EE-103: Electrical

Engineering
Lecture 01:
Introduction to Circuit Theory and Basic Concepts

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 Profile

Dr. Muhammad Sohaib Younis

Assistant Professor
Department of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence,
SMME, NUST
Office: 210E, SMME Main Building
Email: [email protected]

Office hours: Friday @ 3 pm to 4 pm

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 PhD 2024

Deep Learning (Computer Vision)

University of Marburg, Germany

Thesis Topic: Deep Learning and Continual Learning Techniques for Plant
Image Analysis

Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Benhard Seeger, Prof. Dr. Thomas Hickler

Key Areas: Taxon and Trait identification of herbarium, Plant organ

detection, Insect and Moth recognition

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 PhD Research

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 Publications
• Zeuss, Dirk, et al. "Nature 4.0: a networked sensor system for integrated
biodiversity monitoring." Global Change Biology (2024).
Impact Factor: 11.45
• Möglich, Jonas Mielke, et al. "Towards reliable estimates of abundance trends
using automated non‐lethal moth traps." Insect Conservation and
Diversity (2023).
• Younis, Sohaib, et al. "Detection and annotation of plant organs from digitised
herbarium scans using deep learning." Biodiversity Data Journal 8 (2020).
• Younis, Sohaib, et al. "Taxon and trait recognition from digitized herbarium
specimens using deep convolutional neural networks." Botany Letters (2018).

20-Sep-24 Department of Robotics and AI, SMME, NUST 5

 MSc 2016

Intelligent Adaptive Systems (Computer Science)

University of Hamburg, Germany

Thesis Topic: Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning using Neural Networks

Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Stefan Wermter, Dr. Cornelius Weber

Key Areas: Machine Learning, Bio-Inspired AI, Intelligent Robotics, Neural

Networks

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 Project – Human Robot Interaction

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 BE 2011

Mechatronics Engineering

College of E&ME, NUST

Final Year Project: Unmanned Lead Vehicle

Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Akthar Nawaz Malik, Dr. Javaid Iqbal

Key Areas: Robotics, Computer Vision, Microcontrollers, Digital Electronics

20-Sep-24 Department of Robotics and AI, SMME, NUST 8

 Tribute
Prof. Dr. Akthar Nawaz Malik

▪ Ex Dean College of E&ME

▪ Ex Head of Mechatronics Department, CEME

“Write down the things that you would like people to

say about you on your funeral and live your life
according to this list.”

“My passion is to transfer to the next generation, as a

trustee, whatever life has given me.” Prof. Dr. Akthar Nawaz Malik
(12.08.1959 - 27.08.2019)

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 Class Rules / Discipline:

▪ Be punctual.

▪ Do not disturb the class or interrupt the lecture.

▪ Raise your hand before speaking or any questions.

▪ Keep your devices on silent!

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 Your Introduction
Questions:

▪ What is your educational background?

▪ Why are you studying mechanical engineering?
▪ Why did you choose NUST and SMME?
▪ How is your experience here so far?

▪ What do you already know about electrical engineering?

▪ What is your expected outcome from this course?

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 Course Description:

▪ This course is an introduction to electric circuit

elements and electronic devices and a study of circuits
containing such devices.

▪ Students are taught sources and circuit parameters

of electrical systems, circuit laws and theorems
governing electric circuits.

▪ AC fundamentals and operational amplifiers are also

included in the course to lay a strong foundation of Some common electric circuit elements

electrical engineering.

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 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

1. Demonstrate system knowledge based on

basic electrical properties.
2. Be able to identify principal quantities
based on electrical circuits.
3. Understand the characteristics of electrical
systems based on AC/DC circuits voltage
and current laws.

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 Books

▪ Text Book:
◦ Electric Circuits (11th Edition)
by James W. Nilsson and Susan A. Riedel.
Published in 2018.

▪ Reference Book:
◦ Principles of Electric Circuits (9th Edition)
by Thomas L. Floyd.
Published in 2013.

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 Grading Policy:

▪ Lectures (2 credit hours):

▪ 6x Quizzes = 15%

▪ 2x Assignments = 9%

▪ Project / Presentation = 6%

▪ Mid-term Exam = 30%

▪ Final Exam = 40%

* This grading policy is tentative

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 Why Should Mechanical Engineers Study
“Electrical Engineering”?

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 Real World Applications of Mechanical Engineering

▪ Automotive Engineering
▪ Aerospace Engineering and Space Exploration
▪ Biomechanics and Medical Devices
▪ Energy Systems
▪ Robotics

A smart car (electro-mechanical + NASA’s Perseverance Rover landing

A classical car (mechanical) computer control) on Mars

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 International System of Units (SI)
Quantity Basic Symbol Quantity Derived Symbol Formula
unit unit
Length meter m Frequency hertz Hz 𝑠 −1

Mass kilogram kg Energy joule J 𝑁⋅𝑚

Time second s Power watt W 𝐽/𝑠

Electric ampere A Electric coulomb C 𝐴∙𝑠

current charge
Temperature kelvin K Electric volt V 𝐽/𝐶
potential
Amount of mole mol
substance Electric ohm Ω 𝑉/𝐴
resistance
Luminous candela cd
intensity Electric farad F 𝐶/𝑉
capacitance
Magnetic weber Wb 𝑉∙𝑠
flux
Inductance henry H 𝑊𝑏/𝐴

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 SI prefixes for powers of 10
Name Prefix Symbol Power

trillion tera T 1012

billion giga G 109

million mega M 106

thousand kilo k 103

hundred hecto h 102

ten deca da 10

tenth deci d 10−1

hundredth centi c 10−2

thousandth milli m 10−3

millionth micro μ 10−6

billionth nano n 10−9

trillionth pico p 10−12

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 Circuit Theory
▪ An electric circuit is a mathematical model that
approximates the behavior of an actual electrical
system.

▪ The term electric circuit is commonly used to

refer to an actual electrical system as well as to
the model that represents it.

▪ Circuit theory is a special case of electromagnetic

field theory. It is the study of static and moving
electric charges.

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 Circuit Theory
Three assumptions are required to use circuit
theory:

1. Electrical effects happen instantaneously

throughout a system.

2. The net charge on every component in the

system is always zero.

3. There is no magnetic coupling between the

components in a system.

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 Electric Circuit

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 Electric Charge
▪ Electric charge is bipolar, meaning that electrical effects
are described in terms of positive and negative charges. +
▪ Charged particles exhibit forces.
Proton
▪ The unit of quantity of electric charge is coulomb (C). 1.602 x 10-19 C

▪ Electric charge exists in discrete quantities, which are

integer multiples of the electronic charge 1.6022 × 10−19 𝐶.
▪ 1 𝐶 ≡ 6.24 × 1018 electrons
-
Electron
-1.602 x 10-19 C

- - - +
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 Electric Current
▪ Current is caused by motion/flow of electron
in a circuit.
▪ Current has direction.
▪ It is measured in Amperes (A).
▪ Direction of flow of current (conventionally)
is from positive to negative potential. Though
actual electronic current moves from
negative to positive potential.
▪ Current cannot flow unless there is a closed
path and a stimulus to flow.

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 Electric Current
▪ Electric current is the rate of change of charge.

Units: Coulombs per second ≡ Amperes (A)

Symbol: i
ⅆ𝑞
ⅈ=
ⅆ𝑡
where,
q = charge (Coulombs)
t = time (in seconds)

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 Voltage

▪ Electromotive Force (EMF): The stimulus to cause a

current to flow in a circuit. A battery or a generator.
▪ Potential Difference (or Voltage): An EMF source causes
different potential to exist in a circuit at two points connected
to it. This difference of potential causes a flow of current
▪ It is measured in Volts (V).
▪ The separation of charge creates an electric force (voltage),
and the motion of charge creates an electric fluid (current).

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 Voltage
▪ Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge.

Units: Joules/Coulomb ≡ Volts (V)

Symbol: v
ⅆ𝑤
𝑣=
ⅆ𝑞
where,
w = energy (in Joules),
q = charge (in Coulombs)

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 Resistance
▪ Resistance (R) is the property of a material that
opposes the flow of current through it.
▪ It is measured in ohms (Ω)
▪ The resistance of a material depends on its
geometry (length, cross-section area) and its
resistivity (ρ).

𝑙
𝑅=𝜌
𝐴

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 Any Questions?

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 That’s it for today.
See you next week!

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