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Brief Contents

Pa r t 1
Introduction: Security’s Role in Society 1
Chapter 1 History and Overview 2
Chapter 2 Threats to Safety and Security 25
Chapter 3 The Legal and Regulatory Environment of the Private Security
Industry 47

Pa r t 2
Security Operations: Essential Functions 71
Chapter 4 Physical Security 72
Chapter 5 Personnel Security 98
Chapter 6 Information Security 118

Pa r t 3
Security Sectors 139
Chapter 7 Institutional Security 140
Chapter 8 Commercial, Office, and Residential Security 167
Chapter 9 Homeland Security 186

Pa r t 4
Security Management 215
Chapter 10 Management, Leadership, and Ethics in Security Organizations 216
Chapter 11 Managing People and Organizations 239
Chapter 12 Risk Assessment, Security Surveys, and Continuity Planning 256

Pa r t 5
Trends and Challenges 275
Chapter 13 Security in an International Perspective 276
Chapter 14 The Future 296

vii
▼
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xx

About the Authors xxi

Pa r t 1
Introduction: Security’s Role in Society 1
Chapter 1 History and Overview 2
Learning Objectives 2
The Context for Security 2
Theoretical Foundations 3
Security: A Brief History 5
Ancient Traditions 5
English Origins 6
The American Experience 7
Security in America: Colonial Origins to WWI 7
Security in the Twentieth Century 10
World War II 11
The Cold War and the National Industrial Security Program 11
Federal Initiatives 13
Post-9-11 Security 15
The Contemporary Security Industry 15
Security Personnel 16
Proprietary Security 16
Contract Security Services 17
Hybrid Security Organizations 18
Determining Security Needs 19
Security’s Impact 20
Security: Essential Functions 20
Roles of the Security Manager 21
Summary 23 • Key Terms and Concepts 23 • Discussion Questions
and Exercises 24 • Your Turn 24

Chapter 2 Threats to Safety and Security 25

Learning Objectives 25
Introduction 25
Accidents 26
Human Error and Accidents 28

ix
▼
 Fire 28
Counterproductive Workplace Behaviors 32
Workplace Violence 32
Crime 33
Nature and Extent of Crime 33
White-Collar Crimes 35
Organized Crime 35
Theories of Crime 36
Crime Prevention 40
Terrorism 40
Civil Unrest 41
Labor Unrest 42
Man-made Disasters 42
Environmental Accidents/Disasters 42
Warfare 43
Natural Disasters 44
Civil Liability 45
Summary 45 • Key Terms and Concepts 46 • Discussion Questions and
Exercises 46 • Your Turn: Assessing Threats to Safety and Security in Your Area 46

Chapter 3 The Legal and Regulatory Environment of the Private

Security Industry 47
Learning Objectives 47
Introduction 47
Constitutional Law 48
Criminal Law 49
Civil Law 51
Negligence Torts 52
Intentional Torts 53
Defamation 53
Remedies under Tort Law 54
Defenses under Tort Law 54
Administrative Law 55
Contract Law 56
E-contracts 57
Noncompete Agreements 58
Property Law 58
Employment and Labor Law 59
Collective Bargaining Laws 60
Municipal Ordinances 61
Industrial Self-Regulation 61
Regulation of the Security Industry 62
Judicial Systems and Processes 63
State Courts 65
The Judicial Process 66
Criminal Cases 66
Summary 68 • Key Terms and Concepts 69 • Discussion Questions and
Exercises 69 • Your Turn: Researching and Writing a Case Brief 69

Contents x
▼
Pa r t 2
Security Operations: Essential Functions 71
Chapter 4 Physical Security 72
Learning Objectives 72
Introduction 72
Physical Security Systems 72
Levels of Protection 73
Core Elements of Physical Protection Systems 75
Perimeter Security 76
Lighting 77
Fencing and Barriers 78
Sensors 80
Alarm Systems 82
Alarm System Management 83
Building Exteriors and Interiors 85
Access Control 85
Locks 86
Fire Sensors and Alarms 89
Fire Protection Systems 91
Fire Extinguishers and Sprinkler Systems 91
Cameras and Surveillance Systems 92
Guard Forces 94
Summary 96 • Career opportunities 96 • Key Terms and
Concepts 96 • Discussion Questions and Exercises 96 • Your Turn:
Strengthening Physical Security for a Small Business Owner 97

Chapter 5 Personnel Security 98

Learning Objectives 98
Introduction 98
Personnel Security: Key Elements 98
Personnel Security and Hiring Practices 99
Continued Reliability 101
Other Personnel Security Issues 103
Personnel Safety 103
Executive Protection Details 104
Workplace Violence 106
The Nature and Extent of Workplace Violence 107
Preventing Workplace Violence 109
Violence in Health Care Settings 111
Violence in Retail Outlets and Convenience Stores 112
Personnel Security and International Issues 112
Executive/Corporate Kidnapping 113
Health Threats to Employees 114
Terrorism 115
Summary 115 • Careers in Personnel Security 116 • Key Terms and
Concepts 116 • Discussion Questions and Exercises 116 • Your Turn:
Managing Workplace Violence 117

Contents xi
▼
Chapter 6 Information Security 118
Learning Objectives 118
Introduction 118
Information Security 119
Information Security Objectives 119
Designing an Information Security Program 120
Key Components of an Information Security Program 121
Asset Classification and Access Control 121
Policies and Procedures (Operational Goals) 123
Physical Security Controls 124
Human Activities and Information Security Policy 124
Technical/Logical Controls 125
Communications and Operations Management 126
Systems Development and Maintenance 126
Business Continuity Management 127
Compliance 127
Cybersecurity 127
The Nature and Extent of Cybercrime 128
Types of Cybercrimes 128
SCADA-based Attacks 131
Protecting Computer Networks 131
Communications Security 132
Protecting Intellectual Property 133
Summary 136 • Career Opportunities in Information Security 136 • Key Terms
and Concepts 137 • Discussion Questions and Exercises 137 • Your Turn:
Preventing Cyberstalking 138

Pa r t 3
Security Sectors 139
Chapter 7 Institutional Security 140
Learning Objectives 140
Introduction 140
Financial Institution Security 140
ATM Security 143
User Authentication and Financial Institution Security 144
Courthouse and Courtroom Security 145
Educational Institution Security 147
Elementary and Secondary Schools 147
Institutions of Higher Education 150
Types of IHE Security Programs 151
IHE Legislation 152
Health Care Security 153
Extended Care/Nursing Home Security 155
Entertainment Security 155
Theme Parks 155
Mega Events 156
Gaming and Casino Security 158

Contents xii
▼
 Museum Security 159
Zoo and Aquarium Security 160
Religious Institutions and Security 162
Summary 164 • Career opportunities 164 • Key Terms and
Concepts 164 • Discussion Questions and Exercises 165 • Your Turn: Analyzing
the Virginia Tech Incident 165

Chapter 8 Commercial, Office, and Residential Security 167

Learning Objectives 167
Introduction 167
Industrial Security 167
Shipping/Cargo Security 168
Utilities Security 171
Hospitality Security 172
Retail Security and Loss Prevention 174
Internal Employee Theft and Retail Crime 175
External Threats and Retail Crime 176
Shoplifting Prevention Strategies 178
Office Building Security 180
Residential Security 181
Summary 184 • Career opportunities 184 • Key Terms and
Concepts 185 • Discussion Questions and Exercises 185 • Your Turn: Managing
Retail Crime 185

Chapter 9 Homeland Security 186

Learning Objectives 186
Introduction 186
Homeland Security: A Historical Perspective 187
The 9-11 Commission and Homeland Security 187
The USA PATRIOT Act 189
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security 190
DHS Main Components 192
Advisory Panels and Committees 193
Homeland Security: Function and Mission 194
The Role of the Private Sector in Homeland Security 194
The National Infrastructure Protection Plan 194
National Incident Management System 198
Terrorism and Homeland Security 200
Homeland Security: Natural, Technological, and Accidental Hazards 203
Transportation Security 205
Aviation Security 205
Strategies for Passenger Screening and Explosives Detection 207
Trucking Industry Security 208
Railroad Security 209
Maritime Security 210
Summary 211 • Career Opportunities in Homeland Security 212 • Key Terms
and Concepts 212 • Discussion Questions and Exercises 213 • Your Turn :
Spotting Potential Terrorist Activities 213

Contents xiii
▼
Pa r t 4
Security Management 215
Chapter 10 Management, Leadership, and Ethics in Security Organizations 216
Learning Objectives 216
Introduction 216
The Need for Effective Administration 217
What is Management? 219
Core Functions of Management 219
Managerial Levels 220
The Evolution of Managerial Thought 221
The Role of Supervision in the Workplace 223
Leadership 223
Leadership Theories 225
Behavioral Assumptions and Leadership Style 227
Ensuring Ethics and Integrity 230
Ethical Dilemmas 232
Unethical Activities 232
Ethical Standards 233
Ethical Leadership 233
The ASIS Code of Ethics 235
Summary 236 • Key Terms and Concepts 237 • Discussion Questions and
Exercises 237 • Careers in Security Management 237 • Your Turn:
Demonstrating Ethical Leadership in the Face of Workplace Theft 238
Chapter 11 Managing People and Organizations 239
Learning Objectives 239
Introduction 239
Personnel Recruitment and Selection 239
Hiring Off-duty Police Officers 240
Negligent Hiring and Retention 241
Employee Development and Training 242
Performance Appraisal 243
Policies and Procedures 244
Scheduling 245
Planning 247
Types of Plans 249
Performance Measures 249
Budgeting 252
Summary 254 • Career Opportunities 254 • Key Terms and
Concepts 255 • Discussion Questions and Exercises 255 •
Your Turn 255

Chapter 12 Risk Assessment, Security Surveys, and Continuity Planning 256

Learning Objectives 256
Introduction 256
The Concept of Risk 256

Contents xiv
▼
 Identifying Risk 259
Risk Assessment Techniques 261
Security Surveys 262
Conducting the Survey 263
Assigning Risk Levels 264
Quantifying Risk: Examples 265
Risk Management Techniques 267
Continuity and Contingency Planning 269
Contingency Plans 269
Contingency Plans and Emergency Management 270
Summary 272 • Key Terms and Concepts 273 • Discussion Questions and
Exercises 273 • Your Turn: Conducting a Safety and Security Survey 273

Pa r t 5
Trends and Challenges 275
Chapter13 Security in an International Perspective 276
Learning Objectives 276
Introduction 276
The Private Security Industry in Europe 277
The former USSR and Warsaw Pact Countries 277
Yugoslavia and Southern Eastern Europe 277
The European Union 279
The United Kingdom 281
The African Continent and Private Security 283
The Private Security Industry in Central and South America 285
International Issues and Private Security 286
High Seas Piracy 286
Private Military Security Companies (PMSCs) 289
Regulating the International Private Security Industry 291
The Montreux Document 291
The International Code of Conduct 292
The United Nations 292
Summary 294 • Career Opportunities in International Security 295 •
Key Terms and Concepts 295 • Discussion Questions and Exercises 295 •
Your Turn 295

Chapter 14 The Future 296

Learning Objectives 296
Introduction 296
Globalization 296
Human Security and Globalization 298
Technology 302
Legislative Trends in Security 304
Terrorism 305
Shifts in International Terrorism 308

Contents xv
▼
 Growth and Challenges 309
Partnerships 310
Changes in Security-Related Services 311
Changes in Higher Education 312
Summary 312 • Future Career Opportunities 313 • Key Terms and
Concepts 313 • Discussion Questions and Exercises 314 • Your Turn: Assessing
Intercultural Competency 314
Glo s s a r y 315

References 335

Index 369

Contents xvi
▼
 P re fa c e
World events including the attacks of September 11, 2001, warfare, man-made and natural
disasters, concern over crime, and security-related legislation have led to individuals,
institutions, and governmental units to discover, re-examine, and explore the practices,
roles, and functions of private security in society and organizations. The fifth edition of
INTRODUCTION TO SECURITY: Operations and Management is the culmination of years
of classroom teaching and practical experiences by the authors that provides readers with
an understanding of the diverse and complex field of private security. It is particularly
designed for two audiences: individuals exploring or seeking careers in private security,
and those who want to gain a better understanding of the practice and field of security and
how it differs from and complements the public sector criminal justice system.
The primary goal of this edition is to provide students and practitioners a detailed descrip-
tion and understanding of the private security industry and its diverse roles and functions in
the twenty-first century. The book is balanced between security and management and leader-
ship principles and practices. As such, it is relatively unique among other security texts,
integrating security and managerial practices into one comprehensive text. Because of its
design and content, it can readily be used in traditional and online undergraduate and gradu-
ate courses related to private security and security management. This text will also serve as a
useful desk reference for security personnel and serve as study guide and aid for professional
certifications, including the ASIS Certified Protection Professional (CPP) examination.

New to this Edition

This new edition has been updated to include the following:
• Most recent information related to the security industry and contemporary leadership
and managerial practices.
• Many of the previous edition’s topics have been reorganized and condensed into a
more cohesive format, concentrating on major themes.
• Application of the course content has also been enhanced through more applied learn-
ing opportunities found throughout the text, and there are updated exercises at the end
of each chapter.
• Many of the topics and issues reviewed in this edition are also approached in an inter-
disciplinary style, reflecting the diverse character of the security industry itself.
• A new chapter on security in an international perspective.

▶ Organization of the Book

The book is divided into five major parts that are additive and complementary in nature.
Part 1 introduces the reader to foundational information related to the history and evolution
of security, and security’s function and role in society. Chapter 1 presents a brief history
and overview of private security. Chapter 2 provides the reader with an understanding of
the role of security in society and organizations. Chapter 3, meanwhile, focuses on the
legal aspects that private security operations are exposed to and follow. Part 2 examines
the fundamental elements of private security programs and practices, concentrating on the
three pillars on which security programs are built. Chapter 4 focuses on physical security.

xvii
▼
Chapter 5 presents topics related to personnel security. Information security is the primary
subject of Chapter 6. Following an understanding of security’s role and its fundamental
activities within organizations, Part 3 reviews specific security sectors. Chapter 7 explores
security issues unique to specific institutions. Chapter 8 introduces the reader to security
practices and applications in the context of commercial, office, and residential security,
while Chapter 9 reviews key concepts and issues related to the concept and philosophy of
homeland security. Section 4 explores concepts related to how to lead and manage security
operations in the various security sectors that exist. For example, Chapter 10 reviews basic
concepts related to the effective management and leadership of security organizations.
Chapter 11, meanwhile, examines core human resource activities performed by security
managers and financial management activities related to budgeting. This section concludes
with Chapter 12, which includes information related to risk management: particularly risk
assessment and continuity planning. The last section of this text explores trends and
­challenges. Chapter 13 provides the reader with a review of the private security industry in
an international perspective while Chapter 14 explores future trends and issues.
This fifth edition also contains a variety of learning and study aids to assist in enhanc-
ing the reader’s foundational knowledge to ensure that key information, ideas, and
­perspectives important to the field of private security, management, and leadership are
mastered. Some of these study aids will also enhance critical, practical, and creative
thinking skills, which are essential attributes needed to manage the twenty-first-century
security organization. For example, each chapter begins with a set of learning objectives
that serve to explain what knowledge a person should be able to exhibit upon completion
of the chapter. Included within the chapters are “Quick Surveys” that serve to apply key
concepts found in the ­chapter to practical issues and situations, while “Security ­Spotlights”
are also found throughout the text where readers can further apply and synthesize infor-
mation from the chapter to actual, real-life issues related to security operations and
­management. Each ­chapter also concludes with a list of key terms and exercises and
­discussion questions to further ensure mastery of the information found in the chapter.
The text also has a comprehensive glossary that can serve as a ready reference guide for
key security terms and concepts.

▶ Instructor Supplements
Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank. Includes content outlines for classroom discussion,
teaching suggestions, and answers to selected end-of-chapter questions from the text. This
also contains a Word document version of the test bank.
TestGen. This computerized test generation system gives you maximum flexibility in cre-
ating and administering tests on paper, electronically, or online. It provides state-of-the-art
features for viewing and editing test bank questions, dragging a selected question into a
test you are creating, and printing sleek, formatted tests in a variety of layouts. Select test
items from test banks included with TestGen for quick test creation, or write your own
questions from scratch. TestGen’s random generator provides the option to display differ-
ent text or calculated number values each time questions are used.
PowerPoint Presentations. Our presentations are clear and straightforward. Photos, illustra-
tions, charts, and tables from the book are included in the presentations when applicable.
To access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request an instructor access
code. Go to www.pearsonhighered.com/irc, where you can register for an instructor
access code. Within 48 hours after registering, you will receive a confirming email,
­including an i­nstructor access code. Once you have received your code, go to the site and
log on for full instructions on downloading the materials you wish to use.

Preface xviii
▼
▶ Alternate Versions
eBooks This text is also available in multiple eBook formats. These are an exciting new choice
for students looking to save money. As an alternative to purchasing the printed textbook,
­students can purchase an electronic version of the same content. With an eTextbook, students
can search the text, make notes online, print out reading assignments that incorporate lecture
notes, and bookmark important passages for later review. For more information, visit your
favorite online eBook reseller or visit www.mypearsonstore.com.

Preface xix
▼
A c k n ow l e d g m e n t s
I wish to express my deepest appreciation to the many people who provided support and
assistance during the development of the fifth edition of this textbook. Gratitude is extended
to my colleagues at Pearson including Gary Bauer, Jennifer Sargunar and Nikhil Rakshit,
and to the excellent Aptara team led by Production Project Manager Rakhshinda Chishty
and copy editor Tripti Khurana. Thank you so much for your professionalism, attention to
detail, and dedication. Many thanks are also extended to the following individuals who
shared their expertise in security for this edition: Thomas Ackerman, Director, Institute of
Public Safety (Santa Fe College, Gainesville, Florida), Dan Bohle, Investigator, GVSU
Security, Daniel Carncross, Director of Security (Columbia-Sussex Corporation, East
Lansing Division), MACS (EXW/IDW) Steven J. Dyke, USN, Richard Grossenbacher
(U.S. Secret Service (Ret), and Brian F. Kingshott, Ph.D., FRSA (London). I would also
like to thank Andria Zwerk and Derek Manke for their assistance in the preparation of
the manuscript.
I also appreciate the valuable contributions made by the reviewers of the previous
editions: Jamie A. Latch, Remington College; Patrick Patterson, Remington College;
Charles Green, Remington College; Jerome Randall, University of Central Florida;
Richard Hill, University of Houston-Downtown; Dimitrius A. Oliver, Ph.D., Holly
Dershem-Bruce, Dawson Community College, Glendive, MT; Stephen Jones, University
of Maryland, College Park, MD; Sean Gabbidon, Penn State University, Middletown, PA;
Neal Strehlow, Fox Valley Technical College, Appleton, WI; Donald Jenkins, Central
Community College, Grand Island, NE; Michael Moberly, Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale, IL; Charles Biggs, Oakland City University, Oakland City, IN; Terrance
Hoffman, Nassau Community College, Garden City, NY; and Kevin Peterson, Innovative
Protection Solutions LLC, Herndon, VA; John Bolinger, MacMurray College; Sonya
Brown, Tarrant County College; Janice Duncan, Bauder College; and Bobby Polk,
Metropolitan Community College—Omaha, NE.
Finally, I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to my family, friends, and colleagues
for their encouragement and patience.

xx
▼
 A b o u t t h e A u t h o rs
Brian R. Johnson holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Criminal Justice from the University
of Wisconsin-Eau, masters’ degrees in Criminal Justice and Labor and Industrial Relations
(emphasis in human resource management), and a Ph.D. in the Social Sciences (Criminal
Justice) from Michigan State University. He served as a police officer and has years of
experience in contract, proprietary security services, and security consulting in addition to
police and security training-related activities. Johnson has also developed and implemented
numerous courses in the field of criminal justice and has taught security-related courses at
the undergraduate and graduate levels. Johnson is the author of Principles of Security
Management, Safe Overseas Travel and Crucial Elements of Police Firearms Training. He
has written several academic and practitioner-based articles in the fields of private security,
policing, management, and criminology. He has worked with many local-, state-, and
national-level organizations on security and poling-related issues. He is currently a
Professor of Criminal Justice at Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Comments regarding the book and suggestions for future editions are welcomed. The
author is also available to provide assistance to any faculty who adopts this text for a course.

P.J. Ortmeier held bachelor’s and master’s degrees in criminal justice and a Ph.D. in
educational leadership with an emphasis in public safety training and development. He is a
U.S. Army veteran, a former police officer, and a former vice-president of United Security
Systems, Incorporated. Ortmeier developed and implemented numerous courses and degree
programs in law enforcement, corrections, security management, and public safety. He
served as the chair of the 1,400-student Administration of Justice Department at Grossmont
College in the San Diego suburb of El Cajon, California. P.J. died on September 15, 2012.
Ortmeier is the author of Public Safety and Security Administration, Policing the
Community: A Guide for Patrol Operations, and Introduction to Law Enforcement and
Criminal Justice as well as several articles appearing in journals such as Police Chief, The
Law Enforcement Executive Forum, California Security, Police and Security News, and
Security Management. With Edwin Meese III, former attorney general of the United
States, Ortmeier coauthored Leadership, Ethics, and Policing: Challenges for the 21st
Century. He also coauthored Crime Scene Investigation: A Forensic Technician’s Field
Manual with Tina Young as well as Police Administration: A Leadership Approach with
Joseph J. Davis, a retired New York police captain. Ortmeier’s publications focus on police
field services, security operations, forensic science, professional career education,
management, leadership, and competency development for public safety personnel.

xxi
▼
This page intentionally left blank
 Part 1

Introduction
Security’s Role in Society

The three chapters constituting Part 1 introduce readers to security’s role in society.
­Chapter 1 presents a brief history and overview of functions of security. Chapter 2 reviews
and addresses the wide range of threats to safety and security, from accidents, human
error, and fire to natural disasters, civil liability, and numerous manifestations of crime.
Chapter 3 focuses on the legal and regulatory environment of the private security sector,
including the judicial process, a variety of types of laws and regulations, the regulation of
the security industry, and professional certification and education programs.

1
▼
1 History and Overview

Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, the reader should be able to:
❶ define what security is
❷ explain some of the theoretical explanations related to the need
for security
❸ outline and describe the function of security in pre-modern England
❹ know the three eras of security in the United States
❺ understand and explain the contemporary security industry in the
United States
❻ explain contract, proprietary, and hybrid security
❼ know the three essential elements of security
❽ describe the different types of security organizations
❾ describe the goals of security management
❿ evaluate the roles of the security manager

▶ The Context for Security

“Security” encompasses a wide variety of definitions, concepts, and practices. The phi-
losopher Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) proposed that a natural right or value that is
inherently recognizable through human reason or nature is the quest to seek out and live
in peace—security (Bobbio, 1993). When examined in this broad philosophical manner,
security can be considered a core need and social process whose end goal is to ensure
individual, social, economic, and political security. In fact, perhaps it is better to under-
stand that security exists to change a state of insecurity. To address these insecurities,
security operates in the individual, organizational, and governmental domains. The need
for security also creates and oftentimes relies upon social cohesion and relationships in
order to ensure that individuals will effectively live with one another, while also strength-
ening organizations, governments, and nation states.
Security can be a subjective or psychological state of mind where at the individual
level, the feeling or perceptions of security/insecurity or danger/safety coexist and inter-
twine. As a subjective state, individuals may feel insecure because of their surroundings,
location, activities, life experiences, upbringing, or demographic characteristics, includ-
ing age and gender. These subjective states can be shaped by real and intangible events
that could decrease or increase perceptions of insecurity. These subjective states or per-
ceptions can also exist at various social levels where the group, community, organiza-
tion, and even a nation feel “unsafe” leading to a culture of “insecurity” (Weldes, 1999).
For example, following a criminal activity, employees in a company may feel “unsafe,”
prompting employers to ensure that a state of security exists by increasing the amount of

2
▼
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
not generally sit down and roll at every piece of green grass or cool water that
they come to, nor try to shake their riders off over their necks. My sudden
flights to earth were heralded in all the turgid and flamboyant rhetoric of the
circus ring, and equestrian feats, each outrivaling the other in novelty and
unexpectedness, diversified the route. It was proposed to call the creature
Jordan, because she rolled; and again it was suggested that as it was ‘sinched’
out of all shape it had mistaken itself for an hourglass, and concluded that it
was time to turn. Another horse for a lady rider answered to ‘Annie,’ and this
gentle beast was only kept from lying down in every stream by energetic
pullings and vigorous thrashings. The good son of St. Louis, bidden, like Louis
XVI at the guillotine, to ‘mount to heaven,’ when he leaped upon his dappled
gray, in a linen coat, broad-brimmed hat and full-spread umbrella, had a truly
ministerial air as he preceded the line up the road. The editor rode a pensive
nag that hung its head and coughed timidly now and then, but chirruped to as
‘Camille’ would push forward and crowd the other horses off the trail, until a
kicking and lashing from the heels of ‘Bird’ brought things in order.
“The Pike’s Peak trail is one series of picturesque surprises. All that green
cañons, tremendous boulders and turbulent little streams can do for beauty
are there, and from the rustic spot where a small bandit on the rock
demanded toll, there was a succession of grand and lovely scenes. The trail,
worn deep into the grassy places by the procession of horses that goes up and
down it from May to October, winds on between great rocks, along the steep
and dizzy sides of cañons, past cascades and waterfalls (one of which is the
subject of a sketch), and continually upward, opening boundless views out
upon the broad plains that stretch like a yellow sea from the foothills of the
Peak eastward. With every rise there came a greater one beyond, and above it
all, seeming to move and rise further and higher from us, was the rose-red
summit, with streaks and patches of snow bringing out its beautiful colors.
Over giant boulders, creeping a cramped path beside and under them, or
along a narrow ledge of sliding sand with colossal rocks miraculously
suspended above our pathway, the panting horses toiled along. Ascending into
higher and rarer air it was necessary every few minutes to stop and give the
poor creatures a chance to breathe.
“As we rose higher on the mountain side more extended views were opened
backward over the plains. The lowering sun fell fiercely on the red sandstone
gateways of the Garden of the Gods, until they burned in flame-colored light
against the yellow-gray grass. The hotels and cottages of Manitou were tiny
dots in a green hollow far below, and the courses of the winding streams could
be traced for miles over the plains by their green borders of cottonwood and
willow trees. Wild flowers grew luxuriantly all the way, and in a little park half
way to the summit, where the guides rest by a spring and wait for ascending
and descending parties to pass, the ground was thick with big columbines,
wild roses, harebells, white daisies, pale lavender geraniums with their petals
streaked with maroon, and the beautiful blue-eyed penstemon of early June.
At timber-line the wild box covered the sandy slopes with a thick and tangled
mat of green, and higher than the hardiest pines stretched a rolling mountain
meadow, a mile of emerald turf jeweled with the brilliant blossoms of
bluebells, buttercups, dwarf sunflowers and dainty little Quaker-lady forget-
me-nots.
“Sixteen people passed us in the half-way park on their way down. The
terrified countenance of one lady on a mule would have made the hard-
hearted to laugh. She pitched back and forth in her saddle, and shot a pitiful
gaze at us as she went by that plainly indicated her estimate of us and
mountain climbers in general. The twelve miles of steep, hard riding to the
summit is trying to the most practiced rider; and for women, who have never
sat a horse before, to attempt to make the trip up and down in one day is a
folly that fully deserves the punishment it gets. Twenty-four miles of horseback
riding on a level road even is apt to be remembered by the inexperienced.
Added to the fatigue is the sea-sickness consequent upon the great altitude,
and few who make the ascent escape that ill. It is a certificate of a rock-bound
constitution to spend a night on the summit and not be grievously ill. After the
mountain meadow come three miles of broken and ragged rock, the most
wearisome and discouraging part of the road. The horses’ sides throbbed
frightfully, the keen winds made a halt for overcoats necessary, and the
scramble over these steep rocks is a fearful thing in a nipping sunset breeze.
The rocks of the summit, that seem only reddish brown from below, are of the
softest pink and rose-red shades, dotted with black and golden moss-patches
until they strongly remind one of the exquisite colors of speckled trout. Above
this sea of loose and broken granite a low, square house of stone at last arose,
and over the ultimate rock we finally stood on the highest inhabited point on
the continent.
“The officer of the signal service, who lives in that lofty house, stood in his
doorway shooting at a tin can on a pole, and in that thin open air the pop of
the pistol was a short, faint little noise without crash or echo. The red ball of
the sun sinking down behind the snowy edges of the mountains beyond
Leadville sent strange lights and mists across the tossed and uneven stretch of
mountains and parks that lay between it and the gaunt old Peak. The seventy
acres of wildly scattered rock-fragments that crown the top afford a vantage
ground for views to every point of the compass. Eastward across the vast
prairie land there seems no limit to the vision, and beyond the green lines of
the Platte and Arkansas rivers we amused ourselves by imagining the steeples
of St. Louis in the rose and purple vapors of the horizon. The clouds, mists,
shadows and faint opalescent lights on the plains, shifting, changing and
fading each moment, are more fascinatingly beautiful than the dark, upheaved
and splintered ridges of the mountains. Stretching out over the plains, at first
in a blue cone upon the grass, and then sweeping outward and upward to the
sky-line, the vast shadow of the mountain was thrown sharply against the sky.
“Wrapped in furs and bundled in all the woolen warmth of heaviest winter
clothes, the chill air of evening penetrated like a knife-edge, and we sat
shivering on the rocks with pitiable, pinched and purple faces and chattering
teeth. The afterglow in the east, when the sky and the plains melted in one
purple line and a band of rose-color went up higher and higher, was more
lovely even than the pure crimson and gold and blue of the sunset clouds.
“Around the crackling fire in the station we thawed our benumbed fingers and
watched the observations taken from the various instruments and sent clicking
off on the telegraph wires to Washington headquarters. The sergeant wound
the alarm-clock to rouse us at four o’clock the next morning, and, giving up
the one sleeping-room to the ladies, retired with the gentlemen of the party to
a bed of buffalo-robes in the kitchen. The awful stillness, the stealthy puffs of
wind, and the sense of isolation and remoteness, were distressing at first; but
the tobacco-laden air dulled us to sleep. As the fire died out, dreams of
Greenland—glaciers and giddy snow-banks on impossible summits—seized and
held us, until a shivering voice gave the alarm: ‘It is all red in the east.’
“We had climbed all those miles purposely to see the spectacle of dawn, but
there was unhappiness among the pinched and pallid enthusiasts who crept
out on the rocks and watched the half-light on the plains deepen. A pale and
withered moon hung overhead, and miles away on the plain lay a vast white
cloud like a lake, until the rising sun touched it and sent it rolling and tossing
like angry waves. A crimson ball sprang suddenly from the outermost rim of
the earth, glared with a red and sleepy eye upon the world, and pulled the
cover of a cloud above it for a second nap before it came forth in full splendor.
The shadow of the Peak projected westward fell this time on the uneven
mountains, whose sides and clefts were filled and floating with faint pearl, lilac
and roseate mists. The black patch where Denver lay on the plains, the snowy
top of Gray’s Peak, the green basin of South Park, and seemingly everything
from end to end of the State, could be seen. Shivering, freezing, on that
mountain top, with a fur cloak about me, besides all the other wraps, it
seemed that there never was a winter day half as cold.
“In all the crevices of the rocks, wherever there was enough powdered granite
to form a soil for their roots, were tiny little white blossoms, fairy stars or
flowers, with just their heads above the ground, and an exquisite perfume
breathing from them. Bidding the guide to sinch up quickly for the down trip,
we partook of the signal sergeant’s coffee, and listened to his anecdotes of his
lonesome life of two weeks on the mountain and two weeks in town.
“‘You are the best crowd that’s been up,’ said the brave man of barometers.
‘They all get sick when they stay over night. It took me a month to get used to
it. You ought to stay until noon and see the tender-feet come up and get sick.
Oh, Lord! there was an old lady up here the other day, and she says to me:
“Sergeant, don’t people ever die of this sickness up here?” “Oh, yes, ma’am,”
says I, “a lady died the other day, and as there wasn’t any one to identify her
we just put her over in that snow-bank there.”’
 PIKE’S PEAK TRAIL.

“With a lot more of such mountain horrors he kept his rafters ringing, and then
bade us climb the ladder to the top of his house, which would make up the
difference of fifteen feet between his abode and Gray’s Peak. We looked at the
grave of the imaginary child destroyed by mountain rats, gave a last glance at
the enchanted view, and left the chilling region.”

Another entertaining jaunt is a couple of miles or less up the Ute Pass wagon-
road to Rainbow Falls, one of the finest cascades in the West—where such
things are more of a curiosity than in wetter regions of the world. The water
comes down here with a more than ordinarily desperate plunge, and it is great
sport to climb about the angular rocks that hem it in.
Ute Pass leads over into South Park, and before the days of railways it was
greatly traveled by passengers and by freight wagons to Leadville and Fairplay.
There is less transit there now, but in summer pleasure-parties constantly
traverse the Pass, partly for its own sake and partly to enjoy a sight of Manitou
Park on the opposite side, whence a magnificent array of the snowy interior
ranges is to be seen, northward and westward, while Pike’s Peak presents itself
to superior advantage from that point of view. In the park is a good little hotel
and dairy, and a trout stream and pond where the Eastern brook-trout has
been assiduously cultivated. In the fall Manitou Park is the resort of deer
hunters and grouse shooters.
Then there is the already mentioned Garden of the Gods, hidden behind those
garish walls of red and yellow sandstone, so stark and out of place in the
soberly-toned landscape that they travesty nature, converting the whole
picture into a theatrical scene, and a highly spectacular one at that. Passing
behind these sensational walls, one is not surprised to find a sort of gigantic
peep-show in pantomime. The solid rocks have gone masquerading in every
sort of absurd costume and character. The colors of the make-up, too, are
varied from black through all the browns and drabs to pure white, and then
again through yellows and buffs and pinks up to staring red. Who can portray
adequately these odd forms of chiseled stone? I have read a dozen
descriptions, and so have you, no doubt. But one I have just seen, in a letter
by a Boston lady, is so pertinent you should have the pleasure of reading it:
“The impression is of something mighty, unreal and supernatural. Of the gods
surely—but the gods of the Norse Walhalla in some of their strange outbursts
of wild rage or uncouth playfulness. The beauty-loving divinities of Greece and
Rome could have nothing in common with such sublime awkwardness. Jove’s
ambrosial curls must shake in another Olympia than this. Weird and grotesque,
but solemn and awful at the same time, as if one stood on the confines of
another world, and soon the veil would be rent which divided them. Words are
worse than useless to attempt such a picture. Perhaps if one could live in the
shadow of its savage grandeur for months until his soul were permeated,
language would begin to find itself flowing in proper channels, but in the first
stupor of astonishment one must only hold his breath. The Garden itself, the
holy of holies, as most fancy, is not so overpowering to me as the vast outlying
wildness.
“To pass in between massive portals of rock of brilliant terra-cotta red, and
enter on a plain miles in extent, covered in all directions with magnificent
isolated masses of the same striking color, each lifting itself against the
wonderful blue of a Colorado sky with a sharpness of outline that would shame
the fine cutting of an etching; to find the ground under your feet, over the
whole immense surface, carpeted with the same rich tint, underlying
arabesques of green and gray, where grass and mosses have crept; to come-
upon masses of pale velvety gypsum, set now and again as if to make more
effective by contrast the deep red which strikes the dominant chord of the
picture; and always, as you look through or above, to catch the stormy billows
of the giant mountain range tossed against the sky, with the regal snow-
crowned massiveness of Pike’s Peak rising over all, is something, once seen,
never to be forgotten. Strange, grotesque shapes, mammoth caricatures of
animals, clamber, crouch, or spring from vantage points hundreds of feet in air.
Here a battlemented wall is pierced by a round window; there a cluster of
slender spires lift themselves; beyond, a leaning tower slants through the blue
air, or a cube as large as a dwelling-house is balanced on a pivot-like point at
the base, as if a child’s strength could upset it. Imagine all this scintillant with
color, set under a dazzling sapphire dome, with the silver stems and delicate
frondage of young cottonwoods in one space, or a strong young hemlock
lifting green symmetrical arms from some high rocky cleft in another. This can
be told, but the massiveness of sky-piled masonry, the almost infernal mixture
of grandeur and grotesqueness, are beyond expression. After the first few
moments of wild exclamation one sinks into an awed silence.”
The reader must see for himself these grotesque monuments, these relics of
ruined strata, these sportive, wind-cut ghosts of the old regime here, these
fanciful images of things seen and unseen, which stand thickly over hundreds
of acres like the moldering ruins of some half-buried city of the desert, if he
would fully understand.
Out of the many other sources of enjoyment near Manitou, the visitor will by
no means neglect the Cave of the Winds. Though you may ride, if you wish, it
is just a pleasant walk up Williams’ Cañon, one of the prettiest of the gorges
that seam the rugged base of the great Peak. The walls are limestone, stained
bright red and Indian yellow, lofty, vertical, and broken into a multitude of
bastions, turrets, pinnacles and sweeping, hugely carved façades, whose
rugged battlements tower hundreds of feet overhead against a sky of violet. At
their bases these upright walls are so close together that much of the way
there is not room for one carriage to pass another, and the track lies nearly
always in the very bed of the sparkling brook. You seem always in a cul de sac
among the zigzags of this irregular chasm, and sometimes the abundant
foliage, rooted in the crevices above, meets in an arch across the brightly-
painted but narrow space you are tortuously threading.
Half a mile up the cañon, at the end of the roadway, a trail goes by frequent
turnings up the precipitous sides of the ravine to where a sheer cliff begins,
about three hundred feet higher. Floundering up this steep and slippery goat-
path, we arrived breathless at a stairway leading through an arch of native
rock into a great chimney, opening out to the sunlight above, and found
opposite us a niche which served as ante-room and entrance to the cave.
The history of this cave is entertaining, for it was the discovery, in June, 1880,
of two boys of Colorado Springs, who were members of an “exploring society,”
organized by the pastor of the Congregational Church there to provide the
boys of his Sunday-school with some safe and healthful outlet for their
adventurous spirits.
The cave, as we saw it, is a labyrinth of narrow passages, occasionally opening
out into chambers of irregular size (and never with very high ceilings), into
which protrude great ledges and points of rock from the stratified walls, still
further limiting the space. These passages are often very narrow, and in many
cases you must stoop in crowding through, or, if you insist upon going to the
end, squirm along, Brahmin-like, on your stomach. The avenues and
apartments are not all upon the same level, but run over and under each
other, and constantly show slender fox holes branching off, which the guide
tells you lead to some stygian retreat you have visited or are about to see. In
remote portions of the cave there are very large rooms, like Alabaster Hall,
some of which are encumbered with fallen masses and with pillars of drip
stone.
The cave is not remarkable for large stalactites and stalagmites, but excels in
its profusion of small ornaments, produced by the solution of the rock and its
re-deposition in odd and pretty forms. From many of the ledges hang rows of
small stalactites like icicles from wintry eaves, and often these have fine
musical tones, so that by selecting a suitable number, varied in their pitch,
simple tunes can easily and very melodiously be played by tapping. In some
parts of the cave, the stalactites are soldered together into a ribbed mass, like
a cascade falling over the ledges. Elsewhere the “ribbon” or “drapery” form of
flattened stalactites recalls to you the Luray Caves, though here it is carried
out on a smaller scale; while in this particular, as in many others, reminding
one of the magnificent Virginia caverns only by small suggestions, in one
respect this cave far surpasses in beauty its Eastern prototype. The floors of
many rooms are laid, several inches deep, with incrustations of lime-work,
which is embroidered in raised ridges of exquisite carving. Again, where water
has been caught in depressions, these basins have been lined with a
continuous, crowding plush of minute lime crystals,—like small tufted cushions
of yellow and white moss. Such depressed patches occur frequently; moreover,
the rapid evaporation of these pools, in confined spaces, has so surcharged
the air with carbonated moisture, that particles of lime have been deposited on
the walls of the pocket in a thousand dainty and delicate forms,—tiny
stalactites and bunches of stone twigs,—until you fancy the most airy of
milleporic corals transferred to these recesses. Here often the air seems foggy
as your lamp-rays strike it, and the growing filigree-work gleams alabaster-
white under the spray that is producing its weird and exquisite growth. In this
form of minute and frost-like ornamentation, the cave excels anything I know
of anywhere, and is strangely beautiful.
This cavern, however, is sadly deficient in a proper amount of legendary
interest. No human bones have been found, and no lover’s leap has been
designated. This misfortune must be remedied; and I have selected a
dangerous kind of a place at which, hereafter, the following touching tradition
will cause the tourist to drop a tear: Many, many years ago an Indian maiden
discovered this cave while eagerly pursuing a woodchuck to its long home; the
home proving longer than she thought, she crept quite through into the
unsuspected enlargement of a cave-chamber, and a startled congregation of
pensive bats. She told no one of her discovery, because she had not, after all,
caught the woodchuck, and went without meat for supper. A noble warrior,
who had done marvelous deeds of valor, loved the maiden. He wooed and she
would but the swarthy papa wouldn’t. Sadness, anger, surreptitious trysting
where the fleecy cottonwood waves melodiously above the crystal streamlet,
etc., etc. The irate old warrior brings an aged brave, who has spent his whole
life in doing nothing of more account than cronifying with the heart-sick girl’s
father. This man she must marry, and the young suitor must go. Refusals by
 the maiden, loud talk by the youth,
sneers from the old cronies, flight of the
lovers to the woodchuck’s hole,
vermicular but affectionate concealment,
like another Æneas and Dido. The
woodchuck, stealing forth, sees a wolf
outside, trying to make him pay his poll-
tax; so he sits quietly just inside his safe
doorway, obscuring the light.
Endeavoring to find their way about in
the consequent darkness, the imprisoned
lovers pitch headlong over the precipice
I have referred to. Guide-books please
copy.

Our train bore a pensive party down the

valley of the Fontaine, as it headed for
Pueblo. The Musician drew a plaintive air
from his violin, and as the friendly
mountain range receded and dipped
away in the West, we fell to wondering
when, if ever, we should tread those
vales again.
RAINBOW FALLS.
 IV
PUEBLO AND ITS FURNACES

In Steyermark—old Steyermark,
The mountain summits are white and stark;
The rough winds furrow their trackless snow,
But the mirrors of crystal are smooth below;
The stormy Danube clasps the wave
That downward sweeps with the Drave and Save,
And the Euxine is whitened with many a bark,
Freighted with ores of Steyermark.

In Steyermark—rough Steyermark,
The anvils ring from dawn till dark;
The molten streams of the furnace glare,
Blurring with crimson the midnight air;
The lusty voices of forgemen chord,
Chanting the ballad of Siegfried’s Sword,
While the hammers swung by their arms so stark
Strike to the music of Steyermark!

—Bayard Taylor.
I t is a fortunate introduction the traveler, fresh from the Eastern
States and weary with his long plains journey, gets at Pueblo to
the lively, progressive, booming spirit of Colorado. Here are the
oldest and the newest in the Centennial State—the fragments of
tradition that go back to the thrilling, adventurous days of fur-
trapping and Indian wars; the concentrated essence of later improvements;
and the most practical present, mingled in a single tableau, for a telephone
line crosses the ruins of the old adobe fort or Spanish “pueblo,” which gave to
the locality its name when it was an outpost for the traders from New Mexico.
In its modern shape the town is one of the longest settled in the State, and a
great flurry began and ended there years ago. Then, neglected by men of
money, Pueblo languished and was spoken chidingly of by its sister cities in
embryo. Now all this has changed, and, perhaps aroused by the prosperity of
Leadville, Pueblo began about three years ago to assert herself, and to-day
stands next to Denver in rank both as a populous and as a money-making
center. No business man or statistician could find a more deeply entertaining
study than the investigation of how this rejuvenation has arisen and been
made to produce so striking results. Such an inquirer would find several large
industries claiming to have furnished the turning point; but it is evident that
the few who faithfully stood by the comatose town, and steadily struggled
toward its commercial revival, were prompt to seize upon the altered flood and
take advantage of the tide which led to fortune. The impression once
advertised that Pueblo was shaking off her lethargy and about to become a
second Pittsburgh, a thousand men of business were quick to catch the idea
and make the “boom” a fact. Thus from 5,000 inhabitants in 1875 she has
come to over 15,000 in 1883.
It is undoubtedly true that the Denver and Rio Grande railway has done more
to aid this advancement than any other one agency; but an important impetus
was given to Pueblo in 1878, when a company of gentlemen decided to build a
smelter here. The work was put under the charge of its present
superintendent, and ninety days from breaking ground the furnace was in
operation. There was only a single small one at first; but fourteen are running
now. Then there was a diminutive shed to cover the whole affair; now there
are acres of fine buildings. Then a dozen men did all the work; now from 380
to 400 are employed, and the pay-roll reaches $375,000 per annum. That’s the
way they do things in Pueblo.
This smelter is on the northern bank of the river, just under the bluff. From a
distance, all that you can discern over the trees is a collection of lofty brick and
iron chimney-stacks, and wide black roofs. Coming nearer, the enormous slag-
dump discloses the nature of the industry, and testifies to the quantity of ore
that has passed through the furnaces. Though on the banks of a swift river,
the works are run by steam, which can be depended upon for steady service,
and on which winter makes no impression. A thousand tons of coal and seven
hundred tons of coke a month are used, the cheapness and proximity of this
fuel forming one of the inducements to place the smelter here. Cañon City and
El Moro coals are mixed, but the coke all comes from the latter point. At the
start an engine of 60-horse power supplied all needs, but a new one of 175-
horse power has been found necessary, and Denver was able to manufacture
it. As for the machinery, it is not essentially different from that in other
smelters, except in small details, where the most approved modern methods
are made use of. There are great rooms full of roasting-ovens, immense bins
where the pulverized and roasted ore cools off, elevators that hoist it to the
smelting furnaces, and all the usual appliances, in great perfection, for
charging the furnaces, drawing off and throwing aside the slag, and for casting
the precious pigs of bullion. All walls and floors are stone and brick;
everywhere order and neatness prevail. This plant has already cost the firm
$200,000, and they have enough more money constantly put into ore and
bullion to make $750,000 invested at the works. The ore is bought outright,
according to a scale of prices which is about as follows: Gold, $18.00 per
ounce; silver, $1.00 per ounce; and copper, $1.50 per unit.

GARDEN OF THE GODS.

This is reckoned by “dry” assay, being two per cent. off from “wet.” For the
lead in the ore, 30 cents per unit up to 30 per cent., 40 cents up to 40 per
cent., and 45 when over 40 per cent.; but both lead and copper will not be
paid for in the same ore. From the total is deducted $20.00 as fee for treating
it. For the assaying a capital laboratory of several rooms is provided, where
two assayers and two chemists are continually busy. Every lot, as purchased, is
kept separate and subjected to a homeopathic process of dilution, until a
sample is obtained that represents most exactly the whole. The arrangements
for crushing and sampling the ore are very complete, and a large number of
lots can be handled at once. When the final sample has been reached it is
subjected to a very careful assay, not only to determine what shall be paid for
it, but to find out what are its qualities in relation to the process of smelting.
This process requires a certain percentage of lead, a certain amount of silica,
and a certain proportion of iron and lime in each charge. It is the duty of the
assayers and chemists to ascertain precisely the proportions of these
ingredients in the ore under consideration, in order to know how much lead,
iron, lime or silica, to add in order to make a compound suitable to fuse
thoroughly, even to the dissolution of the desperately refractory zinc and
antimony; and which, also, shall yield up every particle of silver and gold. The
iron and lime have usually to be added outright in this smelter; but the proper
proportions of lead and silica are obtained by combining an ore deficient in one
of these elements, but containing an excess of the other, with ores oppositely
constituted. It is one of the advantages of the smelter at Pueblo, that, being
centrally placed and down hill from every mining district, it can draw to its bins
ores of every variety; thus it is able to mix to the greatest advantage, and in
this economy and the attendant thoroughness of treatment, lie the possibilities
(and actuality) of profit.
The lime for flux is procured three miles from town, and costs only $1.00 a
ton, while every other smelter in the State must pay from $2.50 to $5.00. Its
building-stone is a splendid quality of cream-tinted sandstone procured in the
mesa only a short distance away. So widely satisfactory have been its results
that the Pueblo smelter does the largest business of any in Colorado. I saw ore
there from away beyond Silverton; from Ouray and the Lake City region; from
the Gunnison country and the Collegiate range this side; from Leadville
(competitive with Leadville’s own smelters); from Silver Cliff and Rosita; and,
finally, from numerous camps in the northern part of the State. The last was
surprising; for it meant that all that weight of ore had been brought hither past
the furnaces at Golden and Denver, because the owners realized more for it, in
spite of excess of freight, than they could get at home. The superintendent
told me that they handled more ore from Clear Creek county than all the other
smelters of the State; and he explained it by showing how his nearness to fuel,
and consequent saving in this important item, with his cheap labor, permitted
him to bid and pay more than any other smelter could for choice ores, for
which a premium is given. These facts were held in mind when, encouraged by
the railway, the smelter was placed here, and the expectations of its projectors
have been more than gratified. The present capacity of the establishment is
125 tons of ore a day in the fourteen blast furnaces, and 100 tons a day in
nine large calcining furnaces. Expensive improvements, and of the most solid
character, are being made constantly in all parts of the works. The most
important of these has been the erection of machinery for refining the bullion,
which has a capacity of twenty-five hundred tons a month, and is constructed
on the best known principles. It has been customary in the West to send to
New York the lead which results from silver refining; it is made into sheet-lead
and leaden pipe, in which form it is bought by wholesale houses in Chicago
and St. Louis, to be again sent to Colorado, at the rate of perhaps a thousand
tons a year. Now it is proposed to keep at home the profits and freightage of
this costly and heavy material in house construction. Machinery has therefore
been added to make up all the lead into sheets, bars, and piping. This is done
so cheaply, that Pueblo can now send it across the plains and undersell
Chicago and St. Louis in the Mississippi valley. The supply largely exceeds the
home demand, and a new export for this State has thus been created. Utah
will henceforth yield a large portion of the bullion to be refined. Another
experiment will be the refining of copper. There are various mines in New
Mexico and Arizona—many of them worked in ancient days by the Spaniards—
which supply a base form of metallic copper. This crude copper is now nearly
all sent to Baltimore, and there refined and rolled. The New Mexico division of
the Denver and Rio Grande will soon penetrate the region of some of these
mines, while the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe makes others accessible. Side-
tracks from both these roads run into the smelter’s enclosure. To bring the
copper here will therefore be an easy matter: and it can be produced in shape
for commercial use much more cheaply than any Eastern factory is able to turn
it out.
Another large factor in Pueblo’s revival was the establishment there of the
steel works. These are the property of the Colorado Coal and Iron company,
composed of the leading men in the Denver and Rio Grande railway, so that,
though the two corporations are distinct, their interests are closely allied. This
powerful association was formed in 1879 by the consolidation of two or three
other companies having similar aims, and it became the owner not only of the
steel and iron works here, and of a great deal of real estate, but also of nearly
all the mines of coal and iron now being developed in this State. Its capital is
ten millions, and its principal offices are located at South Pueblo. It employs
over two thousand men in its various enterprises, and is constantly enlarging
its operations and perfecting its methods. Many of its coal banks will be
referred to in other paragraphs of this volume. The ore derived from all its iron
mines is exceptionally free from phosphorus, and therefore well adapted to the
manufacture of steel. The subjoined analyses exhibit the character of these
ores:
 Metallic
Silica. Phosphorus. Lime. Alumina. Magnesia. Manganese. Sulphur.
Iron.
Placer 52.2 12.64 .051 5.70 3.6 3.12 .34 Trace.
Salida 65.8 5.78 .015 .34 1.5 .81 .22 .014
Villa
57.3 5.03 .019 1.87 .006
Grove

A conservative estimate places the amount of iron ore the company has
developed at over two millions of tons. Besides these high-grade ores, there
are others of an inferior grade, which, being mixed with mill-cinders, will
produce the commoner sorts of pig-iron, suitable for foundry-work. Limestone,
valuable as flux, is quarried from a ledge within seven miles of the furnace,
with which it is connected by rail, and the supply is practically inexhaustible.
Gannister and fire-clay, also, are found in abundance in the vicinity. With coal,
coke, iron and all the furnace ingredients radiated about this point, which, at
the same time is nearest to the Eastern forges whence must be brought the
massive machinery to equip the works, it requires no second thought to
perceive that South Pueblo offers altogether the most profitable site for vast
factories like these.
Immediately following this decision, in the spring of 1879 a large tract of
mesa-land was secured, beside the track of the Denver and Rio Grande
railway, about a mile south of the Union Depot, where not only the foundations
of the mills, but a village-site was laid out and numerous side-tracks were put
down. Very soon the tall chimneys of the blast furnaces began to rise into the
ken of the people of Pueblo. Simultaneously a large number of fine cottages
were built as homes for workmen, and other structures were set on foot,
among them a commodious hospital, for joint use of the mills and the railway
company. It is a very pleasant, well-ordered and growing little town, known as
Bessemer, and even now the space between it and the city is rapidly filling up.
The present daily output of the blast furnaces is one hundred tons of pig-iron,
but soon a twin furnace will double the productive capacity of the works.
Besides the furnaces, the plant includes Bessemer steel converting works, a
rolling and rail mill, 450 by 60 feet, a nail mill, a puddling mill and foundry. All
of these establishments are in every way equal to the best of their kind in the
East. The blast furnace is fifteen feet base and sixty-five feet high, with fire-
brick, hot-blast stoves, and a Morris blowing engine. In the steel-converting
works the arrangement of the plant is similar to that of the new Pittsburgh
Bessemer Steel Company, which has given exceptionally good results. The rail
mill plant consists of Siemen’s heating furnaces and heavy blooming and rail
trains, and the puddling and nail mills are equipped with the best modern
machinery. At Denver the same company owns a rolling mill, where bar and
railroad iron and mine rails are manufactured: these in the future will mainly
be supplied from South Pueblo. The effect upon Colorado of this forging of
native iron for home consumption must be very important. All iron and iron
ware is nearly doubled in value by the necessarily high rates of freight across
the plains. Manufacturing, now that the crude material can be obtained on the
spot, is cheaper than importing, and in the wake of the blast furnace must
follow a long train of iron industries. Already negotiations are on foot for the
establishment of extensive stove works (a million of dollars was sent East last
year from Colorado in payment for stoves alone), and the erection of car-wheel
shops is also contemplated. Indeed, in this mining country, which also is a
region that is rapidly filling up with large towns, the demand for manufactured
iron of all sorts is very large. It is another step in the gradual movement of
trade-centers westward.
 ENTRANCE TO CAVE OF THE WINDS.

A still clearer idea of the great value of its interests to the State, and
of its local works to Pueblo may be obtained from the report of the
productions of the Colorado Coal and Iron company for the year 1882
which, briefly summarized, aggregates as follows: Coal, 511,239
tons; coke, 92,770 tons; iron ores, 53,425 tons; merchant iron, mine
rails, etc., 3,883 tons; castings, 2,752 tons; pig-iron, 24,303 tons;
muck bar, in four months, 1,253 tons; steel ingots, eight months,
20,919 tons; steel blooms, eight months, 18,068 tons; steel rails,
eight months, 16,139 tons; nails, four months, 16,158 kegs; and
spikes, six months, 5,022 kegs.
The economy of location, and the successful results attending the
establishment here of the great enterprises referred to, are attracting
many others. During the past season one of Leadville’s largest
smelters, having been destroyed by fire, has been rebuilt at Pueblo,
and more will naturally follow.
The mercantile part of the community, however, while admitting all
the claims of the steel works and the smelter to their great and
beneficent influence upon the destiny of the new town, puts forward
its own claim to the credit of commencing the progressive movement.
When, by the extensions of the railway into the back country of
Colorado, merchants began to perceive that at Pueblo they could buy
goods of precisely such grades as they desired a trifle more cheaply,
and get them home a trifle more expeditiously, than by going to
Denver or Kansas City, Pueblo began to feel the impulse of new
commercial vigor. When it came to reckoning upon a whole year’s
purchases, the slight advantage gained in freight over Denver, to all
southern and middle interior points, amounted to a very considerable
sum. Here, far more than in the Eastern States, the freight charges
must be taken into account by the country merchant; particularly in
the provision business, where the staples are the heaviest articles, as
a rule, and, at the same time, those on which the least profit accrues.
This consideration, impressing itself more and more upon the good
judgment of the mountain dealers, is bringing a larger and larger
trade to Pueblo, until now she is beginning to boast herself mistress
of all southern and middle Colorado and of northern New Mexico. She
can not hope to compete with Denver for the northern half of the
State, but she does not intend to lose her grip upon the great,
rapidly-developing, money-producing San Juan, Gunnison and Rio
Grande regions. And as the visitor sees the railway yards crowded
with loaded freight trains destined for every point of the compass;
notes the throng of laden carts in the furrowed streets; observes how
every warehouse is plethoric with constantly changing merchandise,
often stacked on the curbstone under the cover of a canvas sheet
because room within doors can not be found; witnesses the
temporary nature of so many scores of buildings for business and for
domiciles, and learns how most of their owners are putting up
permanent houses, multitudes of which are rising substantially on
every side;—when he has caught the meaning of all this, he finds
that Pueblo has an idea that her opportunities are great, and that she
does not propose to neglect them in the least particular. There is
much wealth there now, and more is being introduced by Eastern
investors, or accumulated on the spot, not only in trade, but in the
very extensive herds of cattle and sheep that center there. Yet this
seems to be but the incipience of her prosperity,—a prosperity which
rests on solid foundations, existing not alone in the industries I have
catalogued and the trade which has centered there, but in the fact
that values are not inflated and that the real property of the city is
mortgaged to a remarkably small degree.
Pueblo, though I have treated it as a unit, really consists of two
cities, having the rushing flood of the Arkansas between them. Each
has water-works, and civic institutions separately, but I have no
doubt this cumbersome duality will be done away with in time. It is
on the South Pueblo side that the railways center at the Union Depot.
The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe sends hither daily its trains from
Kansas City, and hence the Denver and Rio Grande forwards its
passengers northward to Denver, westward to Silver Cliff, Leadville,
Salt Lake City and Ogden, and southward to El Moro, Alamosa, Del
Norte, Durango, Silverton and Santa Fe. It is on this side, also, that
the factories are, and that others will stand. Here, too, are being
placed the great wholesale depots.
There is too much rush and dust and building and general chaos in
the lowlands, where the business part of the town is to make a
residence there as pleasant as it will be a few years later; but upon
the high mesa, Whose rounded bluffs of gravel form the first break
upon the shore of the great plains that extend thence in
uninterrupted level to the Missouri River, a young city has grown up,
which is admirable as a place for a home. Here are long, straight,
well-shaded streets of elegant houses; here are churches and school
buildings and all the pleasant appurtenances of a fine town,
overlooking the city, the wooded valley of the Arkansas, the busy
railway junctions, and the measureless plateaus beyond. One gets a
new idea of the possibilities of a delightful home in Pueblo after he
has walked upon these surprising highlands.
Nowhere, either, will you get a more inspiring mountain landscape—
the far scintillations of the Sangre de Cristo; the twin breasts of
Wahatoya; the glittering, notched line and clustering foothills of the
Sierra Mojada; the great gates that admit to the upper Arkansas; and
Pike’s “shining mountain,” surrounded by its ermined courtiers, only a
little less in majesty than their prince.
 V
OVER THE SANGRE DE CRISTO.

Raleigh: Fain would I climb.

But that I fear to fall,
Elizabeth: If thy heart fail thee,
Why, then, climb at all?
T oward the middle of one bright afternoon we were pulled
out of Pueblo, our three cars having been attached to
the regular south-bound express. We had fully discussed
the matter, and determined to go on to the end of the
track, or, more literally, to one end—for there are many termini to this
wide-branching system—on to the warm old plazitas and dreamily
pleasant pueblos of New Mexico. Why not?
But so inconsequential and careless an “outfit” was this, that no
sooner had our minds been fairly settled to the plan (while the
shadow of the Greenhorn came creeping out toward Cuchara and we
were heading straight into its gloom) than somebody proposed our
spending the night quietly in Veta Pass.
This mountain pass and its “Muleshoe,” dwarfing in interest the
celebrated “Horseshoe curve” in Pennsylvania, because occupying far
less space, just as the foot of a mule may be set within a horse’s
track—these have been famous ever since railroading in southern
Colorado began, and naturally we did not like to go past them in the
darkness. We wanted to see how the track was laid away around the
head of the long ravine, whether it doubled upon itself in as close a
loop as they said it did; and whether the train really climbed through
the clouds about the brow of Dump Mountain, as the pictures
represented. So we told the conductor to drop us.
It was dark by the time we had been left in good shape on the
terrace-like siding in Veta Pass, and, weary with our swift run, we
were quite ready to shut out the gathering shades and be merry over
our dinner; but first, all eyes must watch the departing express begin
its climb up Dump Mountain. Think of swinging a train round a curve
of only thirty degrees, on a very stiff grade, and with a bridge directly
in the center of the turn! That is what this audacious railway does
every few hours in the “toe” of the Muleshoe. From our lonely night-
gripped dot of a house on the wild hill side, we could see squarely
facing us both the Cyclopean blaze of the fierce headlight, and the
two watchful red eyes glaring scornfully from the rear platform; by
that we knew that the train had doubled on its own length of only six
cars. Then, with hoarse panting and grinding of tortured wheels and
rails, the two powerful locomotives began to force their way up the
hill side right opposite us, the slanting line of bright windows showing
how amazingly steep a grade of two hundred and seventeen feet to
the mile really is. The beam of the headlight thrust itself forward, not
level, as is its wont, but aimed at a planet that glimmered just above
a distant ghostly peak.
“Do you remember,” murmurs the Madame in a low voice, as she
stands with bated breath beside me; “do you remember how Thoreau
advises one of his friends to ‘hitch his chariot to a star’? Doesn’t this
scene come near his splendid ambition? Will that train stop short of
the sky, do you think?”
Surely it seemed that it would not, for only when the stokers opened
the doors of the laboring furnaces, and volumes of red light suddenly
illumined the overhanging masses of smoke, touching into strange
prominence for an instant the rocks and trees beside the engines,
could we see that the train stood upon anything solid, or was moving
otherwise than as a slow meteor passes athwart the midnight sky. It
was easy to imagine that long line of uncanny lights a fiery motto
emblazoned upon the side of the dark mountain, and to read in it,
Per aspera ad astra.
Yet the scene was far from fanciful. It was very real, and a fine sight
for a man interested in mechanical progress, to watch those great
machines walk up that hill, spouting two geysers of smoke and
sparks, and dragging the ponderous train slowly but steadily along its
upward course. Now and again they would be lost behind the fringe
of woods through which the track passed, and then we would see the
cone-like, rugged spruces sharply outlined against the luminous
volumes of smoke. A moment later and the train disappeared around
Dump Mountain, with a sardonic wink of the red guard-lights at the
last; but presently we had knowledge of it again, for a fountain of
sparks and black smoke from the engines blotted out the scintillating
sky just above the highest crest of the ridge.
“Suppose it had broken in two on that hill-side,” remarks the Artist,
as I am carving the roast, five minutes later.
“It wouldn’t have mattered,” is the reply. “I once saw a heavier train
than that break on this very mountain, the three rear coaches parting
company with the forward portion of the train.”
“But wasn’t that criminal carelessness?” cries the Madame, who is
death on inattention to railway duties. I should hate to be a
neglectful brakeman before her gray eyes as judge!
“Not at all,” she is informed. “The cars were properly coupled with
what, for all any one could see, was a sufficiently strong link, but the
strain proved too great for the tenacity of the iron.”
“Well, I suppose they went down the track a-flying, or else over the
precipice.”
“Not a bit of it. The two parts of the train stopped not more than
twenty feet apart. When the accident occurred the engineer knew it
instantly by the jerking of the bell-rope, and stopped short. As for the
rear cars, they were brought to a standstill at once by means of the
automatic brakes. I tell you they are a great institution, and
indispensable to success on any road which has heavy grades to
overcome.”
“How do they operate?”
“Well, it is the Westinghouse patent and rather complicated. Better
go out to-morrow and see the apparatus on the engine. It works
somewhat in this manner: When the valve on the retort under each
car is set in a particular way, the letting off of the ‘straight’ or
ordinary air-brakes causes the compression of an exceedingly
powerful spring on each set of brakes. If, however, you destroy the
equilibrium by forcibly parting the air connection between that car
and the locomotive, as of course occurs when a train breaks in two,
the great springs are released and jam the brake-shoes hard against
the wheels, gripping them with tremendous force. That’s what
happened instantly in this case, and those heavy cars, which
otherwise would have carried their cargoes to almost certain
destruction, halted in a single second.”

ALABASTER HALL.

“But—what if—” began our lady member in an alarmed tone;

whereupon she was speedily interrupted by the learned gentleman
who was dividing his time between dinner and lecture:
“My dear Madame, our cars, like all the rest on this admirably-
guarded railway, are provided with the automatic apparatus I have
described. Since it is useless to pretend to one’s-self, or anybody else,
that an accident will never happen, it is well to understand that every
precaution known to intelligent management has been provided
against any serious harm resulting when things do go wrong. In
consideration of all which profound explanations I think we deserve a
second glass of claret. My toast is: The Automatic Brake!”
And we all responded, “May it never be broken!”

Sleep that night was deep and refreshing. The next morning broke
cool and clear, and the Photographer proposed, with nearly his first
words, that we all go to the top of Veta Mountain. Only the crest of
one of the spurs could be seen, and this did not appear very far
away, so that those who had never climbed mountains afoot were
enthusiastic on the subject. Now in the humble, but dearly
experienced opinion of the present author, the old saw,—
“Where ignorance is bliss
’T were the height of folly to be otherwise,”
fits no situation better than mountain climbing. I have said in the
bitterness of my soul, on some cloud-splitting peak, as I tried to gulp
enough air to fill a small corner of my lungs, that the man who
belonged to an Alpine Club was prima facie a fool. Scaling mountains
for some definitely profitable purpose, like finding or working a silver
mine, or getting a wide view so as properly to map out the region, or
for a knowledge of its fauna and flora, is disagreeable but endurable,
because you are sustained by the advantages to accrue; but to toil
up there for fun—bah! Yet people will go on doing it, and those who
know better will follow after, and the heart of the grumbler will grow
sick as he sees of how little avail are his words and the testimony of
his sufferings.
It was so this time. Admonitions that upright distances were the most
deceiving of all aspects of nature; that the higher you went the
steeper the slope and the more insecure and toilsome the foothold;
these, with other remonstrances, were totally unheeded, and three
misguided mortals decided to go. Then the growler yielded—what
else could he do? He had survived many a previous ascent, and could
not afford to assume a cowardice that really didn’t belong to him. So
he chose that horn of the dilemma, and left the reader to the
conclusion that in telling this tale, after the previous paragraph, he
“writ himself down an ass.”
All went but the Musician. Among the gentlemen were divided the
photographic camera and materials, and the whisky, while the
Madame set off sturdily with field-glasses over her shoulder, and a
revolver strapped around her shapely waist. Dinner was ordered for
two o’clock, and up we started. The Madame wrote to her friend
about it as follows (the letter, I declare, smelled of camphor):
“I assure you, my dear Mrs. McAngle, that not more than a
hundred feet had been gone over before the inexperienced of
our party began to feel the effects of rarefied air, although thus
far it was easy enough walking. There was no path, of course,
and we simply tramped over a grassy slope sprinkled with
flowers and covered by trees that shaded us from the sun.
Gorges which were hardly perceptible as such from the valley,
now proved to be uncomfortably deep gashes in the broad
mountain-side, and tiny streams came down each one of them,
to water dense thickets along their banks. In one place, about a
thousand feet above our starting point, we came across the
remains of a camp made by some man who thought he had
found precious metal. Dreary enough it looked now, with its
dismantled roof and wet and moldy bed of leaves.
“By this time breathing has become a conscious difficulty. I
speak in the present tense, my dear, because the recollection is
very vivid, and it seems almost as though I am again trudging
over those sharp-edged rocks. Every ten minutes further
progress becomes an utter impossibility for me, and rest
absolutely necessary; but one recuperates in even less time than
it takes to become exhausted, and starts on again. Nevertheless
I can not go as fast as the gentlemen, who have no skirts to
drag along.
“Now the comparatively easy climbing is over. Flowers and grass
have grown scarce, and almost all the trees have disappeared.
Nausea is beginning to annoy me, and I was never more glad in
my life than now, when I discover some raspberry bushes and
eagerly gather the ripe fruit, whose pleasant acid brings moisture
to my parched mouth and comforts my sad stomach, for there is
no water or snow here, and I know it would not be best to drink
if there were.
“Even the berries are gone now. Far above and on all sides I see
nothing but fragments of rocks. For centuries, wind, frost, rain
and snow have been hard at work leveling the mountains. They
have broken up the hard masses of yellowish white trachyte, and
the dikes of black basalt into small pieces—some as minute as
walnuts, but most of them much larger, with sharp-pointed
edges that cut my feet. Across these vast fields the wild sheep,
thinking nothing of jumping and gamboling over such steep
slopes of broken stones, have made trails that cross and criss-
cross everywhere. Availing ourselves of these is some help, as
we all settle down to persistent, never-ending climbing.
“Up, up, up. You have forgotten how to breathe; your back and
head are aching; you have found a stick, and lean more and
more upon it; you look down on the back of a hawk far below
you with sullen envy; you devoutly wish you had never come,
but will not give up. At length a stupor creeps over you. You
never expect to reach the top, but you do not care; old long-
forgotten songs go through your brain and seem to try to lull you
to sleep. You see in the distance one of the strong ones reach
the summit and wave his hat; you are beyond sensation, and it
is all a dream. Finally you stagger over the last ledge and throw
yourself down on the top and feebly call for—whisky. Mrs.
McAngle, I am a teetotaller; I hate whisky! But just then I would
 have given half my fortune had it been necessary for the one
swallow which did me so much good.”
Well, her companions having more strength, didn’t feel quite so bad,
though near enough so, to make their sympathies strong. The crest
having been gained, the Madame lay down on a rubber coat under
the cap rock to rest, while the remainder of us dispersed in search of
water. But let me quote that long letter again:
“The rocks, when I had recovered strength to look about me, I
saw were crumbling lavas of two colors, light drab and dark
brown. Covered, as they were, with lichens of brown, green and
red, they were very pretty. At last one of the gentlemen came
back, carefully carrying his hat in both hands, which he had
made into a sort of bowl by pressing in the soft crown. This I
soon saw contained water, but such water—foul and bad tasting,
for it had been squeezed from moss. But we drank it through a
‘straw,’ made by rolling up a business card, and were thankful.
“Refreshed, and becoming interested in life again, the old hymn
occurred to me,—
‘Lo, on a narrow neck of land
’Twixt two unbounded seas I stand.’
Only the seas, in this case, were broad green valleys, and were
bounded in the distance by lofty mountains, best of all Sierra
Blanca, across whose peaks the clouds were winding their long
garments as if to hide somewhat the sterility and ruggedness of
their friends. Above them how intensely blue was the sky, and
how the soft green foothills leaning against them satisfied your
eyes with their graceful curves. Trailing among them, as though
a long white string had been carelessly tossed down, ran the
serpentine track of the railway, and the famous Dump Mountain
sank into the merest foot-ridge at our feet. On the other side of
the ledge we gazed out on the misty and limitless plains, past
the rough jumble of the Sierra Mojada, and could trace where we
had come across the valley of the Cuchara. Nearer by lay dozens
 of snug and verdant vales, in one of which glistened a little lake
tantalizing to our still thirsty throats.
“We all had our photographs taken, with this magnificent scenery
for a background—better even than the cockney-loved Niagara,
we thought—and strolled about. Not far away we hit upon a
prospect-hole. The miner was absent, but had left pick and
shovel behind as tokens of possession. How intense must be the
love of money that would induce a man to undertake such a
terrible climb, and live in this utter loneliness and exposure! Yet
they say that many of the best silver mines in Colorado are on
the very tops of such bald peaks as this.
“At last, on asking my husband if he did not think he appeared
like an Alpine tourist, I found him recovered sufficiently to say
that we should all pine if we didn’t have dinner soon, so we
turned our faces homeward. Now I hope I haven’t wasted all my
adjectives, for I need the strongest of them to tell of that
descent. It was frightful. Feet and knees became so sore that
every movement was torture. The sun blinded and scorched me,
and the fields of barren, sharp and cruel stones stretched down
ahead in endless succession. Mrs. McAngle, however foolish I
may be in the future in climbing up another mountain, I never,
never will come down, but will cheerfully die on the summit, and
leave my bones a warning to the next absurdly ambitious sight-
seer. When I was on the crest, I thought what an idiot the youth
in ‘Excelsior’ was, but now I hold him in high respect, for he had
the great good sense, having reached the top, to stay there!”
Returning to Veta Pass, the promontory where the track winds
cautiously around the brow of Dump Mountain—the name is given
because of a resemblance in shape to the dump at the entrance of a
mine tunnel—has been called Inspiration Point. I don’t know who
christened it; perhaps some would-be hero of a novel by G. P. R.
James. If, to be in character, he “paused at this point in involuntary
admiration,” there was plenty of excuse, for one of the loveliest
panoramas in Colorado unrolls itself at the observer’s feet.
Coming up is fine enough, if you see it on such a day as the gods
gave us. The Spanish Peaks, as we approached from Cuchara, were
as blue as blue could be, with half-transparent, vaporous masses
hovering tenderly about them; but these mists stopped short of Veta,
which stood out distinct against its cloud-flecked background,
majestic in full round outlines beyond the majority of mountains,—in
hue purple and sunny white, with the mingling of forests and vast
sterile slopes. North of it the landscape was almost hidden under
rain-veils, into which the sun shot a great sheaf-full of slanting arrows
of light, and beyond, range behind range were marked with
phantom-like faintness of outline. A broad canopy of leaden clouds
hung overhead, down from the further eaves of which was shed a
wide halo radiating from the invisible sun above; and this snowy
shower had stood long unchanged before our entranced eyes,
making us believe that the brown cliffs, toward which we were
running so swiftly, were the gates of an enchanted land.

VETA PASS.
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