PERFORM ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS

MEM12023A
(5 POINTS)

STUDENT WORKBOOK

Name: _______________________________________________

Date: _______________________________________________

Teacher: _______________________________________________
 UNIT / MODULE DESCRIPTION

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
MEM12023A PERFORM ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS
1. Select appropriate device or equipment
1.1 Measurement requirements are determined from specifications
Appropriate device or equipment is selected according to standard
1.2
operating procedures, to achieve required outcome
2. Obtain measurements using a range of measuring devices
2.1 Correct and appropriate measuring technique is used
2.2 Measurements are accurately obtained
Dimensions are determined or verified using basic calculations, where
2.3
required
3. Maintain measuring devices
Routine care and storage of devices is undertaken to manufacturers’
3.1
specifications or standard operating procedures
3.2 Routine adjustments to devices are made and checked
4. Communicate measurements as required
4.1 Measurements are accurately recorded, where required
Freehand sketch which depicts required information is prepared, as
4.2
required

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REQUIRED SKILLS

Look for evidence that confirms skills in:

 Selecting the appropriate measuring device for given measuring tasks
 Using appropriate measuring technique
 Reading all measurements taken accurately to the finest graduation of the selected
measuring device
 Handling and storing measuring devices in accordance with manufacturers’
specifications or standard operating procedures
 Verifying all measuring devices before use
 Making, where appropriate, routine adjustments to measuring devices
 Reading, interpreting and following information on written job instructions,
specifications, standard operating procedures, charts, lists, drawings and other
applicable reference documents
 Planning and sequencing operations
 Checking and clarifying task related information
 Checking for conformance to specifications
 Undertaking numerical operations involving addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, fractions and decimals within the scope of this unit
 Preparing drawings as required

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE

Look for evidence that confirms knowledge of:

 Correct application of a range of measuring devices
 Correct and appropriate measuring technique for a range of measuring devices
 Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, fractions, decimals to the scope required
by this unit
 Procedures for handling and storing a range of measuring devices
 Procedures for adjusting and zeroing a range of measuring devices
 Methods of communicating measurements by drawings, as required
 Safe work practices and procedures

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1. Introduction

This learner’s workbook is designed to assist both learners and trainers.

It has been developed to assist on-the-job and off-the-job training to achieve competence in
the competency unit MEM12023A Perform engineering measurements.

MEM12023A Perform engineering measurements, covers basic measuring skills using

devices such as verniers, feeler gauges, micrometers, dial indicators and thermometers.

Relationships to Other Competency Units

The workbook can be used as a stand alone resource, however this competency unit is a
compulsory core unit in many Metal and Engineering qualifications. You will need to
complete this unit if you are undertaking:

 MEM30205 Certificate III in Engineering – Mechanical Trade

Many of the other units you will undertake as part of your qualification will require this unit
to be completed as a prerequisite and will draw on your measuring skills to incorporate them
into projects and build on the competence you have gained in this unit.

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HOW TO USE THIS RESOURCE

For the teacher

This learner’s workbook contains reference material, review questions and some exercises.

It is designed to stand alone as a resource to help achieve competency, however the unit is a
prerequisite for many elective units in the Metal and Engineering Training Package and a
compulsory core unit for all trade qualifications. Because of this relationship to other units,
the workbook has also been designed to be used in conjunction with other resources produced
in this series.

Using this workbook

To verify that the student has met the requirements of this Competency Unit, carry out an
assessment using a combination of practical activity and testing of underpinning knowledge
identified in the unit. These results should be recorded by the teacher to contribute to evidence
of competency. Where the student is undertaking this unit in a workplace, it may suffice to
question the student and observe him or her perform a range of related tasks on the job.

This workbook contains some review questions at the end of each section which the student
should complete for you to check.

Several exercises have been included with this workbook to allow the use of feeler gauges and
measuring tools to be recorded and checked for accuracy. These skills should be checked
regularly over a period of time to ensure that the student maintains an appropriate level of
competence.

Assessment

To satisfactorily assess the student against the competency standard(s) you need to gather
sufficient evidence about the person’s competence. This may require gathering additional
evidence (for instance from the student’s workplace) to that provided by the projects.

You should refer to the Assessment Guidelines contained in the Metal and Engineering
Training Package (MEM05) Policy Document as the final authority for assessment against
competencies in this Training Package Assessment Materials Project, are also available to
help you with the assessment process.

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For the student
This student’s workbook contains reference material, review questions and some exercises.

It is designed to stand alone as a resource to help achieve competency, however the unit is a
prerequisite for many elective units in the Metal and Engineering Training Package and a
compulsory core unit for all trade qualifications. Because of this relationship to other units,
the workbook has also been designed to be used in conjunction with other resources produced
in this series.

Using this workbook

This workbook contains some review questions at the end of each section which you should
complete for your teacher to check.

Several exercises have been included with this workbook to allow the use of feeler gauges and
measuring tools to be recorded and checked for accuracy. These skills will be checked
regularly over a period of time to ensure that you maintain an appropriate level of
competence.

Assessment
Assessment against competency standards relies on your teacher gathering enough evidence
to demonstrate that you can meet the requirements of the unit.

To verify that you are competent in this competency unit, an assessment will be carried out
using a combination of practical activity and testing of under pinning knowledge identified in
the unit. These results would be recorded by the teacher to contribute to evidence of
competency. Alternatively, if you are undertaking this unit in the workplace, you may be
assessed by being questioned and observed performing a range of related tasks on the job.

You may also wish to speak to your teacher about supplying evidence of competency you
have gained elsewhere (eg work pieces you have already produced) which may contribute to
your assessment.

Recognition of Current Competency or Prior Leaning

MEM12023A Perform engineering measurements covers the competencies required to use
and maintain a range of graduated devices including verniers, feeler gauges, micrometers, dial
indicators and thermometers.

If you believe you can already meet the assessment criteria for a particular competency
standard(s), or have completed similar training, you may be eligible for Recognition of
Current Competency (RCC) or Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL). Eligibility for RCC
or RPL will reduce the learning time or remove the need for you to complete this unit.
Contact your teacher to discuss this further.

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2. MEASURING TOOLS

In the metric system the unit of length is the metre. In engineering work the most commonly
used unit of length is the millimetre, which is one thousandth (1/1000) of a metre. For precise
measurement the millimetre is divided into tenths and hundredths.

Because accurate measurement is so essential, it is necessary to learn to use the various

measuring tools efficiently.

The simplest instrument for measuring is the graduated rule, which, for engineering work, is
made of steel.

ENGINEER’S STEEL RULE

A common type of engineer’s rule is illustrated in Figure 1. For general use it is made in 150
and 300mm lengths, but may be obtained up to 2m long. (Imperial rules are in 6 and 12 inch
lengths, but may be obtained up to 6 feet long).

Metric rules are graduated in millimetres and half millimetres.

For lengths greater than 2 metres steel tapes are used. They may be 50 or 100 metres.

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 Graduated Steel Rules

Graduated steel rules are used for measuring

lengths to a moderate degree of accuracy.

Description of Rules

Graduated steel rules used in metal working come

in various sizes with the most popular being:-

1.0m (approximately 3feet 3 ¼ inches)

2.0m (approximately 6feet 6 ½ inches)

Most steel rules are now all metric but some are
graduated in millimetres on one edge, and inches
and factions of an inch on the other edge. The
aircraft industry still uses feet and inches (imperial)
measurements.

Positioning the Rule

Correct use of steel rules is necessary for accurate

reading. Proceed as follows:-

 place yourself and the article to be

measured in the best reading light
 position the rule at right angles to your line
of sight
 make sure the rule you use has fine clear
graduations cut right to the edge

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Taking a Measurement Using the Edge of Rule Method

Edge of Rule Method

If the rule is worn on the end then the following

method is suggested.

 steady the work with your left hand

 hold the rule with your right hand and
steady it with your right thumb against the
work
 place the end of the rule on the surface to
that the face of the rule is a t right angles to
the work
 place the edge of the rule on the surface so
that the face of the rule is at right angles to
the work and square across it
 sight up the first numbered graduation with
the left hand edge of the work
 sight up the nearest graduation in line with
the right hand edge of the work and take the
reading

Remember to subtract the first number

graduation from your final reading to obtain the
accurate measurement required.

Other Uses for the Steel Rule

A steel rule can also be used as:-

 guide to draw or scribe a straight line

 straight edge to test the accuracy of a flat
surface
 scale for setting dividers and other marking
out tools

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SECTION 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Why should the rules scale be viewed squarely?

.................................................................................................................................................

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2. How can accurate readings be taken with a rule that is worn on the end?

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3. List four (4) uses of a steel rule:

a................................................................................................................................................

b...............................................................................................................................................

c................................................................................................................................................

d...............................................................................................................................................

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3. MEASURING TAPES

A measuring tape consists of a flexible blade of steel

housed in a metal or plastic case. There are two types
of measuring tapes:

 steel tapes
 steel tape rules

STEEL TAPES

This tape is used for measuring long distances. They

are usually ten or thirty metres long, however longer
lengths are available.

Steel tapes are returned into the case by operating a

turning mechanism. The handle can be folded away
when not in use.

Steel Tape Rules

Steel tape rules are available in two, three, five,

seven, eight and ten metre lengths. The three and five
metre tapes are the most common.

Tape rules have a power return spring which

automatically returns the tape blade into the housing.
Do not allow the tape to suddenly return as the hook
will break off. A lock is often included to hold the
blade in the open position as well as slow its return
into the case.

Tape Maintenance

Correctly maintained steel tapes and tape rules will last for many years.

Follow these steps:

 keep the blade free from grit and moisture

 slide the blade between a slightly oiled rag when returning it into the case
 avoid leaving the blade exposed to the direct rays of the sun as this can buckle it

Using tapes

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Tapes can be graduated in either all metric or a combination of metric and imperial (feet and
inches) measurements.

The steel tape can be used in most situations, but it is best used for on site setting out for
taking on site measurements.

The fixed end hook on a steel tape compensates for the thickness of the metal when taking
inside or outside measurements, so it is important to place it correctly. in position.

The tape rule is used for all types of measuring and setting out, that are within the range of its
length. The main advantage in using a tape or a tape rule, is that errors which occur when a
steel rule is used for distances longer than its length are eliminated. Also curved surfaces can
be measured accurately.

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SECTION 3 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. State two (2) types of measuring tapes

a................................................................................................................................................

b...............................................................................................................................................

2. Why should a steel tape not be allowed to return into the case suddenly?

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.................................................................................................................................................

3. List three (3) steps that should be followed for tape measure maintenance.

a................................................................................................................................................

b...............................................................................................................................................

c................................................................................................................................................

4. What is the purpose of the fixed end hook on a steel tape?

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5. What are two (2) advantages of using a tape or tape rule in preference to a steel rule?

a................................................................................................................................................

b...............................................................................................................................................

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4. DEPTH GAUGES
A depth gauge is a measuring tool developed from
a steel rule.

Depth gauges are used to measure:

 depths of holds
 depths of recesses and slots
 distances in from the edges of work

The depth gauge consists of a narrow graduated

steel rule, fitted with a sliding frame that may be
clamped along the rule

USING A DEPTH GAUGE

Use a depth gauge to measure that depth of a

recess as follows:

 hold the frame of the depth gauge between

the thumb and finger of one hand
 loosen the locking screw with the thumb
and first finger of your other hand
 hold the frame base firmly down on the
surface across the recess of the work to be
measured
 hold the gauge square to the work by
steadying the rule with the first finger of
one hand
 use the first finger of your other hand to
press the sliding rule down until you feel
the lower end touch against the bottom of
the recess
 tighten the locking screw
 lift the gauge carefully out of the recess
and away from the work
 turn the gauge into a position where you
can read the depth of the recess directly
from the rule scale

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SECTION 4 REVIEW QUESTION

1. What are three (3) uses of a Rule Depth Gauge?

a................................................................................................................................................

b...............................................................................................................................................

c................................................................................................................................................

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5 METRIC MICROMETERS

Micrometers are measuring instruments that enable

accurate measurements to be taken.

Outside micrometers are used to measure:

 outside diameters
 thickness of material
 lengths of parts

They are available in various sized frames. All

sizes, however, have a measuring range limited to
the length of the thread on the spindle.

The range is 0 to 25 millimetres.

The principle parts of a micrometer are:

 frame
 anvils
 spindle and thread
 sleeve or barrel
 thimble

A knurled collar or a small lever on the frame can

be used to lock the spindle in the barrel.

After then anvils have been set against the work

being measured, tighten the spindle lock. This
prevents any movement of the spindle while you
are reading the micrometer scale.

Remember to loosen the clamp before attempting

to take any further readings.

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PRINCIPLE OF THE MICROMETER

The principle of a micrometer that reads to 0.01 of

a millimetre is explained below.

 hold a 0 – 25mm outside micrometer by

the frame between thumb and first finger
of your left hand. Keep the graduations on
the sleeve towards you.
 loosen the spindle lock
 use the finger and thumb of your right
hand on the knurled part of the thimble to
screw it anti-clockwise. This moves the
spindle to the right and uncovers the
graduations on the sleeve.
 look at the gap between the anvils. It is
equal to the uncovered length of the datum
line.
 look at the datum line on the sleeve. It is
graduated into millimetres and half
millimetres, from 0 up to 25mm, and each
fifth millimetre is numbered
 turn the thimble until zero is level with the
datum line. Note the position of the
graduation on the sleeve.
 turn the thimble one complete turn. The
thimble will move along one graduation of
the sleeve scale. This is because the pitch
of the thread on the spindle is half a
millimetre. Two turns of the thimble
move the spindle one millimetre.
 look at the graduations around the thimble.
There are 50 graduations and each fifth
graduation is numbered.
 now wipe the face of the anvils with a
piece of clean cloth

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  screw the thimble inwards towards the
frame until the anvils are touching
o close the anvils gently. Never apply
force
o allow your fingers to slip on the
knurled part of the thimble
 look at the scales. They should both read
zero
 open the anvils by turning the thimble to
uncover one division on the thimble scale.
the movement of the anvil
= 1
50 of a complete turn
= 1
50 of 0.5mm
= 0.01 mm
 continue turning the thimble until the tenth
line of the thimble is level with the datum
line.
 hold the micrometer up to the light. By
carefully looking at the anvils you should
be able to see a small gap. It is 0.1 of a
millimetre.
 continue turning until the fiftieth line of the
thimble is level with the datum line
o the anvils will now be 0.5 of
a millimetre apart
o the first graduation on the
sleeve will now be visible
 look at the graduations around the thimble.
there are 50 graduations and each fifth
graduation is numbered
 turn the thimble one more complete turn to
open the anvils to 1 millimetre.

If you find that the micrometer does not read zero

when the anvils are touching and you are sure that
they are clean, the micrometer needs adjusting.
Ask your trainer. He or she will show you how to
do this or arrange for the micrometer to be adjusted
for you.

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HOW TO READ A METRIC MICROMETER

Read a 0 – 25 mm metric micrometer as follows:

 read on the barrel scale the number of

millimetres that are completely visible
 add any half millimetres that are completely
visible
 note the number of the graduation on the
thimble scale that is level with the datum line
 add the thimble reading to the other reading

The sketch shows a micrometer set to a reading.

There are 5 millimetres between the zero and the

thimble. There is also one graduation of 0.5 of a
millimetre. The twelfth line of the thimble scale is
level with the datum line.

The reading of the micrometer would be:

5.0mm
+0.5mm
+0.12mm

Total Reading 5.62mm

Now complete the metric micrometer reading

exercises on the next page

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USING AN OUTSIDE MICROMETER

Skill is needed to obtain accurate measurements

when using a micrometer.

Excessive pressure during adjustment will:

 give inaccurate readings

 cause strain on the thread
 distort the frame

As you adjust the micrometer anvils against the

work, you should feel a light pressure or resistance
against the surface. Develop this “feel” be constant
practice, measuring articles of accurately known
size.

Some micrometers have a spring loaded ratchet

which will ensure constant adjusting pressure.

Accurate measurements can be made with the

assistance of the ratchet, provided the micrometer
is kept square to the work.

Measure with an outside micrometer as follows:

 hold the outside micrometer in your right

hand, with the graduations on the main
scale towards you
 support the frame on the lower centre of
your palm. Use the little or third finger to
hold the frame to the palm
 place the middle finger behind and
supporting the frame
 keep the first finger and thumb free to
adjust the knurled thimble

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  close the anvils until you feel them just
touching the work.

 allow your finger and thumb to slip on the

knurled thimble to obtain the correct
pressure

 move the work slightly between the anvils

or pass the micrometer over the work by
moving your wrist

 make any further adjustment of the

thimble until you obtain the right “feel”

 when you are satisfied with the feel of the

anvils against the work, proceed as
follows:
o remove your fingers from the
thimble
o turn the micrometer towards you
o read the measurement

Sometimes it may be more convenient to hold the

micrometer with both hands by:

 supporting the frame between the fingers

and thumb of your left hand

 using the thumb and finger of your right

hand to adjust the thimble

As your trainer to demonstrate these positions to

you.

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LARGE AND SPECIAL PURPOSE MICROMETERS

Large outside micrometers with interchangeable

extended anvils make it possible to measure over a
range of sizes.

The micrometer consists of the normal barrel,

spindle and thimble with a larger frame.

The anvil in the frame can be removed by undoing

a clamping nut that holds it in position.

By selecting suitable anvils it is possible to take

measurements progressively larger from zero to the
maximum range of the micrometer frame.

Care must be taken when changing anvils.

Make sure the locating face on the frame and the

collar on the extended anvil are clean and free from
grit.

Test bars are supplied with the micrometer.

Always make a test reading with a test bar between
the anvils before you measure with the micrometer.

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 Some micrometers have anvils specially designed
for a specific purpose, such as the measuring of:

 the wall thickness of tubing

 the thickness of paper sheet
 the pitch diameter of screw threads

Ask you trainer to show you any special purpose

micrometers used at your work.

Digital micrometers operate on a similar principle

to other micrometers and they give a direct
numerical reading of size on a dial in the frame.

The figures on the dial:

 make the micrometer quick and easy to read

 ensure accurate measurement of size
 help eliminate reading errors

INSIDE MICROMETERS

Inside micrometers are used to measure:

 inside diameters of holes

 distances between internal parallel
surfaces
 other inside dimensions

Inside micrometers are provided with a series of

extension rods to measure a range of sizes

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 Fit an extension rod to an inside micrometer as
follows:

 select an extension rod suitable to cover the

range required

 loosen the clamping screw on the sleeve

 remove the existing extension rod and place

it in its protective box

 wipe the locating faces on the new rod and

micrometer

 insert the rod into the body of the

micrometer with the curved anvil outwards

 press the locating face against the end of the

micrometer

 tighten the clamping screw to hold the rod

in position

 check the zero setting of the inside

micrometer by measuring it with an outside
micrometer of the same size

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 The construction of an inside micrometer does not
allow it to be used to measure a hole smaller than
the overall length of the micrometer barrel and its
anvils.

To measure smaller diameter holes accurately, a

telescopic bore gauge can be used.

The gauge consist of a handle attached to a fixed

contact within which his a spring loaded
telescopic plunger. The ends of the plunger and
contact are ground to a radius to give a proper
clearance in the hole to be measured.

The telescopic plunger may be locked in position

by turning a knurled thumb screw at the end of the
handle.

Use a telescopic bore gauge as follows:

 compress the plunger and insert the gauge

into the hold
 allow the plunger to expand to the size of
the hole
 tighten the locking screw
o rock the gauge slightly across the
diameter until a suitable “feel” is
obtained
 firmly lock the plunger and carefully
remove the gauge from the hole
 measure the size of the hole by taking a
reading across the plunger and contact
with an outside micrometer

Remember the same “feel” must be obtained with

the micrometer as that felt with the gauge in the
hole.

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 DEPTH MICROMETERS

Depth micrometers are special micrometers used to

measure:

 depths of holes
 depths of grooves or recesses
 heights of shoulders or projections

The measuring range of depth micrometers can be

increased by using interchangeable extension rods.

Change the extension

Use a depth micrometerrodtoofmeasure
a depththe
micrometer
depth of aas
follows:
recess as follows:

 hold
checkthe
thatlower portion ofrod
the extension thefitted
knurlison the
thimble firmly
suitable for the between
depth to the thumb and first
be measured
 finger of your left hand
wipe clean the face of the micrometer
 use theand
frame thumb and finger
the area of your right hand
to be measured
 to
support the frame across the by
loosen the knurled clamp turning
edges of the it
anti clockwise
recess
 unscrew
hold down thethe
clamp
frame completely
firmly on fromthe topthe
thimble
surface with the fist or second fingers of
 remove
your leftthe existing rod by pulling it
hand
 completely out
use the finger and of the
thumbthimble
of yourandright
place it in
the protective
hand to adjust boxthe thimble until the end of
 select
the extension rodlength
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against rod
the for the
work toof
bottom bethemeasured
recess
 check carefully
allow your finger that
andthethumb
locating faceon
to skip onthethe
end of the
knurled partthimble
of the and the shoulder
thimble to obtainof thethe
extension rods
correct “feel” are clean
 insert
o the rod down
press into the thimble
firmly andframe
on the push it
down towiththe locating
your leftface hand. As the rod is
 replace screwed
the knurled down,clamping
it tendscapto lift the
 tighten frame
the clamp to a firm finger
and gives an inaccurate tight
pressurereading
 remove your fingers from the thimble and
carefully read the setting on the
micrometer scale

USING DEPTH MICROMETERS

Note:
The graduations on depth micrometers are
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means that the readings are covered by the
thimble as the micrometer is extended.
 Micrometers are precision instruments. Their
accuracy depends upon the way they are used and
treated.

Take care at all times.

Some points to be considered when using

micrometers are:

 clean the face of the spindle and anvil before

using the micrometer
 check the zero reading
 see that the work is clean and dry
 do not attempt to measure over rough
surfaces
 make sure the work is stationary before
attempting to take a reading
 make sure the spindle clamp has been
loosened before turning the thimble
 do not screw the spindle beyond the barrel
scale
 never place the micrometer where it can
come in contact with dirt or cutting fluids
 handle the micrometer as little as possible
and never allow it to be exposed to heat
 keep the micrometer square to the work
during readings
 never apply excessive force to the thimble
 endeavour to develop a light constant “feel”
 do not put a micrometer down in a position
where it could be knocked or dropped
 replace any attachments, such as extension
rods, in their box immediately after they have
been used
 do not attempt to make adjustments to
micrometers unless you have been trained to
CARE OF doM this
ICROMETERS
 have micrometers checked regularly over
their range of size
 when you have finished using the
micrometer, it must be wiped clean, oiled
with a suitable protective oil and stored in a
Workbooks\2011\MEM12023A
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SECTION 5 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Name the seven main parts of the micrometer

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 1.......................................................................................................................................
2.......................................................................................................................................
3.......................................................................................................................................
4.......................................................................................................................................
5.......................................................................................................................................
6.......................................................................................................................................
7.......................................................................................................................................

2. Give one practical use for each of the following micrometers

Outside use.......................................................................................................................
Inside use.........................................................................................................................
Depth use.........................................................................................................................

3. Why should the faces of the anvil/spindle be cleaned before use?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

4. Why must the work be stationary before it is measured with a micrometer?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

5. How should a micrometer be stored when not in use?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

6. When taking a measurement, why is it important to use a sensitive feel?

.........................................................................................................................................

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 .........................................................................................................................................

7. Micrometers are measuring instruments that enable accurate measurements to be

taken

Identify the micrometers below

a…………………………… b……………………………. c………………………..

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PROTRACTORS AND BEVEL GAUGES

Angular measurement is closely associated with

linear (straight line) measurement.

Parts that are manufactured may have angles or

tapers that require to fit accurately to mating parts.

Certain measuring equipment has been designed to

measure angles or tapers in degrees or parts of a
degree.

Protractors

Protractors have a dial face graduated in degrees,

with a straight blade that can be swivelled to an
angle, then locked in position.

They are used for:

 setting work to an angle
 testing angles
 marking out the position of holes

Because they are graduated only in degrees,

protractors should not be used for the accurate
measurement of angles.

Bevel Gauges

A bevel gauge consists of a body with an adjustable

sliding blade that may be set and clamped at an
angle to the body.

Use a bevel gauge as follows:

 set the blade of the gauge to the angle
required
 lock the blade to the body with the
clamping screw
 transfer the gauge on to the work
 compare the setting of the gauge against the
angle on the work
 compare the setting of the gauge against the
angle on the work

Other methods are used to check angles more

accurately.

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6 VERNIERS

Verniers are devices that are fitted to various

measuring tools to enable accurate measurements
to be made.

The vernier consists of two scales:

 the main scale

 the vernier scale

The main scale is graduated into standard divisions

similar to a graduated steel rule.

The verier scale is made such a length that when it

is divided into a number of equal parts, each part
represents a proportional length of the
corresponding main scale division.

Vernier Calipers

The vernier calliper consists of a fixed jaw and a

frame or beam along which is engraved an
accurately graduated scale.

A sliding jaw fitted with a vernier scale can be

moved along the frame. Use the clamping screws
to fix it close to the required setting.

Then the sliding jaw may be finely adjusted along

the frame by means of a knurled thumb screw.

Vernier calipers often have provision for taking

internal measurements.

When you have finished using the vernier, it must

be wiped clean, oiled with a suitable protective oil
and stored in a protective box.

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THE PRINCIPLE OF THE METRIC VERNIER

The principle of a metric vernier to read to 0.02 of

a millimetre is explained as follows:

The main scale is graduated into millimetres, with

each tenth millimetre being numbers.

The vernier scale is made 49 millimetres long and

divided into 50 equal parts.

The length of each division is therefore one fiftieth

of the total length of 49 millimetres.

1/50 of 49mm – 0.98 of a millimetre

The main scale divisions are one millimetre long.

The vernier scale divisions are 0.98 of a millimetre
long. This means that the vernier scale divisions
are 0.02 of a millimetre shorter than the main scale
divisions.

1mm – 0.98nn = 0.02mm

From the sketch, note that the vernier division is

progressively displaced by 0.02 of a millimetre
shorter than the main scale divisions.

1mm – 0.98mm = 0.02mm

From the sketch, note that each vernier division is

progressively displaced by 0.02 of a millimetre
from its corresponding main scale division.

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READING A METRIC VERNIER – EXERCISES

Read a metric vernier to 0.02 of a millimetre as

follows:
 read the main scale to the left of zero the
verier in millimetres
 now look at the verier scale
 note which one of the verier divisions is
opposite a line on the main scale

Each of the lines on the vernier scale represents a

division that is 0.02 of a mm shorter than those of the
main scale. Multiply the number of the line on the
vernier scale by 0.02 and add the result to the reading
of the main scale.

The sketch shows the reading on a vernier.

There are 37 full divisions on the main scale to the

left of the zero. This equals 37 millimetres.

The thirty third line on the vernier scale is opposite a

line on the main scale giving:

33 x 0.02 which equals 0.66mm

Now add 0.66mm to the main sale reading of 37mm

to give a total reading of 37.66mm.

Certain metric verniers with the vernier scale of

49mm long have each fifth line of the vernier scale
numbered from 1 to 10.

As each division on the vernier scale represents

0.02mm, then the fifth line representing 5 x 0.2 which
equals 0.1mm is marked number 1.

The tenth line is marked 2, the fifteenth line marked 3

and so on to the end of the scale.

Read this type of scale as follows:

 read the main scale as before
 read the numbered divisions of the vernier
scale as tenths of a millimetre
 complete the reading by adding the extra 0.02
lines

Workbooks\2011\MEM12023A 35
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 The example shows a vernier setting.

The main scale reads 60 millimetres.

The vernier shos the fifth line which represents

0.5mm, plus 3 extra divisions which represent 3 x
0.02 that is 0.06mm.

Total reading is:

60
+0.5
+0.06
=60.56mm

Some metric verniers have their main scale divided

into millimetres and half millimetres, with the
vernier scale made 24.5mm which equals 0.98 of a
millimetre.

The vernier scale divisions are again 0.02 of a mm

shorter than the corresponding main scale millimetre
divisions.

The sketch shows the reading of vernier reading to

0.02 of a millimetre. It has a vernier scale 24.5mm
long.

There are 37 major divisions on the main scale to the

left of the zero, which equals 37mm.

There is also one half millimetre division which

equals 0.5mm.

37 + 0.5 += .7.5mm

The eighth line on the vernier scale is opposite a line

on the main scale, Multiply 8 by 0.02 which
represents 0.16 and add this to the reading of the
main scale.

Main scale 37.5

Vernier scale 0.16
Total reading 37.66 millimetres

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 A good magnifying glass is of great assistance when
reading a vernier.

When no magnifying glass is available, hold the

vernier so that you are looking at the scale at an angle
and in line with the graduated line.

Look along rather than at the line. Move into a

position where the light strikes from the back of the
vernier scale at about the same angle as your line of
sight.
USING VERNIER CALIPERS

The advantage of vernier callipers is that they may be

read from zero up to the length of the main scale,
often 250 millimetres or more.
Workbooks\2011\MEM12023A 37
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They may also have provision for taking depth
readings.
 These are callipers with a dial face reading device
which replaces the vernier scale.

They will measure to the same accuracy as other

Vverniers. The dial gives the advantage of quick and
ERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
easy reading.

The dial is graduated to represent a proportion of the

The vernier height gauge is a development of the
main scale division.
vernier calliper.
One complete turn of the pointer around the dial
The graduated frame is held in a vertical position by
represents a distance of one main division on the main
being attached to an accurately ground base.
scale.
The vernier is reading the same way as the vernier
Read a dial type vernier as follows:
callipers, except that the readings would be taken
from the moveable jaw to the base.
 note the number of main divisions to the left
of the movable jaw
The height gauge would normally be used from a
 now read the dial and add the additional
surface plate or table. It is designed for accurate
readings to the main scale reading
marking out or checking heights. A depth gauge and
a scribing blade are two attachments that may be
clamped to the measuring bar of the height gauge
The sketch shows the reading on a dial type metric
calliper that reads to an accuracy of 0.05 of a
millimetre.

There are 30mm showing on the main scale.

The dial shows 4 full millimetres plus 14 divisions

representing 14 x 0.05 which represents 0.70mm.
DIAL TYPE VERNIER CALIPERS
Total reading is:

30mm
+ 4mm
+0.7mm
Workbooks\2011\MEM12023A
=34.7mm 38
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 Vernier protractors are protractors that have a vernier
scale on their graduated scale to enable them to be set
to a much greater accuracy.

Generally they give an accuracy of 5 minutes which is

one twelfth of a degree.

The principle of a vernier protractor is explained as

follows:

The main scale of the protractor is graduated into

360 degrees, reading from 0 to 90 to 0, then 90 back
to 0.

The vernier scale is made to cover an arc of 23

degrees of the main scale. It is then divided in 12
equal parts.

Then length or angle of each division is therefore one

twelfth of the total arc of 23 degrees.

1 23º
12 of 23º = 12 is

11
1 12

The length of the corresponding divisions on the main

scale is 2 degrees.
VERNIER PROTRACTORS
Therefore the length of the vernier divisions is one
twelfth of a degree shorter than the length of the
corresponding divisions on the main scale.

11º
2º - 1 12 - = 12
= 60
Workbooks\2011\MEM12023A 39
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= 5’
 As shown at the right, the vernier scale is duplicated
to read either side of the zero. If you read the main
scale in an anti-clockwise direction, continue reading
the vernier scale in an anti-clockwise direction from
zero.

If you read the main scale in a clockwise direction,

continue reading the vernier scale in a clockwise
direction.

Always make sure the vernier reading adds to the

main scale reading.

Read a vernier protractor to one twelfth of a degree as

follows:

 read the degrees of the main scale up to the

zero of the vernier
 continue reading on the appropriate vernier
scale
 note the number of the line on the vernier
scale that is opposite a line on the main scale

As each line of the vernier scale represents an arc of 5

minutes, multiply the number of this line by 5, and
add the result in minutes to the degrees of the main
scale.

The sketch shows a vernier protractor set to an angle.

READING
The A VERNIER
main scale PROTRACTOR
reads 52 degrees up to the zero of the
vernier.

Continued reading shows that the ninth line on the

vernier scale is opposite a line on the main scale.

9 x 5’ – 45 minutes

Add this to the main scale reading of 52 degrees.

Workbooks\2011\MEM12023A 40
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Version vernier protractor reading is 52º 45’.
Workbooks\2011\MEM12023A 41
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Workbooks\2011\MEM12023A 42
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SECTION 6 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. List four steps in the use of a vernier calliper

1...............................................................................................................................................
2...............................................................................................................................................
3...............................................................................................................................................
4...............................................................................................................................................

2. List four main steps to follow when reading vernier scales

1...............................................................................................................................................
2...............................................................................................................................................
3...............................................................................................................................................
4...............................................................................................................................................

3. What four measuring tasks can be performed with a vernier calliper?

1...............................................................................................................................................
2...............................................................................................................................................
3...............................................................................................................................................
4...............................................................................................................................................

4. What is the main disadvantage of a vernier calliper, compared to a micrometer?

.................................................................................................................................................

5. How is the parallex error avoided when reading a vernier instrument?

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

6. Name three causes of inaccurate readings when using a vernier calliper

1...............................................................................................................................................
2...............................................................................................................................................
3...............................................................................................................................................

Workbooks\2011\MEM12023A 43
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 7 MEASURING WITH GRADUATED TOOLS – PRACTICAL TEST

FEATURE MEASURING INSTRUMENT SIZE WITHIN

NO USED TOLERANCE
YES/NO

From the measurements recorded above, the component supplied is/is not within
specifications according to the drawing provided.

(Cross out the incorrect term)

Completed by: …………………………….

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Workbooks\2011\MEM12023A 45
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 TASK ASSESSMENT SHEET
MEM12023A Perform Engineering Measurements
Student Name: ……………………………………………… Group: …………………..

Training Task No. Completed Comments

Section 2
1.  ……..…………………………………
2.  ……..…………………………………
3.  ……..…………………………………
Section3
1.  ……..…………………………………
2.  ……..…………………………………
3.  ……..…………………………………
4.  ……..…………………………………
5.  ……..…………………………………
Section 4
1.  ……..…………………………………
Section 5
1.  ……..…………………………………
2.  ……..…………………………………
3.  ……..…………………………………
4.  ……..…………………………………
5.  ……..…………………………………
6.  ……..…………………………………
7.  ……..…………………………………
Section 6
1.  ……..…………………………………
2.  ……..…………………………………
3.  ……..…………………………………
4.  ……..…………………………………
5.  ……..…………………………………
6.  ……..…………………………………
7.  ……..…………………………………

Assessor: ………………………………………… Date: …………………

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