Discuss the nature, goals and perspectives in/of anthropology, sociology and

political science

Nature, Goals and Perspectives in Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science

 OBJECTIVES
- Identify the nature, goals, and perspectives in
anthropology, sociology and political science;
- Recognize the concepts and the subjects of inquiries of
anthropology, sociology and political science; and
- Appreciate the importance of the goals of anthropology,
sociology and political science.

What is Sociology, Anthropology and Political Science?

Culture is learned patterns of perception, values, and behaviors, shared
by a group of people, that are dynamic and heterogeneous.

ANTHROPLOGY is for CULTURE

SOCIOLOGY is for SOCIETY
POLITICAL SCIENCE is for POLITICS

Anthropology
- It came from a Latin word anthropos means man and
Greek word logos- means to study
- Is the holistic "science of man", a science of the totality of
human existence.
- The scientific study of humans and human behavior and
societies in the past and present.
- Anthropology ►
Studies human diversity around the world. It looks at
cross-cultural differences in social institutions, cultural
beliefs, and communication styles.
- Franz Boas "father of American Anthropology"
-He believed that the same method and strategy could
be applied in measuring culture and human behavior while
conducting research among humans including the
uniqueness of their cultures.
• He favored Historical particularism that assumes that
each society has a unique and different forms of culture
that cannot be incorporated under a predominant culture.
Two broad fields of Anthropology:
1. Physical Anthropology. Physical anthropology or sometimes called
biological anthropology mainly concerns about how humans emerged and
evolved through time.
This is under the study of human paleontology. The second concern of
physical anthropology is how human beings differ biologically. This is under the
study of human variation.
2. Cultural Anthropology. Cultural anthropology is basically concerned
with the differenced of cultures from time to time.
 ►Focuses on living (or recently living) cultures Identifies rules of
social behavior
►Studies the ways people identify themselves in their societies and
the world
3 main branches of Cultural Anthropology:
A. Archeology. This studies past cultures through tangible or material
remains. Archeologists help reconstruct the life and culture of the humans in the
prehistoric time.
B. Anthropological linguistics. This is the anthropological study of
languages where experts explain the difference of languages by culture and
how it is constructed. 3 main branches of Cultural Anthropology:
C. Ethnology. This is the study of recent or present cultures. These
disciplines try to explain the difference of culture before and the recent through
vigorous research, example: concept of beauty, marriage practices, etc.

Sociology
• It came from the Latin word socius- means companion and Greek
word logos- means to study Sociology.
 This is the study of relationships among people. It is the study of
the society and the behavior of people in the society.
 Is the study of society, patterns of social relationships, social
interaction and culture of everyday life.
 Sociology Focuses on the external influences that facilitate or
constrain human actions
 Merriam
- Merriam The study of society, social institutions, and social
relationships.
Auguste Comte (1798-1857) "Father of Sociology"
- He believed that society operates according to certain
laws, just as the physical world operates according to
gravity and other laws of nature.
EMILE DURKHEIM "Niche Problematique" SUICIDE ASTL EMILE DURKHEIM
• He defended sociology as a separate independent field from psychology.
 The Division of Labor in Society (1893) tackles the transformation of a
society from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society.
 Max Weber important proponent of interpretive sociology"
 He believed that a "sympathetic understanding, vertsehen, of the mind of
others" was essential to understanding behavior of others
the Interpretive Sociology
▸ Humans engage in meaningful action
▸ Interpretive sociology
• The study of sociology that focuses on the meanings people
attach to their social world ▸ Interpretive sociology differs from scientific
or empirical sociology in three ways: Scientific sociology focuses on action
Interpretive sociology focuses on meaning Scientific sociology sees an
objective reality Interpretive sociology sees reality He emphasized the
role of rationalization in the development of society. As the world
progressed, people began to justify and adopt scientific and rational
attitude towards understanding the workings of the world. Generally,
Sociology is the study of society Society Organized groups or groups of
interdependent people who share a common territory, language and
culture and who act together for collective survival and well-being. Bound
together by a general sense of common identity and pride of place. In
reality, there can be no culture without society and so far there are no
human societies that do not exhibit culture. Interacting people who share
a culture Why do you think that sometimes we are confusing about the
Sociology and Anthropology? Anthropology and Sociology de are dealing
with commonalities in Society and Culture both of them study human
behavior and the different factors that affect our social relation. Answers
the question.. ANTHROPLOGY What does it mean to be human? Who are
we? Where do we come from? SOCIOLOGY How do we study society?
What are the things that you think influence your life? What is life to
people living in places with different culture and behavior? Who started
this field? ANTHROPLOGY Franz Boas Wirke A The Perfect Library
SOCIOLOGY AUGUSTE COMTE CONCEPT ANTHROPLOGY Anthropology is
the study of people and their culture SOCIOLOGY Sociology is the study of
society, patterns of social interactions, and culture of everyday life GOALS
OF ANTHROPOLOGY 1. See the commonalities among people (tradition,
language, kinship, etc) Goals of Anthropology. 2. Look at what makes us
the same to understand more about human nature Goals of Anthropology
3. Discover what makes people different from each other in order to
understand and preserve diversity Goals of Anthropology 4. Produce new
knowledge and new theories about mankind and behavior 5. Look at one's
own culture more objectively. Goals of Sociology • 1. Obtain possible
theories and principles about society as well as various aspects of social
life. Goals of Sociology 2. Study the nature of humanity to further examine
our roles within a society. 3. Appreciate that all things in the society are
interdependent. Goals of Sociology 4. Expose our minds to different
perspectives in attaining truth. Politics •Comes from the Greek word
"Politika" which means affairs of the cities *Refers to achieving and
exercising positions of governance over a human community. Political
Science Deals with systems of government and the analysis of political
activity and political behavior. It deals extensively with the theory and
practice of politics which is commonly thought of as the determining of
the distribution of power and resources. A branch of Social Science
dealing with political institutions and with the principles and conduct of
government. Origin Concepts Subjects of Inquiry Goals
Description/Explanation The study of political science was started by the
ancient Greeks. Aristotle on his book "Politics" stated that Man is a
political animal. It means that it is our nature to live in a society and to
have power over another. Political Science is the systematic study of
government, politics, and political power. It is often defined as who gets
what, when, where and how. political theory, philosopy and different
political ideologies public management human rights international
relations and foreign policies Make people a better citizens. Keep social
order and harmony among different group of people. Protect the rights of
an individual. Avoid conflict and promote cooperation.The Social Sciences
and the Three Facets of the Social Society: a. Social-actions and
interactions b. Cultural practices and traditions c. and Political - power
relations Significance of Studying Culture, Society, and Politics. Social
Science is a very complex study. It is divided into different areas
according to focus or subject. In this subject, a special focus on the
interplay of Anthropology (culture), Sociology (society), and Political
Science (political identities and government) will be given focus with the
use of trans-disciplinary perspective to understand and explain social
issues in the human society. Activity 1. Think and Reflect 1.Why do you
think is this subject/ course offered to Senior High School students? 2.Is it
important for you to know the concepts of culture, society, and politics?
Why? 3.As a student, how can Anthropology, Sociology and Political
Science help you in your day-to-day living?