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Organizational Communication
Second Edition
Dennis:

To the memory of Grace Mortimer Mumby 1925–2018

A long life well lived

Tim:

To Sophia Hinojosa

Mi bonita . . . te amo siempre

Organizational Communication

A Critical Introduction

Second Edition

Dennis K. Mumby
University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill
Timothy R. Kuhn
University of Colorado Boulder
FOR INFORMATION:

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Brief Contents
1. Preface
2. Acknowledgments
3. PART I. STUDYING ORGANIZATIONS CRITICALLY
1. 1. What Is Organizational Communication?
2. 2. Developing a Critical Approach to Organizational
Communication
4. PART II. STUDYING ORGANIZATIONAL
COMMUNICATION HISTORICALLY
1. 3. Fordism and Organizational Communication
2. 4. Organizations as Communication Systems
3. 5. Communication, Culture, and Organizing
5. PART III. CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND THE NEW
WORKPLACE
1. 6. Post-Fordism and Organizational Communication
2. 7. Power and Resistance at Work
3. 8. Communicating Gender at Work
4. 9. Communicating Difference at Work
5. 10. Branding, Work, and Consumption
6. 11. Leadership Communication in the New Workplace
7. 12. Information and Communication Technologies in/at Work
8. 13. Organizational Communication, Globalization, and
Corporate Social Responsibility
9. 14. Communication, Meaningful Work, and Personal Identity
6. Glossary
7. References
8. Index
9. About the Authors
Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I. STUDYING ORGANIZATIONS CRITICALLY
1. What Is Organizational Communication?
Time, Space, and the Emergence of the Modern
Organization
Organizations as Communicative Structures of Power
Defining Organizational Communication
The Communication–Organization Relationship
Communication in Organizations
Organizations as Communication
Interdependence
Differentiation of Tasks and Functions
Goal Orientation
Control Processes
Direct Control
Technological Control
Bureaucratic Control
Ideological Control
Biocratic Control
Summarizing the Five Forms of Control
Communication, Organizations, and Work
Critical Research 1.1: Lucas, “The Working Class
Promise”
Critical Case Study 1.1: A Conduit Model of Education
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
2. Developing a Critical Approach to Organizational
Communication
Understanding Theory in the Critical Analysis of
Organizational Communication
Unpacking the Critical Approach
Karl Marx
 Marx’s Key Issues
Critiquing Marx
The Institute for Social Research (the Frankfurt
School)
Critical Theory and the Critique of Capitalism
Critical Theory and the Critique of
Enlightenment Thought
Critiquing the Frankfurt School
Cultural Studies
Critical Research 2.1: Collinson, “Engineering Humor”
Critiquing Cultural Studies
Critical Case Study 2.1: Making Sense of Traffic Lights
Understanding Organizational Communication From a
Critical Perspective
Organizations Are Socially Constructed Through
Communication Processes
Organizations Are Political Sites of Power
Organizations Are Key Sites of Human Identity
Formation in Modern Society
Organizations Are Important Sites of Collective
Decision Making and Democracy
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
PART II. STUDYING ORGANIZATIONAL
COMMUNICATION HISTORICALLY
3. Fordism and Organizational Communication
The Fordist Organization
Fordism as a Technical-Rational System
A Divided, Deskilled Labor Process
Direct, Technological, and Bureaucratic Forms
of Control
Production-Oriented, With Large Economies of
Scale
Fordism as a Sociopolitical System
Stable, Lifetime Employment
Internal Labor Market
Clear Work-Life Separation
The Emergence of a Consumer Society
 Fordism and Scientific Management
Frederick Taylor’s Principles of Scientific
Management
A Critical Assessment of Scientific Management
Fordism and Bureaucracy
Weber’s Types of Authority
Charismatic Authority
Traditional Authority
Rational–Legal Authority
A Critical Assessment of Bureaucracy
Critical Case Study 3.1: Rationalizing Emotions
Fordism and the Human Relations School
Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Studies
The Hawthorne Studies
The Illumination Studies (1924–1927)
The Relay Assembly Test Room (RATR)
Studies (April 1927–February 1933)
The Interview Program (September 1928–
January 1931)
The Bank Wiring Observation Room Study
(November 1931–May 1932)
Critical Research 3.1: Hassard, “Rethinking the
Hawthorne Studies”
Implications of the Hawthorne Studies
A Critical Assessment of the Human Relations
School
Fordism and Human Resources Management
Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
Rensis Likert’s Four Systems Approach
Critically Assessing Human Resource Management
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
4. Organizations as Communication Systems
Situating the Systems Perspective
The Principles of the Systems Perspective
Interdependence
Holism
 Input, Transformation (Throughput), and Output of
Energy
Negative Entropy
Equilibrium, Homeostasis, and Feedback
Hierarchy
Goals
Equifinality
The “New Science” of Systems Theory: Complexity and
Chaos
Complexity
Chaos
Self-Organizing Systems
Critical Research 4.1: Orlikowski, “Improving
Organizational Transformation Over Time”
Karl Weick: Organizing and Communicating
Weick’s Model of Organizing: Enactment, Selection,
and Retention
A Critical Perspective on Weick
Critical Case Study 4.1: Airlines and Equivocality
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
5. Communication, Culture, and Organizing
The Emergence of the Cultural Approach
Two Perspectives on Organizational Culture
The Pragmatist Approach: Organizational Culture as
a Variable
The Purist Approach: Organizational Culture as a
Root Metaphor
Critical Research 5.1: Riad, “The power of
“organizational culture” as a discursive formation in
merger integration”
A Broader Conception of “Organization”
The Use of Interpretive, Ethnographic Methods
The Study of Organizational Symbols, Talk, and
Artifacts
Critical Case Study 5.1: Organizational Culture and
Metaphors
Organizational Stories and Power
 Summarizing the Two Perspectives
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
PART III. CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND THE NEW
WORKPLACE
6. Post-Fordism and Organizational Communication
The Fall of Fordism and the Rise of Post-Fordism
Neoliberalism as an Economic System
Neoliberalism as a Hegemonic Discourse
The Enterprise Self
Critical Research 6.1: Sullivan & Delaney, “A Femininity
that ‘Giveth and Taketh Away’”
Work Insecurity
Identity Insecurity
Critical Case Study 6.1: Is Oprah a Neoliberal?
The Post-Fordist Workplace: A New Organizational
Model
The “Fissured” Workplace
A Flexible Organizational Structure
A High Trust, “Dedifferentiated” Labor Process
Communication, the “Social Factory,” and
Immaterial Labor
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
7. Power and Resistance at Work
The Community Power Debate
The One-Dimensional Model of Power
The Two-Dimensional Model of Power
The Three-Dimensional Model of Power
Power, Ideology, and Organizational Communication
Critical Research 7.1: Michel, “Transcending
Socialization”
Resisting Workplace Control
The Hidden Resistance of Flight Attendants
Critical Case Study 7.1: Steven Slater, Folk Hero?
 Biopower and Organizational Communication
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
8. Communicating Gender at Work
Feminist Perspectives on Organizational Communication
Liberal Feminism: Creating a Level Playing Field
Radical Feminism: Constructing Alternative
Organizational Forms
Critical Feminism: Viewing Organizations as
Gendered
Masculinity and Organizational Communication
Critical Research 8.1: Barber, “The Well-Coiffed Man”
Critical Case Study 8.1: Performing Working-Class
Masculinity
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
9. Communicating Difference at Work
Defining Difference at Work
Race and Organizational Communication
Putting Race and Organization in Historical Context
Race and the Contemporary Workplace
Interrogating Whiteness and Organizational
Communication
Critical Research 9.1: Trethewey, “Reproducing and
Resisting the Master Narrative of Decline”
Sexuality and Organizational Communication
Gay Workers and Heteronormativity
Instrumental Uses of the Body and Sexuality
Critical Case Study 9.1: Sexualizing and Racializing the
Retail Experience
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
10. Branding, Work, and Consumption
 Branding and Capitalism in the 20th Century
Critical Case Study 10.1: Diamonds Are Forever?
The Evolution of Branding: Three Models
Fordism and Mass Marketing (Approx. 1945–1980)
Niche Marketing and Authenticity (1980s–Late
1990s)
The Brand as Institution (Late 1990s–Present)
Critical Case Study 10.2: Alex From Target
Work, Branding, and the Entrepreneurial Self
Critical Research 10.1: Cova, Pace & Skålén, “Marketing
With Working Consumers”
The Ethics of Branding
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
11. Leadership Communication in the New Workplace
Traditional Perspectives on Leadership
The Trait Approach
The Style Approach
The Situational Approach
Summary
New Approaches to Leadership
Leadership as Symbolic Action
Transformational Leadership
Followership
Critical Case Study 11.1: Leadership Lessons from
“Dancing Guy”
A Critical Communication Perspective on Leadership
Leadership and Disciplinary Power
Resistance Leadership
Narrative Leadership
Critical Research 11.1: Holm & Fairhurst, “Configuring
Shared and Hierarchical Leadership Through Authoring”
Critical Case Study 11.2: Re-Imagining Leadership:
Diversity Training at Starbucks
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
12. Information and Communication Technologies in/at Work
Understanding Technology
New Technologies, New Challenges
Platform Capitalism
Algorithmic Management
Critical Research 12.1: Barbour, Treem, & Kolar,
“Analytics and Expert Collaboration”
Mobile Communication and the Extension of the
Workplace
Managing Knowledge and Monitoring Workers
Storing Knowledge: KM Repositories
Distributed Knowledge Creation: Crowdsourcing
Transparency and Surveillance
Critical Case Study 12.1: Working at Amazon
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
13. Organizational Communication, Globalization, and
Corporate Social Responsibility
Defining Globalization
Spheres of Globalization
Globalization and Economics
Gender, Work, and Globalization
Critical Case Study 13.1: Work, Technology, and
Globalization in the Call Center
Globalization and Politics
Organizing Against Globalization
Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility
Forms of CSR
Critical Research 13.1: Haack, Schoeneborn & Wickert,
“Talking the Talk, Moral Entrapment, Creeping
Commitment?”
CSR as Communication
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
14. Communication, Meaningful Work, and Personal Identity
Meaningful Work
 Enables a Sense of Agency
Enhances Belonging or Relationships
Creates Opportunities for Influence
Permits Use and Development of Talents
Offers a Sense of Contribution to a Greater Good
Critical Research 14.1: Dempsey & Sanders, “Meaningful
Work?”
Provides Income Adequate for a Decent Living
Managing Work Identity: Some Historical Context
Creating and Managing Work Identities
Identity, Identification, and Disidentification
Conformist Selves
Dramaturgical Selves
Resistant Selves
No Collar, No Life
Critical Case Study 14.1: The Politics of Personal
Branding
Conclusion
Critical Applications
Key Terms
Student Study Site
Glossary
References
Index
About the Authors
Preface

It’s been quite a while (decades, in fact) since we were students, taking
the sort of course you’re in now. And though our memories of those days
may be a little fuzzy, we recall never really liking the textbooks we were
assigned. They were dry and uninteresting attempts to capture large
bodies of theory and research, which reduced the complex scholarly
literature into lists that we had to regurgitate on exams. As professors,
those frustrations grew only stronger. Although there are several terrific
organizational communication textbooks (a few of them written by
scholars we deeply respect), finding a textbook that fits with the way we
approach this course proved challenging. Specifically, the typical
textbook is written as if from nowhere. It’s hard to tell from reading the
book if the author has a particular perspective or set of assumptions that
he or she brings to the study of the topic. In other words, most textbooks
read as though they’re offering an objective, authoritative account of a
particular body of knowledge; the author’s voice almost never appears.
But the truth is that every theory and every program of research you’ve
ever read about in your college career operates according to a set of
principles—a perspective, if you like—that shapes the very nature of the
knowledge claims made by that research.

Now this does not mean that all research is biased in the sense of simply
being the expression of a researcher’s opinions and prejudices; all good
research is rigorous and systematic in its exploration of the world around
us. Rather, all researchers are trained according to the principles and
assumptions of a particular academic community (of which there are
many), and academic communities differ in their beliefs about what
makes good research. That’s why there are debates in all fields of
research. Sometimes those debates are over facts (this or that is or isn’t
true), but more often those debates are really about what assumptions
and theoretical perspectives provide the most useful and insightful way
to study a particular phenomenon.

Certainly, the field of organizational communication is no different. In

the 1980s, our field went through paradigm debates in which a lot of
time was spent arguing over the “best” perspective from which to study
organizations—a debate in which Dennis was a key participant (Corman
& Poole, 2000; Mumby, 1997, 2000). Fortunately, the result of these
debates was a richer and more interesting field of study; some disciplines
are not so lucky and end up divided into oppositional camps, sometimes
for many decades.

As you can probably see, we’re not going to try to overview, in objective
fashion, the many perspectives and stances characterizing the
organizational communication field over its history. Our interpretation of
the literature, as well as our selection of which literature to include, is
shaped by our shared critical orientation. We describe what that means in
Chapter 2, but here we should position ourselves: We should address
what brought us to this field and how our experiences shape the critical
stance from which this book is written. How we got here matters.

For the past 30 years or so Dennis has been writing about organizations
from what can broadly be described as a critical perspective. But he
didn’t start out as an organizational communication scholar. In the late
1970s as an undergraduate at Sheffield Hallam University, Dennis
pursued a BA in communication studies—the first such degree of its kind
in the United Kingdom. There, exposed to the cultural studies
perspective that we’ll discuss in Chapter 2, Dennis developed a strong
interest in how communication and power work in the context of
everyday life. How does communication shape people’s realities, and
how do some people or groups have more influence over the shaping of
reality than others? As an undergraduate, Dennis had never heard of
organizational communication, but when he moved to the United States
to pursue a PhD, he discovered that some scholars were beginning to
think about how we could study organizations as important sites of
power and control that shape societal meanings and human identities in
significant ways. Thus, he realized that he could apply his broad-based
interest in communication and power to an important social context—the
organization. Over 35 years later, he still finds organizations endlessly
fascinating as communication contexts for examining how people’s
social realities of identities are shaped. Thus, Dennis is less interested in
things such as how efficient organizations are (a perspective that some
researchers would take) and more interested in how they function as
communication phenomena that have a profound—sometimes good,
sometimes bad—impact on who we are as people. We spend almost all
our time in organizations of one kind or another, and certainly our entire
work lives are spent as members of organizations, so it’s extremely
important to understand the implications of our organizational society of
various kinds for who we are as people.

For Tim, the path was a little different. He traces his early interest in
organizational communication to conversations around his family’s
dinner table, when his father would regale the family with stories of the
workplace that day. As a mid-level manager in charge of juice production
for a well-known health products company, he regularly complained
about the managers above him, who were inevitably shortsighted and
petty. During Tim’s senior year of high school, his father was fired from
that job, and the conversations around the dinner table made it clear that
Dad’s strong distrust of (and lack of respect for) authority was at the root
of his firing. When the same thing happened at two similar positions
over the next few years, questions of power and identity in the workplace
became fascinating. Around the same time that his father lost his job, his
mother resumed her career as a kindergarten teacher (until then, Tim’s
mother was a homemaker—an occupation that, sadly, rarely registers as
“work”). The amount of effort she devoted to her classroom was
astounding. She worked late into the evening, almost every evening,
commenting on students’ work, creating lesson plans, and producing
materials for the classroom. She earned a fraction of the salary Tim’s
father did for work that seemed even more important and didn’t seem to
deal with the same shortsighted managers as her husband did, and her
passion extended the workday well past when he had finished. A
different set of questions about power, identity, and the workplace
entered Tim’s mind. He didn’t know it then, but the seeds were planted
for understanding organizations, and organizing processes, as shot
through with power; he also started wondering about how workers’ (i.e.,
his parents’) identities were constructed so differently and how those
identities produced rather different outcomes. He eventually came
around to seeing communication processes as key to establishing (and
displaying and modifying) identities, coordinating with others,
negotiating authority, and enacting resistance—and his research has
revolved around how communication constitutes the very organizations
in which those processes are accomplished.
Overview of the Book
But what does this have to do with writing a textbook? We believe that a
textbook should not only adequately reflect the breadth of different
perspectives in a field, but it should also adopt its own perspective from
which a field is studied. It makes no sense that an author should have to
check his or her theoretical perspective at the door when he or she
becomes a textbook author—the pretense of neutrality and objectivity we
mentioned above. In fact, from a student perspective, reading a textbook
that’s explicit about its theoretical orientation makes for a much richer
educational experience. It’s hard to engage in an argument with someone
when that person refuses to state his or her position; when you know
where someone is coming from, you are better able to engage with his or
her reasoning, as well as articulate your own perspective. Dialogue is
possible!

So it’s important to us that you know up front who you’re dealing with
here.

Furthermore, the way we’ve structured this textbook does not mean that
it is only about the critical perspective. In some ways it is a “traditional”
textbook in its coverage of the major research traditions that have
developed in the field over the past 100 years. The difference from other
textbooks lies in our use of the critical perspective as the lens through
which we examine these traditions. Thus, the critical perspective gives us
a particular—and powerful—way of understanding both organizational
life and the theories and research programs that have been developed to
understand it. So as you are reading this book, keep reminding yourself
“These guys are working from the perspective of critical theory—how
does that shape the way they think about organizations? What
conclusions does it lead them to, and how might other assumptions lead
in different directions?” Also ask yourself “When do I agree with Dennis
and Tim, and when do I disagree with them? Why do I agree or disagree,
where did my own beliefs come from, and what does that tell me about
my own view of the world?”

In addition to the critical perspective we adopt in this book, we’re also

bringing a particular communication approach. Rather than thinking of
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 usion and invocation.

his tale y haue tolde with mouthe,

wordes that bene ful couthe.
cleped the Assumpcioun;
s gef vs his benesoun. 708
crist, for his myght,
pray to hym with herte light, [leaf 86]
with his holy grace,
vs bothe myght and space, 712
he workes for to worche,
gh the lore of holy churche,
we may to heue[ne] wende,
is with oute begynnyng and ende. 716
Amen!

Explicit Sextus liber sancte Marie.

E biseche þee for alle þat hereþ þis vie

W Off oure ladi seynt marie,
That Ihesu schelde hem fram grame,
880

o dedly synne and fro schame.

e mys auenture schal bi falle þat man
hat þis a vie here can. 884
e no womman þat ilke dai
hat of oure ladi hereþ þis lai,
en ne schal of hure childe,
or oure ladi hure schal be mylde. 888
e none mys auenture schal be-falle [leaf 80, back]
felde, in strete, ne in halle,
stede þer þis vie is rad,
or oure ladi hure sone it bad. 892
nd þe archibisshop seynt Edmound
aþ graunted xl. daies to pardoun
o alle þat þis vie wol here
r with good wille wol lere. 896
esu, for þi modre loue,
hat woneþ in heuene vs aboue,
raunt vs, ȝif þi wille is,
he mochil Ioye of paradis! 900
praier þer-to seie alle we,
Pater noster pur charite,
nd an Aue marie þer-to,
hat Ihesus vs graunt so. Amen! 904
Celi regina sit scriptori medicina.
 NOTES.

ASSUMPTION.

Links generally lead to the next lower multiple of 4, corresponding to visible

line numbers. In this section, missing commas in note references have been
silently supplied.

4, C. lescoun, reading. Lat. lectiones.

7, 8, C. blessi : herkni. Cf. blessyth : herkenythe F, blis : herkenis D.
15, 16, C. also : mo. H and F have also : two.
19-22. Add. Not in H or D, or F.
21-2, C. red : ded. The scribe has neglected to cross his d to make ð. D 21-2
has beth : deth.
17-44, C. Omitted in F.
29-30, C. weop : fet. let : fet in H and D.
33-4, C. fless : was. H and D have blode : mode.
41-2, C. Not in H, or F, or D.
51-56, C. In D (49-54) all is told in a command to John. F (25-32) follows D
rather than C in rimes.
59-60, C. were : forbere. F (35-5) has saumpull : tempull. D (57-8) has
exemple : temple.
61-2, C. þore : more. Cf. F (37-8) more : ore, D (59-60) more : lore.
63-4, C. Not in F or D.
69-70. fedde : bedde. Cf. F (43-4), D (65-6): Therfore þey loued hur well all
(D is substantially, not exactly, the same as F): And sche hyt seruyd wele with all
F.

The rimes are at 65-66, C, and 71-72, A.

 70-1, C. slep : kep. Cf. F (45-6) and D (67-8):
Besy sche hur made þat swete may
hur sone to serue nyght and day. F.
and H 67-8:
besy shee was day and nyght
for to serue god almyght.
75-88, C. Not in F.
80-86, C. Cf. D (76-80):
al þat sche wolde he dide sone
Crist hem sette boþe Iliche
In to þe blisse of heuene riche
But whan mane þat mayden hende
Schulde out of þis world wende.
Cf. also H (75-78):
Crist ham blessid bothe y liche
that sone hem brought to heuen riche.
Tho Marie that mayden hende
shuld out of this world wende,
Crist here sent an Angel fro heuen.
97-8, C. quen : ben. Cf. F (57-8):
That hye flowre þat groweþ on a tree
Mary modyr he sent to the.
also D (91-2):
þe lilye flour þat grew on the
Mayden & moder wel the be.
also H (89-90):
lady þe flour that come of the
mayde and moder y-heried þu be.
103-4, C. þinge : bringe. Cf. brynge : tithynge. F (61-2), D (97-8), H (95-6).
107-8, C. beo : þe. Cf. come : wone. F (65-6), D (101-2), H (99-100).
110, C. meigne. Cf. F 68, D 104, H 102, plente.
121-2, Add. F, D, and H have these verses and an additional couplet: lady
swete y say to the That here schall þow no lengur be. F (75-6.) D and H have
substantially the same.
116, C. hire by. F, D, and H have belamy in agreement with Add.
 121-2, C. kenesmen : beon. Cf. H 118: and of my frendes that y kene.
127-8, C. come : aboue. Cf. H (123-4), come : doune.
131-2, C. lefdy : belamy. Cf. H (127-8):
Then seid Marie to þat angel fre.
What is thi name tel thu me.
139-146, C. Cf. F (101-4):
The aungell to heuene wande
Whan he had seyde hys errande
Mary toke that palme in honde
and thoght moche of þat sonde.
D (135-8) has substantially the same. H (135-8) has, yede : seide, hond :
sond.
151-2, C. idon : on. Cf. F (109-10) ydo : to, D (143-4) ido : to.
162, C. vnriȝt. Cf. F (154): boþe be dayes & be nyght; do. D (154), H (154).
164, C. dred. H, F, and D have qued : for I dowte me of þe quede, F 156.
177-180, C. wo : fo, so : to. F (137-40) has bone : sone, also : to. D (171-4)
has the same rimes. H (171-4) has bone : sone, also : tho.
190, C. idriȝt. F (148), D (172), and H (182) have plight.
193-4, C. ded : ned. F (151-2), D (185-6) have pyne : tyme. H does not have
these verses.
199-200, C. Cf. F (157-60):
And sayde lady how may thys be
yf thow wynde sory we bee.
lady thou haste seruyd vs so
allas how schall we the for goo.
D (191-4) has be : we, so : go. H (189-92) has:
and seid lady how may this be
Yf þu wendist how shal we do
lady whi dos thu serue vs so
how shal we then lady do.
213-14, C. to : so. Cf. F (173-4):
ye schall see a wondur dreche
whan my sone wole me fecche.
D (207-8):
 schal no sorwe me drecche
for my sone wile me fecche.
H (203-6):
ther shal me no sorow dery
for my sone wol me wery.
my body shal haue no woo
for Ihesus sake to whom y go.
219-20, C. kyng : geng. Cf. F (179-80):
he þat y bare my leue sone
schall sende me aungellys soon
D (213-14):
he þat I bar my leue sone
wile þat good folk to me come.
H (209-10):
he þat y bare my lef sone
he wol sende other come.
226, C. Two lines are omitted here. Cf. F (187-8).
Seynt John wyste ther of noght.
what tydyng þat the angell broȝt.
With F agree D (221-2) and H (217-18).
231-4, C. chere : dere, blis : is. Cf. F (193-96):
Than thou haddyst ony schame
where þorow Ihc myȝt me blame.
and y schall neuyr blythe bee
Tyll y wott what eyleyth the.
D (227-30) agrees with F. H (223-26) has the rimes, shame : blame, the :
be.
247, H. glad. F (210) has:
Thou haste me bothe fedd and ladd.
C (244) has:
boþe þou feddist me & clad.
251-262, H. Not in D.
261-2, H. sone : come. F 223-4 has abouen : comen.
274, H. foly. F (236) and D (258) have velane.
 275, H. oure allere dright. F (237) has: that ys so bryght. D (199) has: king ful
of Right.
277-80, H. D has only two lines (261-2):
Seynt John answerid tho
Swete ladi what schal I do.
289-92, H. deth : meth, fro : woo. Not in D. F (251-4) has dyght : ryght, froo :
twoo.
298, H. At this point there follow in D (277-80):
For soþe þouh I go before
Schalt þou no þing ben for lore.
I schal bidde my leue sone,
þat þou may to vs come.
301-2, H. beforn : com. D (283-4) has manere : there.
303 ff., H. From this point F and D follow Add. (309-340).
320, Add. Here D (299-300) has two lines not in Add. or F:
Telle þou me my leue fere
Whi þou makist so drere chere

Lines printed before note to 320.

322, Add. mon. F (240): Why I wepe anone.

332, Add. F (301-2) and D (313-14) have two extra lines here:
So helpe me Ihesus
y not how y come to thys howse.
355-6, Add. wham : cam. F (305-6) whom : come. D 317-18 nouht : brouht.
347 ff., Add. At this point there is a transposition in Add. D and F agree in the
main. After 346 A there follow in F (317-337):
Come now forthe now with me
all before hur knele wee
And seyde lady well thou be
Thy sone vs hath sent to the 320
To serue the & be the by
For now we be come to the lady
anodur thyng seynt John
To the apostolys oon be oon
loke whan ye come ther yn 325
 ye schall see many of hur kynne
That sory semblant they make
and sore wepe for hur sake
But make we alle feyre chere
For hur frendys that ben there 330
Than went þe apostelys oon lasse þen xii
Euyn before oure lady hur selfe
Into the chaumbur þat sche was ynne
and many moo of hur kynne
On kneys they sett them ylke oon 335
As them badd seynt John
They seyde lady heuene queue etc.
357-8, Add. alle : falle. Cf. 331-2 above; also D 343-4.
360, Add. bi and bi. Cf. F 348: And welcomyd þe apostelys tendurly. D 358: &
welcomid hem hendeli.
363-6, Add. þere : were, þouȝt : ybroȝt. F (351-4) has forme : come, noght :
broght. 363-4, Add. are wanting in D. For 365 Add., D has: þei seyde : ladi doute
þow nouht.
369, Add. come. D 365 has: Than seyde oure ladi as was hire wone.
309-10, H. he : be. F (359-60) has:
I am hys modur þat he me cutt
Full fayne I am þat he me fett.
D (367-8) has:
I am his modur þat is full of myght
ful fayne he haþ ȝow to me dight.
375-8, Add. Not in F or D.
315-16, H. name : shame. Not in D.
326, H. laue. F (376) has scathe. D (382) gabbe.
329, H. badde here bone. F (383) has speke theron.
327-30, H. Not in D.
331-2, H. stede : bede. F (381-2) and D (383-4) have hur by : mary.
339-40, H. Not in D.
341, H. went to aray. F (391) dud hur ley. D (391) ȝede and ley.
344, H. here body sikerly. F (344) hur os hys lady. D (394) wiþ al hire myght
oure ladi.
 409 ff., Add. F and D agree with H here. The address of Jesus to the angels is
peculiar to Add.
365-6, H. heuene : seuene. F (415-16) meyne : plente.
348, H. Some leaves in D at this point are lost. D resumes at 477 H.
373-4, H. trone : sone. F (423-4) blys : with owt mys.
379-80, H. dere : here. F (429-30) moder : hider.
382, H. now thu comest with thi meyne. F (432) and thy aungels with mery
glee.
384, H. with all gladnesse. F (434) with owt mys.
394, H. thu shall bene. F (444) schalt þere seene.
398, H. or any with the shall be. F (448) The syght of hym þou do fro mee.
399-400, H. one : gone. F (499-50) agrees in thought with Add. foone : oone.
403-4, H. se : the. F (453-4) agrees with Add. thole : before.
405-6, H. Not in F.
409-10, H. the : be. F (457-8):
all the goostys that wrathedd mee
Blynde schall they all bee.
411-12, H. the : me. F (459-60) yeue : leue.
416, H. forlore. F (464): That were forlorne nere thow were. Cf. Add. (467-70).
419-22, H. F. transposes order, mary : ynne, crye : thee.
529-30, Add. anon : done. F (471-2):
I schall them helpe sone
Swythe modur for þy louen.
424, H. and in strif. F (474) has: In deedly synne man or wyfe.
425-6, H. dawe : be-knawe. F (475-6), throwe : a knowe.
433-4, H. mercy : me by. F (483-4):
y schall haue of them pete
and sone they schall sauyd bee.
444-6, H. bore, be : me. F (494-98):
Schall they neuer be for lore
All hyt schall be at thy wylle
Cf. Add. 552-6:
 So hyt schall be & þat ys skylle,
Modur y wyll no thyng geyn sey the
What thyng ryghtfull þow aske of me.
451-2, H. fere : dere. F (507-8):
Thou and all thy felaschypp
That no wyght do hyt no dyspyte.
452, H. hent. F (509): to heuene sente.
455-60, H. Cf. F (511-18):
all the aungels of heuen
songyn wyth a mery stevyn
hyt was well seene in ther songe
That moche yoye was þem among
With all þe aungels of heuen sche wan
and as sone as sche thedur came
Sche was made heuene quene
Soche a sone blessyd muste bene.
461-2, H. nome : be-come. F (519-20):
Now ye schall here a ferly case
how the body kepte was.
583-4, Add. Not in F.
473, H. and leueth it. F 531: Do delue a pytt sone anoone.
485-6, H. vs : Iesus. Not in F or D.
488, H. theder right anone. F 544, frendys ylkeson.
491-2, H. Not in D.
504, H. euerychone. D (420), as þei gon.
505-6, H. Not in D.
507-8, H. it : pytt. D (421-2):
& caste we hem in a slouh
& do we hem schame I nouh.
509-10, H. Not in D.
511-12, H. Not in D.
514-15, H. Not in F or D.
516, H. holt and lame. D (426), blynd & lame.
519, H. there were. F (573), hyng on þe bere.
 520, H. before. D (430), ere.
623-638, Add. Peculiar to Add. Not in H, or F, or D.
535-6, H. be best : honest. F (589-90), D (443-4), that here lythe : and clene
wyfe.
537-8, H. Not in D.
539-40, H. aboue : loue.
F (593): ys owre be houe.
D (445-6):
Ihesu þat was of hire born
& ellis we had alle ben lorn.
544, H. as ye may here. D (450), as anoþer it were.
545-6, H. fourme : sone. D (451-2):
I beleue at þe forme come
þat ihesu crist is goddis sone
551-2, H. Not in D.
552, H. thurgh your biddynge. F (606), þat y am yn.
554, H. anone. D (458), swiþe sone.
561-2, H. Not in D.
562, H. Here follows in F (617-18):
Of an hounde he hath made hys knyȝt
To preche of hym day and nyght.
565-6, H. by-leue, y-yeue. F (621-2):
he wyste he was to goddys be hove
he taght hym all goddys beleue.
569-72, H. D (471-4):
In eueri lond wher he becam
ouer al to preche in goddis name
a good palme of þe lond
he betauht him in his hond.
571-2, H. Not in F.
574, H. that were so felle. D (476), for to spelle.
576, H. fay. F (630), D (478), lay.
577-8, H. Not in D.
 691 ff., Add. The order here is peculiar to Add. F and D agree with H.
581-2, H. Iosephas : was. F (635-6):
In to the vale of Joseph
Os ihesu cryste them badd hath.
D (481-2):
to þe vale of Josaphath þei lad
as ihesu crist him self bad.
587-94, H. Not in D.
587-8, H. done : euerychone. F (641-2):
Whan þey had beryd þat body
home þey goon sekurlye.
592, H. long. F (646), and a full mery songe.
598, H. Here follow in F (653-4):
as soone as they were at þe borde
They began goddys worde.
603-4, H. Not in F or D.
607-8, H. leme : beme. F (661-2):
he broght the sowle in to þe body aȝen
That was bryghter þen þe sunne beme.
D (499-500) has the same as F transposed, beme : aȝen.
609-10, H. blisse : ys. F (663-4) has ywys : ys. D (501-2), quen Iwis : heuene
blis.
611-16, H. F (665-72):
Thedurward come seynt Thomas
as soone as he myght passe
he was not at hur forthfare
Therfore he was in moche care
he wolde fayne haue be there,
yf that goddys wyll hyt were.
as he thedur toke the way
a bryghtnes hym thoght he say.
D (503-10) agrees in thought and rime with F, save in verses 509-10, which
are:
& as he thedirward went
a brightnes he saw in þe firmamente.
 625-632, H. Cf. F 681-90:
To my felows some tokenyng
That y was toward thyn endyng
lady graunte me my boone
Ellys y not what y schall done
They will not leue for nothyng
That y was at thy berying
abowte hur myddyll was a gyrdyll
That hur selffe louydd mekyll
Of sylke ymade wele wythall
adowne to Thomas sche let hyt falle.
D (519-24) has:
to my felawis sum tokenyng
of thi bodili vpsteyeng.
and certis þer aboute hire myddil
sche had vpon a wel good girdil
al of silk well wrouht wiþ alle
& doun to Thomas sche lete it falle.
636, H. yede. D (528) has dede.
639-642, H. F (697-702) has:
In the tempull of Jerusalem
at mete he fonde them
Whan he þem sye he grett þem anoon
and they hym chydd euerychon
and sayde all to Thomas of ynde
Euyr more thow art be hynde.
D (531-6) agrees in thought with F, and has, ierusalem : hem, Inouh :
wouh, Inde : behynde.
645-6, H. Not in D.
647-50, H. F (707-712):
Sore me for thynkyth quod Thomas
That y was not there sche beryed was
as y myght not there come
That wyste wele goddys sone
I blessyd be that quene so mylde
That ys in heuyn wyth hur chylde.
D (539-544) agrees in matter with F, and has, Thomas : was, come : sone,
quen : schen.
 657-60, H. F (719-24) has:
Or thou sye hys blody syde
and hys wounde depe and wyde
Of false be leue thou haste ybee
Thou art so we may well see
Thou art of an euyll beleue
we kepe no soche maner fere.
D (551-6) agrees with F, save in v. 555: þou art of a lither manere.
662, H. F (726), wole ye all vpon me goone. D (558), I wile answer the a non.
Here follow in F (727-8):
Be iħc þat was in bedlem borne
me lyste to answere of yon neuer oon.
664, H. F (730) has, os me thynkyth in my mode.
Then follow in F (731-2):
I sey hyt yow be my hode
In the place there y stode.
D (559-62) has, gode : mode, hode : blode.
667-8, H. Cf. D (565-8):
Quod petir this is no les
In þis seynt sche beryed wes
Me þinkiþ wunder þat it is here
for it was beried with bere.
F (735-38) agrees with H in thought, but inverts the last two lines, the last
of which reads: For hyt was beryed with hur in fere.
675, H. yede. Cf. D (573): Ferth þei went of þat stede.
679-82, H. Not in D. D ends thus (576 ff.):
But a flour in þe grounde
þei seyde ihesu goddis sone
þi sonde to vs is welcome
Jhesu crist ful of myght
among þe apostlis þer a light
& þe aungelis þat wiþ him were
Grette þe apostelis alle in fere.
& þan oure lord ihesu crist
hem ouersprad wiþ a myst
& brouhte hem alle in a stounde
 In selcouth place fro þe toumbe
þei com alle to hire contray
but non wiste be what way.
Beseke we now þat swete may
þat sche prey for vs nyght & day
& bere oure arnde to hire sone
þat we may to him come.
In to heuene þer he is king
& ȝeue vs alle good ending. amen.
686, H, sayng. F (754) reads: and þat þou wolde sende vs good tydyng.
687-8, H. Not in F.
689-90, H. F (755-6):
cryste of heuyn full ryght
among þe apostelys he sente a lyght.
695 ff., H. F ends thus (761-790):
Soone aftur to heuyn wente cryste
Vpon the apostelys spreed a myste
and broȝt them all fro þat grounde
In to sondry placys in a stounde
Come they all in to ther cuntrey
wyste noon how thedur come they.
moche wondur þan þem thoght
how they were thedur broght.
cryste we thanke in euery place
That hath sent vs thys grace.
here endyth thys lesson
That ys clepydd the assumpcion
Of seynt mary meke and mylde
That ys in heuyn wyth hur chylde.
Beseche we all that swete may
To pray for vs nyght and day
and pray for vs to hur sone
That we may to heuyn come
To haue þat blys þere he ys kyng
and gyf vs all goode endynge. amen.

General Introduction and Table of Contents (separate file)

King Horn (separate file)
Floris and Blancheflur (separate file)
Introduction to The Assumption of Our Lady
The Assumption of Our Lady
Notes to The Assumption of Our Lady
Glossary (separate file)
This text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file
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ẹ̄ ę̄ and ǭ ọ̄ , each representing open/closed pairs
e͞ o (eo with shared macron) used as a stand-in for e᷍o
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the editorial material (introduction, notes and glossary). For this e-
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macrons—that is, ǣ instead of æ̂ and similar—except for “true”
circumflexes in modern French citations and the word “rôle”. The
character shown here as e͞ o was printed as “eo” joined by a single
circumflex. In the Trentham MS. of Floriz and Blauncheflur, and a few
times in the Assumption, some letters were printed with “end
flourishes” (see Introduction under “Manuscripts”). They are printed
as g+, k+, n) and similar. In the same passages, the double letter “ll”
printed with a joining wavy line is shown as łł.
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text and the printed book.

FIRST EDITED IN 1866

BY J. RAWSON LUMBY,

AND NOW RE-EDITED FROM THE MANUSCRIPTS,

WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY,

BY

GEORGE H. McKNIGHT.

Published for

THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY

by the

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO

First Published (Edited by J. Rawson Lumby) 1866

Re-edited by George H. McKnight 1901

 Reprinted (1901 Version) 1962

Original Series, No. 14

Reprinted in Great Britain by Richard Clay and Company, Ltd.,

Bungay, Suffolk.
 CONTENTS.
All sections except the general Preface and the Glossary are in separate files,
one for each text.

page

preface vi

introduction vii

King Horn vii

Floris and Blancheflur xxx
The Assumption of Our Lady xlv
king horn, from three mss.:

cambr. univ. ms. gg. 4. 27. 2 1

laud misc. ms. 108 1
harl. ms. 2253 1
floris and blauncheflur, from three mss.:

trentham ms 71
ms. cott. vitell. d. iii 74, 84
cambridge ms. gg. 4. 27. 2 80
the assumption of our lady, from three mss.:

cambr. univ. ms. gg. 4. 27. 2 111

brit. mus. add. ms. 10,036 111
harl. ms. 2382 118
notes 137
 King Horn 137
Floris and Blancheflur 146
The Assumption of Our Lady 147
glossary 155
 PREFACE.
The triple labour involved in editing three independent works in
one volume will, it is hoped, serve as an excuse for some of the
shortcomings of the present publication. Under the circumstances it
has been impossible to make the work as definitive as might have
been the case with a single text. For example, while I have been
able to print the three existing manuscript texts of King Horn, of the
other two poems, the textual material is not nearly so complete.
The texts, it is hoped, are accurately printed. The credit for this is
due, in large measure, to Dr. Furnivall,—who has read with the MSS.
the proofs of all the British Museum texts,—and to the proof-readers
at Oxford and Cambridge. The notes to King Horn represent a good
deal of labour, and may, I trust, prove useful. The glossary, though
not so complete as that in Wissmann’s excellent critical edition of
King Horn, is intended to fit the volume, and to supply explanation
of words and uses of words not intelligible to ordinary readers of
Early English Texts.
It is my pleasant duty to acknowledge assistance from various
quarters. I am indebted to the libraries of the British Museum and
Cambridge University, and the Bodleian library at Oxford for the use
of manuscripts; also to the Duke of Sutherland for permission to
copy the text of Floris and Blauncheflur from the manuscript in his
private library; also to the Cornell University library for conveniences
placed at my disposal in the preparation of this volume. I must also
acknowledge timely words of advice from Prof. J. M. Hart, notes on
Layamon from Dr. B. S. Monroe, and assistance in proof-reading by
Prof. W. Strunk, jr. But above all I must acknowledge the less
apparent work of Dr. Furnivall in preparing the texts for press, a
work the amount of which one who has not edited for the E.E.T.S. is
not likely to realize.
G. H. M. K.
Ithaca, N.Y., July 8, 1901.
 GLOSSARY.

ABBREVIATIONS.
Add. Brit. Mus. Add. MS. of Ass.
Ass. Assumption of our Lady.
C. Cambridge Univ. MS. Gg. 4. 27. 2. of King Horn and Assumption.
Cott. Cottonian MS. of Floriz and Bl.
F. & B. Floriz and Blancheflur.
H. Harleian MSS. of King Horn and of Assumption.
KH. King Horn.
L. Laud Misc. MS. 108 of King Horn.
OE. Old English.
OF. Old French.
T. Trentham MS. of Floriz and Bl.
V. Cottonian MS. of Floriz and Bl.

Yogh ȝ and thorn þ are alphabetized as “g” and “t”. I and J are
alphabetized together. U/V as a vowel is alphabetized before V as a
consonant.
a b c d e f g h i l m
n o p q r s t u v w y

abegge, abeie, see beien.

abide, see bide.
acupement, sb. accusation, F. & B. 664, 670, etc., C. OF. acoupement.
Adam, Ass. 429, 461, 465 Add.
Admiral, sb. emir, F. & B. 164, 170 C.; amirel, amirayl, F. & B. 175, 179 Cott.;
Admirad, amyraud, Admyrold, KH. 95.
adrenche, see drenche.
adriȝe, see dreȝe.
adrinke, see drinke.
adun, adv. down, KH. 458 C, 485 C; adune, adowne, adoune, KH. 1608 C L H;
adun, adoun, KH. 1610.
age, sb. be of ——, KH. 1420, F. & B. 37 T, of age. Cf. KH. 1420 Note.
aȝenes, see ȝen.
agesse, see gesse.
agrise, see grise.
Ailbrus, Aylbrus, see Aþelbrus.
Ailmar, Aylmar, Almair, Eylmer, King of Westernesse, KH. 169, 233, 359, 526, 538,
549, 729, 733, 747, 753, 1331, 1514, 1614, etc. OE. Aeþelmær.
al, adv. all, quite, KH. 38 L H.
alle veile, everywhere, KH. 262 L.
Allof, father of Horn, KH. 4, 33, 73 H.
also, conj. as, KH. 32, 1102 etc. OE. eal swā.
angussus, adj. full of anguish, F. & B. 366 C. OF. angoissous.
anhitte, see hitten.
apliȝt, adv. on one’s faith; aplyȝt, F. & B. 88 T; aplyst, F. & B. 200 Cott.; apliȝt, F. &
B. 649 C. OE. on + pliht.
aquelde, see quelle.
aquite, see quite.
araȝte, see areche.
areche, v. explain, recount; infin., KH. 1308 C.; 3 sing. pret. araȝte, F. & B. 812 C.
OE. areccean.
arecche, see recche.
areche ?, see reche.
aredde, infin. rid, deliver, F. & B. 689 C. OE. ahreddan.
Arnoldin, Arnoldyn, KH. 1561, 1613, 1618.
aroum, adv. apart; aroom), F. & B. 824 T; aroum, Cott. Cf. Gen. & Ex. 4000, 4021.
OE. on rum, apart.
arre, see er.
arson, sb. saddle bow; n. s., F. & B. 369 T. OF. arçon.
aslawe, see slon.
asoke, see sake.
assoine, infin. prevent, F. & B. 423 T.
at, prep. from. KH. 619 etc. OE. æt.
atel, adj. dreadful, cruel, F. & B. 113 Cott. OE. atol, eatol.
Aþelbrus, Aylbrous, Ailbrus, etc., KH. 239, 257, 282, 309, 351, 385, 481, 495, 501,
1621, 1627.
Aþulf, Haþulf, ayol, KH. 27, 29, 300, 309, 311, 316, 537, etc. OE. Æthelwulf, Aþulf,
or Eadwulf.
aton, adj. (at + one) agreed, KH. 997 C H.
at wite, v. find fault with, twit; infin. F. & B. 490 C.; 3 s. pret. atwist, F. & B. 490 C.
OE. ætwītan.
awreke, v. avenge; infin., F. & B. 731 C.; 3 s. pret. awrek, KH. 952 H. OE. wrecan.
axede, askede, 3 s. pret. asked, KH. 43; askede H, axede C, acsede L. OE. āscian,
āxian.
aye, see eie.

Babylon, dat. F. & B. 147 T; Babyloyn, 190 T, 191 T; -loigne, 119 C.; babyloyne,
147 T, 191 T; Babyloyne, 153 T; Babilloine, 172 C.; Babiloyne, 181 Cott.;
Babilloigne, 120, 129 C.; Babilloine, 129 C, etc. French version has Babiloine,
406, 505, etc.
bale, sb. bale, calamity, F. & B. 821 C. OE. bealu.
barbecan, sb. outer work of a fortress, F. & B. 207 C. OF. barbecane.
barm, sb. lap, bosom; in bearme, KH. 752. OE. bearm.
barnage, sb. baronage, F. & B. 639 C. OF. baronage.
bede, sb. prayer, Ass. 89 C, 95 Add., 332 H, 486 Add. etc. OE. bēd.
bede, v. present, offer; infin., KH. 492; 2 pl. pres., KH. 977 C L. OE. bēodan.
beien, v. buy; 3 s. pret. boȝte, KH. 1442 C. abeie, v. atone for, expiate; infin. abeie
C; abeye L, KH. 116; abugge C H; abygge L 1155; 3 s. pret. aboute L; abohte
H, KH. 1493. OE. bycgan.
belamy, sb. good friend, F. & B. 633 C. OF. bel ami.
belde, see bolde.
belete, see leten.
bemeneþ, see bimene.
bene, sb. petition, KH. 590 C L. OE. bēn.
beode, v. offer; infin., F. & B. 369 C.; 3 s. pret. bed, F. & B. 733 C. OE. bēodan.
Berild, byrild, beryld, Byryld, KH. 816, 817, 825, 837, 845, 877, 878.
berwe, v. protect; infin., KH. 980 L. OE. beorgan.
beyne, num. both, KH. 949 H. OE. bēgen.
bi, by, prep. by, along, in, KH. 5, 20, etc. OE. be.
bicolwede, see colwen.
bidde, v. pray, beg; infin. bidde, bydde, KH. 1263; 1 s. pres. bidde, Ass. 135 C,
143 Add.; bid, 170 C; 3 s. pres. biddeþ, F. & B. 588 C.; byddeþ, F. & B. 1081 T;
3 s. pret. bad, bed, KH. 85, 1272; bad, badde, Ass. 90 C, 95 Add., 329, C; pp.
ibede, F. & B. 579 C.; ybede, 859 T. OE. biddan.
bide, abide, v. (1) wait, (2) expect, (3) wait for, KH. 910, 1099, 1564. OE. ābīdan.
bidene, by dene, adv. at once, F. & B. 60 T, Ass. 347 Add.
bihelde, biholde, v. look on, behold, F. & B. 102 Cott., KH 639. OE. bihealdan.
biheue, adj. profitable, Ass. 676 Add. OE. behēfe.
bihoten, v. promise; 3 s. pret. bihet, KH. 500. OE. hātan.
biknewe, pp., see knowe.
bileue, see leue.
biliue, bliue, adv. quickly, KH. 350 L, 502 C, 771 C, 1042 C; blyue, Ass. 776 Add.
OE. bī līfe.
bimene, v. bemoan, lament; infin., F. & B. 72 Cott.; 3 s. pres. bemeneþ, F. & B.
957 T. OE. bimǣnan.
binom, 3 s. pret. took away from, F. & B. 112 Cott.; pp. binomen, benome, Ass.
271 A, 273 C. OE. biniman.
birine, see reyne.
bisemen, v. befit, beseem; 3 s. pres. bisemeþ C, byseme L, bysemeþ H, KH. 518.
Icel. sǣma.
bispac, see speke.
biswike, see swike.
bite, infin. bite, partake of as food, KH. 1211 L, H. OE. bītan.
biteche, 1 s. pres. entrust, KH. 613 L, H. OE. tǣcan.
bitide, see tide.
biþinne, prep. within, KH. 1122 C, 1387 C.
bitwexe, prep. between, KH. 454 C. OE. betweox, betwux.
biwente, see wende.
biwreien, see wreien.
Blancheflour, Blauncheflur, etc., nom. 18 T, 46 T, 22 V, 34 V; dat. 20 T, 22 T, 36 T,
58 T, 114 T, 122 T, 34, 46, 48, 64, 96, 102, 112 etc., C. Fr. Blanceflors,
 Blanceflor.
blenche, infin. overturn, KH. 1525 C L; ouerblenche, 1525 H. OE. blencan.
blesse, infin. bless, KH. 17 L H. OE. bletsian.
blessing, sb. blessing, KH. 170 C. OE. bletsung.
blethelyche, adv. blithely. OE. blīðelīce.
ble[y]ne, sb. whale, KH. 727 L. OF. baleine.
bliþe, blyþe, adj. blithe, KH. 1, 141, etc.
blynne, see linnen.
bode, dat. sing. message, Ass. 146 C; accus. bodes, Ass. 126 Add. OE. bod.
bold, bald, baud, adj. bold; sing. KH. 96; pl. belde, bolde, KH. 640. OE. beald.
bone, sb. prayer, boon, Ass. 522 H, 27 C, 329 C, 441 C. ON. bōn.
boneyres, adj. devoted, good looking, debonair, KH. 968 L. OF. bonaire.
bord, sb. (ship) board; dat. sing. borde, KH. 119, 123.
bord, sb. table, F. & B. 103 C, KH. 269, 1605.
bote, sb. remedy, redress, F. & B. 821 C. OE. bōt.
bote, KH. 1364 L; v. baddest, or scribal error.
bote, see bute.
braide, breide, 3 s. pret. draw, brandish, F. & B. 289 T, 1014 T. OE. brægd.
breche, dat. sing. breeches, F. & B. 258 C. OE. brēc.
breme, adj. valiant, spirited, famous, F. & B. 792 C, 1071 T. OE. brēme.
brenie, brunie, sb. coat of mail, KH. 627, 765, 897, 1310. OE. byrne.
bruken, v. use, enjoy; imper. 3 sing. bruc C, brouke L, brouc H, KH. 220. OE.
brūcan.
brun, sb. beer (?); of a brun C, of þe broune L, H, KH. 1202.
brymme, sb. edge, shore, KH. 204 C.
buȝe, v. bow, writhe, twist, let fall (Mätzner); infin. buȝe C, unbowe H, KH. 458.
OE. būgan.
bulmeþ, 3 sing. pres. boils, F. & B. 305 C. Probable error for welmeþ. Cf. ȝelle.
bur, sb. bower, women’s quarters, KH. 285. OE. būr.
burdon, sb. staff, KH. 1141. OF. burdoun.
burgeis, sb. burgess, citizen, F. & B. 115 C, 155 T, etc. Bugays, F. & B. 207 T. OF.
burgeis.
burȝ, bureȝ, boruh, sb. castle, F. & B. 176, 181, 182 C.; boruh, F. & B. 190 Cott.
OE. burg, burh.
burles, sb. tomb, sepulchre, F. & B. 63 Cott. OE. byrgels.
bute, bote, but, conj. but, unless, KH. 26 L, 69, 207 C, 37 L, H, etc. OE. būtan,
except, unless.
buxom, adj. flexible, obedient, Ass. 410 H. OE. būhsum.
byȝete, sb. acquisition, F. & B. 202 T, and Cott. OE. begietan.
bygone, pp. surrounded, F. & B. 371 T. OE. bigān.
byne, (?), F. & B. 1010 T.

cacche, v. catch; infin. KH. 1307, 1465 H; 3 pl. pret. kaute, KH. 944 L.; infin.
bikeche, KH. 328 L. OF. cachier.
can, v. can, know; 3 s. subj. pres. cunne; conne, KH. 602 C, H; infin. konne, KH.
598 L; 3 pl. pret. couþ, couth, F. & B. 33 T, 157 T. OE. cann.
care, sb. care, sorrow, KH. 279. OE. cearu.
catel, sb. property, capital, F. & B. 150 T, 988 T. OF. catel.
kele, infin. cool, F. & B. 995 T. OE. cēlan.
kelwe, see colmie.
ken, kenne, kunne, sb. race, people, KH. 156, 190, 1358. OE. cynn.
kende, cunde, sb. birth, kind, Nature, KH. 451, 1479 C, L; F. & B. 677 C, 960 T.
OE. cynd.
kene, adj. keen, brave, KH. 42, 97, 178, 539, 1208, etc. OE. cēn.
kepe, v. (1) keep, (2) guard, protect, KH. 800, 1288 C H, Ass. 49 Add., 52 Add.,
271 Add. OE. cēpan.
kep, sb. heed, care, Ass. 72 C, 78 Add.
kerue, v. carve, KH. 249. OE. ceorfan.
Cesar, F. & B. 181 T. French version has Cesar, v. 494.
chaere, sb. throne (?), KH. 1353. OF. chaere.
ycharged, pp. loaded, F. & B. 343 T. OF. charger.
chelde, kolde, kelde, infin. become cold, KH. 1230. OE. cealdian.
chepinge, sb. market, fair, F. & B. 186, 188 Cott. OE. cēapung.
chere, sb. mien, facial expression, KH. 1143, 1165 L. OF. chere.
child, sb. (1) child, (2) youth, KH. 10, 13, 27, 99, etc. OE. cild.
Claris, Clarice, Clariȝ, Clarys, F. & B. 895 T, 901 T, 905 T, 915 T, 931 T, etc.; C. 479,
485, 529, etc. French has Claris, 2125, 2131, 2115, 2339, etc.
cleche, infin. reach (with nails), KH. 1027 H ; pp. ycliȝt, Ass. 719 Add.
clef, scribal blunder (?), c + lef, KH. 161 L.
clenchen, infin. make to clink, KH. 1596.
clene, adj. pure, F. & B. 297 C. OE. clǣne.
clepe, clepen, clepede, clupede, cleped, icluped, etc., v. call, KH. 239, 840 L; F. &
B. 137 T, 287 T, 137 T, 837 T; 607 C, 140 C, etc.; Ass. 707 H, 847 Add., 73 C,
180 C, etc. OE. cleopian.
clergie, sb. learned knowledge, F. & B. Cf. Hausknecht’s note.
cleppe, clippe, cluppe, klippt, klepte, iclupt, etc., v. embrace, KH. 1297 H, 1450; F.
& B. 549 C, 594 C, 614 C, 806 T, 512 C, etc. OE. clyppan.
ycliȝt, see cleche.
knaue, sb. boy, servant, KH. 1012 C, 1095 C; F. & B. 166 T. OE. cnafa.
knowe, v. (1) know, (2) recognize, KH. 1294; (3) beon biknowe of = acknowledge
(cf. Mätzner, KH. 983 Note; Lay. II. 355, III. 51; Alisaunder 724, etc.); pp. was
iknowe C, was by cnowe L, was biknowe H, KH. 1059 = confessed. OE.
cnāwan, becnāwan.
knyhty, v. knight, KH. 488 H, 547, 682.
colmie, kelwe, adj. sooty, KH. 1162, see colwen.
colwen, bicolwede, v. smear, blacken, KH. 1144, 1162.
con, v. auxil. = did, KH. 817 H, 825 H, 938 H, 1470 H, 1549 H, 1632 H; 3 s.
pluperf. couþe, 1634 H, see gan.
icore, pp. chosen, F. & B. 268 C. OE. gecoren.
creyde, 3 s. pret. cried, KH. 1362 L. OF. crier.
crois, sb. cross, KH. 1405 C H; croyȝ, KH. 1398 H. OF. crois.
crowch, sb. cross, KH. 1398 L, 1405 L. Lat. crucem.
crude, infin. press, crowd, KH 1385. OE. crūdan.
crune, sb. skull, head, KH. 1607. ON. kruna.
culuart, adj. false, faithless, F. & B. 210, 329 C. OF. culvert.
cupe, sb. basket, F. & B. 435, 438, 452, 471 C, etc. OE. cȳpe, Lat. cūpa.
cuppe, cupe, coupe, sb. cup, KH. 250, 479; coupe, F. & B. 163 T, 181 T, 208 T, etc.
OE. cuppa.
Cutberd, Cuberd, Cubert, KH. 876, 833, 851 C, 882, 895, 912, 938, 948, 965 L,
981. OE. Cūþbeorht.
cuþe, 1 s. pret. knew, Ass. 39 C; 3 pl. pret. couthe, Ass. 290 C.
cuþe, cowþe, couþe, 3 s. pret. subj. could, KH. 371.

dales, pl. valleys, dales, KH. 168. OE. dæl.

dar, v. dare, 3 s. pres. durþ, KH. 408 H; 3 s. pret. dorte, dorste, F. & B. 167 C,
204 T; 3 s. pret. subj. þorte, F. & B. 216 C, KH. 408 C. OE. dearr, dorste.
Daris, Dares, Dayre, daye, Darys, doyres, Darie, F. & B. 561, 570, 599, 737, 816.
French has Daires, nom. 1470, 1531, 1853, etc. Dairon, accus. 1931.
dawes, pl. days, KH. 999 L; nom. sing. day. OE. pl. dagas.
ded, deed, sb. death, KH. 345 L.; dat. sing. deede, F. & B. 46 T.
deie, deye, deȝe, infin., KH. 115. ON. deyja.
del, sb. part, portion, deal, Ass. 212 C, 218 A, 261 A; dell, 225 C. OE. dǣl.
ideld, p. pl. separated, F. & B. 598 C. OE. dǣlan.
demure, demere, sb. delay, F. & B. 591 C. and Cott. OF. demeurer.
denie, v. din, rattle, KH. 628. OE. dynian.
dent, dunt, sb. stroke, blow, KH. 164 C, 607, 647, 913, 920, 933, 946. OE. dynt.
deol, dole, sb. grief, KH. 1128, 1129. OF. doel, duel.
dere, adj. dear, beloved, KH. 161 L, etc. OE. dēore.
derie, dere, infin. injure, harm, KH. 840, F. & B. 378 T, Ass. 162 C. OE. derian.
derne, adj. secret, hidden, Ass. 856 Add. OE. dierne.
deuise, 2 s. pres. subj. devise, KH. 253 L, H. OF. deviser.
direwurþe, adj. precious, F. & B. 289 C. OE. de͞ orwyrðe.
don, dede, dude, v. (1) cause to, KH. 148, 284, 1069, Ass. 462 Add., 474 Add.,
etc. (2) put, KH. 360, 745, 1332 C; F. & B. 46 T, 200 T, 69 C.; Ass. 61 Add., etc.
(3) intens. do, did, KH. 1003 (?), F. & B. 16 C, Ass. 17 Add., 80 C, etc. (cf. dede
let wed, F. & B. 1065 T). OE. dōn, dyde.
dreden, 3 pl. pret. fear, dread, KH. 130; dradde C, adred L; pp. adred H; 1 sing.
pres. of drede. C L; adrede H, KH. 307. OE. drǣdan.
dreȝe, adriȝe, infin. suffer, endure, KH. 1115. OE. dre͞ ogan.
dreme, sb. sound, F. & B. 37 C, 397 T. OE. drēam.
drenche, v. drown; infin. adrenche, KH. 111 C H, 1526; to drenche, KH. 1045 L;
pp. adrent, KH. 1053 C; drenched, KH. 1054 L. OE. drencan.
dright, driȝte, sb. lord, Ass. 275 C, KH. 1406 C. OE. drihten.
idriȝt, pp. troubled, Ass. 190 C. OE. gedreccan.
drinke, v. drink; infin. adrinke, adrynke, drown, KH. 111 L, 1045 C H. OE. drincan.
druerie, drury, sb. love, F. & B. 382 C, 820 T. OF. druerie.
dun, doun, down, sb. dune, hill, KH. 168. OE. dūn.
dunt, see dent.
dureþ, 3 sing. pres. extendeth, F. & B. 173 C. OF. durer.
durþ, see dar.
dute, v. fear, be afraid; infin. duti, F. & B. 4 C, 192 Cott.; 1 sing. pres. dute, doute,
KH. 362; 2 pl. imper. douȝt, dute, F. & B. 817 T, 531 C. OF. douter.
dyȝcte, infin. arrange, KH. 904 L; pp. idiȝt, F. & B. 23, 260 C. OE. dihtan.

ede, see ȝede.

Edmound, seynt, Ass. 893 Add.
eidel, sb. anything, F. & B. 813 C. OE. ǣnig dǣl.
eie, aye, sb. fear, F. & B. 791 T. OE. ege.
eke, adv. also, KH. 17, 99, 1474, etc. OE. e͞ ac.
enchesone, sb. occasion, F. & B. 78 T. OF. enchaisoun.
engynne, sb. device, scheme, artifice, F. & B. 313 T; engin, Ass. 755, 759 C. OF.
engin.
Enneas, F. & B. 177 T. French version Eneas, 489.
entermeten, infin. meddle with, F. & B. 167 C. OF. entremetre.
er, arre, her, or, conj. before, ere, KH. 136 H, 567 C; arre, 567 L.
Ermenild, see Reynild, KH. 979 H. Cf. Eormenhild, daughter of Eorcenbriht, king of
Kent, Leechdoms iii, index.
erndinge, sb. result of undertaking. OE. ǣrendung.
erne, v. run; infin. vrne, erne, KH. 936; 3 s. pret. arnde C, rende L, ernde H, KH.
1314; pp. iorne C, hy ȝouren L, yorne H, KH. 1228. OE. yrnan.
escheker, sb. chess board, F. & B. 344 C, etc. OF. eschekier.
Estnesse, KH. 1018 L H, 1295 L.
eþe, yþe, adv. easily, KH. 61, 891. OE. e͞ aðe.
eþelikeste, superl. most precious, F. & B. 274 C. OE. æðel.
Eue, Ass. 461 Add.
euene, eueneliche, adv. equally, symmetrically, KH. 100.
euerich, adj. every, KH. 230. OE. ǣfrǣlc.
eure ȝut, ever yet, KH. 842.

fable, sb. story, KH. 762 L.

fader, sb. father; gen. sing. fader, C H; faderes L, KH. 116; fader, 1622 H.
fairhede, fayrhede, feyrhade, sb. fairness, KH. 89.
falle, v. fall; bifalle, biualle, happen, occur, become; infin., KH. 105, 186; pp.
450 C, L.
fawe, fain, F. & B. 986 T. OE. fægn.
fay, sb. faith, Ass. 576 C. OF. fei.
fayne, adj. glad, F. & B. 97 T. OE. fægn.
fayne, adv. gladly, F. & B. 286 T.
fecche, fette, infin. fetch, Ass. 129 C, 137 Add.; 3 pl. pret. fett, Ass. 456 C. OE.
fetian.
feere, see fere.
feire, sb. market, fair, F. & B. 179 C. OF. feire.
felaurade, sb. company, KH. 180 H. ON. fēlagi.
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