased AI decisions in welfare distribution or policing could disproportionately harm marginalized
communities, violating the ethical principles of fairness and justice.
„ Undermining Human Judgement: Public administration often deals with complex social, economic, and political
issues where human judgment is necessary to interpret context, emotions, and values. Over-reliance on AI risks
undermining human intuition and discretion, which are essential in making ethically sound decisions.
„ Transparency and Responsibility: Ethical governance demands transparency in decision-making processes.
If AI systems are used without clear guidelines or public understanding, it may lead to opaque governance,
reducing public trust.
In conclusion, while AI has the potential to improve administrative efficiency, ethical issues such as accountability,
bias, transparency, and the preservation of human judgment must be carefully considered. A balanced approach,
incorporating ethical frameworks and oversight, is essential to ensure AI serves the public good without compromising
ethical standards in governance.

Question 1:(b) “Ethics encompasses several key dimensions that are crucial in guiding individuals and organizations
towards morally responsible behaviour.” Explain the key dimensions of ethics that influence human actions. Discuss
how these dimensions shape ethical decision-making in the professional context.
 (150 words) [10]
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in-human actions; dimensions of ethics;
ethics – in private and public relationships
Answer: Ethics, as a discipline, revolves around principles that govern human conduct. Several key dimensions
influence ethical decision-making by guiding individuals and organizations toward responsible and morally sound
behaviour. These dimensions shape both personal and professional actions. They are as follows:

Key Dimensions of Ethics

„ Integrity: Integrity refers to adhering to moral and ethical principles consistently, even in challenging situations.
It involves being true to one’s values and maintaining trustworthiness.
z Example: A civil servant who acts with integrity would avoid corrupt practices, even when they are not
under direct scrutiny.
„ Honesty: Honesty involves being truthful and transparent in one’s actions and communications. It is essential
for fostering trust between individuals and organizations.

Drishti Publications 587