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A INTRODUCTION
The increasing adoption of remote instrument references has led to the development
of a variety of systems capable of transmitting accurate angular and positional
information
In Data Transmission systems two or more synchro elements are used ,one as a
transmitter and the others as receivers, to indicate at a point or points remote from
the transmitter the angular rotation of the transmitter shaft.
Alternatively, a voltage is produced at the receiver proportional to the misalignment of
the transmitter and receiver shafts.
In construction a synchro resembles a small dynamo electric machine with a wound
rotor and stator. The nature of the winding depends upon the functions the unit has to
perform.
B GENERAL CLASSFICATION OF SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Synchros can be considered as falling into four distinct categories—
Torque synchro.
Control syncro
Resolver synchro
Torque differential transmission
B1-------TORQUE SYNCHROS
Torque elements are employed for the transmission of angular position
information electrically and for the reproduction of this information by the position of
the shaft of the receiver element.
Mis-alignrnent between the shafts of the transmitter and receiver elements increases
with the load on the receiver and for this reason these elements give the highest
accuracy when driving balanced indicator pointers of small inertia.
The system is not power amplifying and hence any load driven by the receivers is
reflected back to the mechanism driving the transmitter
B1-1 APPLICATION OF TOURQE SYNCHROS
This is the simplest form of synchro, in which torque is derived solely from the input to
its transmitting element; no amplification of this torque takes place. Moderate torque
only is developed at the output shaft of the receiving element, and for this reason the
system is used for data-indicating purposes, e.g. oil or fuel pressure, and for the
indication of the position of mechanical controlling devices, e.g. airflow control valves.
B1-2 PRINCIPLE OF TORQUE SYNCHRO TRANSMISSION
The principle of the torque transmission system is as follows.
The rotors of both transmitter and receiver are energised from the A.C.supply and
produce an alternating flux in their corresponding stators.(see fig below)

Should the relative dispositions of rotor to stator in the two elements be difierent, a
torque is produced in each synchro which is so directed as to eliminate the discrepancy
Thus in Fig.above any movement of theTransmitter Rotor will be repeated
synchronously by the movement of the Receiver Rotor.
B-2--TORQUE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSMISSION
If two angles are to be transmitted, the difference or sum of which is to be shown at the
receiving end, a Torque Diiferential Transmitteris inserted into a simple transmission
chain (Fig.below).
FIG-- TORQUE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSMITTER

The angles transmitted, ∅1 and ∅2 may be added or subtracted by reversing any two
interconnecting stator leads, the resultant angle ∅3 appearing at the receiver.
In a similar manner to that described for torque synchros, the sum or difference of two
angles may be transmitted by the use of Control Dilferential Transmitters.
B-2-1 APPLICATION TORQUE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSMISSION
This type of synchro is used where it is necessary to detect and transmit error signals
representative of two angular positions, and in such a manner that the difference or the
sum of the angles can be indicated. They can be utilized in conjunction with either
torque, control or resolver synchro systems
B-3----CONTROL SYNCHROS
FIG—CONTROL SYNCHRO TRANSMISSION

Control elements are employed in a data transmission system where a powered output
is required to drive a mechanism which may have large inertia or require a greater
torque than can be provided by a torque element.
A number of separate points remote from the transmitter may be controlled
simultaneously
B-3-1 PRINCIPLE OF CONTROL TRANSMISSION
As in the case of Torque Transmission the rotor of the control transmitter is energised
from the A.C. supply (Fig above).
The receiving element is called a Control Transformer and the rotor is not energized but
feeds an electronic amplifier.
When the rotor of the transmitter is energised, the three line voltages generated in the
stator vary with the rotor position. These voltages supplied to the stator of the control
transformer reproduce the direction of the alternating transmitter flux, and by
transformer action a voltage is generated in the rotor.
This signal voltage generated in the control transformer is amplified electronically. It is
fed to a servo motor which drives the mechanism to be controlled and also the rotor of
the control transformer.
The rotor is driven to a position at right angles to the flux reproduced in the control
transformer, when zero voltage is generated in the rotor winding and the drive comes to
rest.
Any change in the position of the transmitter rotor alters the direction of the flux in the
control transformer, and a signal voltage is produced in the control transformer until the
drive re-nulls the rotor
By means of control synchros, very small units and light controlling forces can operate
heavy mechanisms remote from the control point
B-3-2 APPLICATION OF CONTROL SYNCHROS
This type of synchro normally forms part of a servomechanism to provide the requisite
signals which, after amplification, are used for the control of a drive motor.
B-4 RESOLVER SYNCHROS
This type of synchro is used to convert voltages, which represent the CARTESIAN co-
ordinates of a point, into POLAR co-ordinates and vice versa.
A vector, representing an alternating voltage, can be defined in terms of ‘r’ and the
angle it makes with the X-axis: angle (θ). These are the polar co-ordinates of the vector
written as r/θ. Fig below shows the vector diagram for Polar and Cartesian co-ordinates
Fig Polar and cartesian y coordinates.

As pointed out earlier , resolver syncros are employed to convert the Cartesian
coordinates of a point into a shaft position and a voltage which together represent the
polar coordinates of a point.
B-4-1 POLAR COORDINATES
If a vector representing an alternating voltage is drawn, then, as indicated in Fig above,
it can be defined in terms of its length (designated r) and also of the angle 𝜃 it makes
with a horizontal axis X; these are referred to as the polar coordinates.
This same vector can .also be defined in terms of x and y,
where: X = r cos𝜃 and y = r sin𝜃
The Resolver is a form of synchro (Resolvers are very often called Synchro Resolvers)
in which the windings on the sta case of synchros. The Resolver therefore exploits the
sinusoidal relationship between the shaft angle andtor and rotor are displaced
mechanically at 900 to each other instead of 1200 as in the the output voltage.
In outward appearance, Resolvers are very similar to Synchros and are produced in the
standard Synchro frame diameters. Internally, Resolvers come in many forms with a
wide variety of winding configurations and transformation ratios. The simplest Resolver
would have a rotor with a single winding and a stator with 2 windings at 900 to each
other. It would be represented as shown in Fig. .
B-4-2 FIG----- ELECTRICAL REPRESENTATION OF A SIMPLE RESOLVER

B-4-3 FIG----- ELECTRICAL REPRESENTATION OF A SIMPLE RESOLVER

B-4-4--APPLICATIONS OF RESOLVER SYNCHROS

This· is used where precise angular measurements are required. It converts voltages,
which represent the Cartesian coordinates of a point, into a shaft position and a voltage
which together represent the polar coordinates of the point.
They can also be used for conversion from polar to cartesian coordinates.
Typical applications are in analogue computers, remote-indicating compasses, and
flight director systems.