CẤU TRÚC ALTHOUGH VÀ HOWEVER

A. Although
I. Định nghĩa
Although là một liên từ được sử dụng để nối hai mệnh đề trái ngược nhau về mặt ngữ nghĩa trong cùng
một câu.
Ví dụ:
- I am hungry although I ate a lot of food
Mệnh đề sau "although" là mệnh đề phụ, diễn tả sự trái ngược, nhượng bộ hoặc điều kiện ngược lại so
với điều được đề cập trong mệnh đề chính. mệnh đề thứ hai sẽ chỉ ra một điều bất ngờ hoặc trái ngược
với điều đầu tiên.
Ví dụ:
- Although she was tired, she finished her homework.

II. Các công thức

Công thức:
Although + S + V , S + V
Ví dụ:
- Although they faced many difficulties, they still finished their work well
S + V + although + S + V
Ví dụ:
- She went for a walk, although it was raining. (Cô ấy đã đi dạo, mặc dù trời đang mưa)
III. Từ đồng nghĩa nhưng khác sắc thái của Although

Though (Dù) = Even though (Cho dù) = Although (Mặc dù)

B. However
I. Định nghĩa
- However có nghĩa là tuy nhiên, mặc dù
- However đồng nghĩa với but và although

Original: I need to cross the road, but the traffic lights are red.
Rewritten: I need to cross the road; however, the traffic lights are red.

II.Cấu trúc

Cấu trúc 1: However đứng giữa câu

Clause 1;however, clause 2
Ví dụ:
- She likes riding her motorbike; however, it was broken yesterday.
- I can usually avoid rush hours; however, I was stuck in traffic today.
Cấu trúc 2: However đứng đầu câu
Clause 1. However, Clause 2
Ví dụ:
- The weather is perfect today. However, I don’t like to go out
- I tried to get up early. However, I still missed the bus.
III. So sánh với but và although
A.However và Although
1. Vị trí trong câu:

 "Although" là liên từ (conjunction) và luôn đứng giữa hai mệnh đề (clause).

o Ví dụ: Although it was raining, we went to the cinema.
(Mặc dù trời mưa, chúng tôi vẫn đi xem phim.)
 "However" là trạng ngữ (adverb) và thường đứng ở đầu câu hoặc giữa câu, thường được theo
sau bởi dấu phẩy.
o Ví dụ 1: It was raining; however, we went to the cinema.
(Trời mưa; tuy nhiên, chúng tôi vẫn đi xem phim.)
o Ví dụ 2: We went to the cinema. However, it was raining.
(Chúng tôi đi xem phim. Tuy nhiên, trời mưa.)

2. Cấu trúc câu:

 "Although" liên kết hai mệnh đề độc lập hoặc một mệnh đề chính với mệnh đề phụ.
o Ví dụ: Although he was tired, he finished his homework.
(Mặc dù anh ấy mệt, anh ấy vẫn hoàn thành bài tập về nhà.)
 "However" nối hai mệnh đề hoặc có thể đứng độc lập để tạo ra một câu hoàn chỉnh.
o Ví dụ: She studied hard; however, she didn’t pass the exam.
(Cô ấy học chăm chỉ; tuy nhiên, cô ấy đã không vượt qua kỳ thi.)

2. But và However
- But và however đều mang nghĩa là "tuy nhiên, nhưng", nhưng vị trí đứng trong câu có khác nhau

Ví dụ:
- I don't like him (A), but I agree that he's a good manager (B). (Tôi không ưa ông ấy, nhưng tôi đồng
tình rằng ông ấy là một vị quản lý giỏi.)
- I don't like him (A). However, I agree that he's a good manager (B). (Tôi không ưa ông ấy, nhưng tôi
đồng tình rằng ông ấy là một vị quản lý giỏi.)

- Điểm khác nhau giữa but và however: But là một liên từ, nó được dùng để nối hai mệnh đề, và nó
thường đứng đầu mệnh đề thứ hai; còn however là một trạng từ, về mặt ngữ pháp nó không nối 2 mệnh
đề với nhau, vì thế however luôn đứng sau dấu chấm câu hoặc dấu chấm phẩy (;) như trong các ví dụ
trên.

- However có thể đứng ở nhiều vị trí khác nhau trong câu. Nó thường được tách ra khỏi mệnh đề bằng
một hoặc hai dấu phẩy, tùy thuộc vào vị trí của nó trong câu.
Ví dụ:
However, the police did not believe him. (Tuy nhiên, cảnh sát không tin anh ta.)
The police, however, did not believe him. (Tuy nhiên, cảnh sát không tin anh ta.)
The police did not believe him, however. (Tuy nhiên, cảnh sát không tin anh ta.)

Original: I need to cross the road, but the traffic lights are red.
Rewritten: I need to cross the road; however, the traffic lights are red.
Original: The bus is usually crowded, but today it was empty.
Rewritten: The bus is usually crowded; however, today it was empty.

IV. Bài tập

Bài 1: Viết lại câu với although/because/but
Bài tập 2: Sắp xếp từ cho sẵn thành câu hoàn chỉnh
1. we / had / Although / late / the concert / a / great / time / at / arrived
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2. in / the / she / mountains / hiking / enjoys / Although, / prefers / she / beach / the
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5. to / it / cold, / go / Although / they / decided / was / swimming
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Bài 2:

Choose the correct word (although, because, but, therefore, however) to complete each sentence.

1. ________ horror films can be scary, many people still enjoy watching them.
A. Although B. Because C. But D. Therefore
2. I find fantasy films exciting; ________, I prefer watching comedy films in my free time.
A. However B.Because C.Although D.But
3. He was tired. ________,he had to go to work.
A. However B. Therefore C. Because D.Although
4. ________ the movie was boring, she stayed until the end.
A. Although B. But C. Therefore D.Because
5. I did not enjoy the horror film, ________ I was frightened the whole time.
A. However B. Because C. But D. Therefore
6. I went to the cinema ________ I wanted to see a science fiction movie.
A. However B. Because C.Therefore D.Although
7. He didn't like the silly jokes in the film, ________ he laughed at some of them.
A. However B. Because C. But D. Therefore
8. The scary movie gave me a nightmare,________ I am afraid of watching it again.
A. However B. Because C. But D. so

Sentence Rewriting: Rewrite each sentence using although or however.

1, _______________ he was tired, he went to the cinema to watch a documentary.

2, We need to buy a new car. _____, we don’t have enogh money to buy
3, _______________ she is afraid of horror films, she watched it with her friends every weekend.
4, My mother wanted to take me to school;___________, I decided to go on foot.
5. It still go camping __________ it rains today.
6. I slept early last night;______, I feel sleepy now

Sentence Rewriting: Rewrite each sentence using although or however.

1, He is rich. He doesn’t give me any money.

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2. She studied hard. She didn’t pass the exam.
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3. He was busy. He found time to help his classmates with their work
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4, The book was interesting. I don’t have time to read it.
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5, She didn’t like sports. She participated in the school’s volleyball team.
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6. We decided to go for a walk in the park. It was hot outside.
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7. We planned to go to the beach. It started raining heavily.
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8, The sign says “No bicycle”, Jane trys to ride her bike on that street.
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9, He wasn’t feeling well. He went to school to meet his friends.
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READING SIGNS AND NOTICES

Question 1: What does the sign mean?

A. The gap is unsafe, but you don't need to be careful when entering.
B. Be careful! There is a gap below, it is unsafe.
C. You should fill the gap with your luggage to make it safer.
D. The gap is safe to enter, so you don't need to be careful.
Question 3: What does the sign mean?
A. Running is not encouraged here, so you should run as much as you can.
B. Running is allowed in some specific places, but not here.
C. Only children are allowed to run here; adults should walk.
D. Running is not allowed in this area, so you need to walk instead of running.
Question 4: Which of the following information is correct?

A. You can watch up to four films for free.

B. You must buy 5 tickets to get it free.
C. Cheap tickets are available for groups of four in the evenings.
D. The fifth film you see during the daytime is free.

Question 5: What does the sign mean?

A. Overnight parking is not allowed, you have to pay extra.
B. You have to leave before dark.
C. Only employees are allowed to park here overnight.
D. Overnight parking here is free, so you can leave your car there all night.
Question 7: What does the sign mean?
A. Camping is allowed here and you may pitch a tent and stay overnight.
B. Camping is not allowed here, but you can pay to rent a campsite.
C. Certain areas in this area are designated for camping, but not this area.
D. Do not set up tents or stay overnight in this area; camping is not allowed.
Question 8: What time do students need to arrive at school tomorrow?

A. around 8:30 B. before 8:40 C. at 8:50 D. at 8:40

Question 9: What does the sign mean?

A. Children are welcome in this area.
B. The area is for people over 16 only.
C. Children are not allowed to run in this area.
D. Children can enter but must be accompanied by an adult.

Rewrite the sentences using the given words.

1. Her income is quite low. She can’t resist buying new things. (although)
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3. The price tag can tell you about prices. You can still bargain and pay 20% lower than the prices
on the tags. (but)
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4. Many shops are offering 50% discounts before Tet. Customers seem to be very careful about
spendings as the economy is facing a downturn. (however)
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