PROPRIETARY REPORT

The Comprehensive
Guide to Choosing
Cameras and Lenses
for Computer Vision

Empowering your
computer vision projects
with the right hardware
Table of Contents
Introduction Lighting and Illumination Techniques
Why Lighting Matters and Key Principles
Computer Vision Overview
Lighting Techniques and Setup Tips
The Relationship between Hardware and Software

The Bigger Picture: System Integration Image Preprocessing and

Augmentation
Selecting the Best Camera for
The Importance of Preprocessing and Augmentation
Computer Vision
Understanding Project Requirements Core Preprocessing Techniques

Camera Specifications Augmentation: Enhancing Dataset Diversity

Connectivity and Integration Integrating Preprocessing and Augmentation into

Your Workflows
Environmental Considerations
Best Practices for Dataset Preparation
Budget and Cost Considerations

Regulatory and Compliance Issues Case Studies in Computer Vision

Future Trends and Emerging Technologies Counting Cans on an Assembly Line

Questions to Guide Vision Camera Choice Monitoring Trucks in a Shipping Yard

Automated Plant Health Monitoring in Agriculture

Camera Recommendations
Quality Inspection in Electronics Manufacturing
Best All-around Camera

Best Higher Resolution Camera Conclusion

Best Low Light Camera

Best Compact Camera

Best High-Speed Camera

Best Budget Camera

Choosing the Right Lens for Select, configure, and

Computer Vision
deploy a computer
Why Lens Selection Matters in Computer Vision

Understanding Lens Mount Types in vision system for your

Computer Vision

Tips for Choosing the Right Mount

specific industrial or
Matching Lens to Camera Sensor Size professional needs
Working Distance and Field of View

Aperture and Depth of Field Considerations

Special Lens Types for Specific Applications

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 2

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Introduction
Selecting the right camera and lens is foundational to the success of any computer vision project. Whether you’re involved in
industrial automation, quality control, robotics, or any field that relies on precise image capture and analysis, the hardware you
choose directly impacts the performance and reliability of your system.

But with an overwhelming array of options available, how do you make the right choice? This guide aims to simplify the
process by breaking down the key factors you need to consider when selecting cameras and lenses for your computer
vision applications. We’ll explore everything from lens mount types and sensor compatibility to specialized camera features,
environmental considerations, and future trends.

To help you make informed decisions, the guide integrates:

Actionable Insights: Detailed explanations paired with practical tips to streamline your hardware
selection process.
Case Studies: Real-world examples from industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, and logistics,
showcasing how hardware choices directly influence project success.
Emerging Technologies: An exploration of cutting-edge advancements like hyperspectral imaging,
LiDAR, and Time-of-Flight cameras, ensuring your system is future-ready.
Visual Aids and Practical Comparisons: Diagrams and charts to help you visualize technical concepts
and make sense of trade-offs between options.

Throughout this guide, you will learn:

1. How to align your hardware choices with project goals, balancing technical requirements, environmental
constraints, and budget considerations.
2. The critical roles of lighting, preprocessing, and augmentation in optimizing data for computer vision workflows.
3. Best practices for deploying computer vision systems, whether on the edge or in the cloud.

By the end of this guide, you’ll have the knowledge to select, configure, and deploy a computer vision system for your specific
industrial or professional needs.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 4

Computer vision overview
In computer vision applications, every component in the system—from the camera and lens to the processing hardware
and algorithms—contributes to the overall performance. Think of these components as interconnected links in a chain: the
strength of each link determines the reliability of the entire system. Among these, the camera and lens form the first and
arguably most critical link, as they directly capture the visual data that the rest of the system relies on.

The relationship between

hardware and software
While advanced algorithms and software solutions
can perform impressive feats such as enhancing
resolution, denoising, and compensating for certain
artifacts, they are constrained by the quality of the
raw data they process. In essence, no amount of
compute can fully recover the information lost due to
a poorly chosen camera or lens. A strong emphasis
on getting the hardware right ensures that the
captured images meet the necessary standards for
resolution, contrast, and dynamic range.

The bigger picture:

System integration
The selection of cameras and lenses doesn’t happen
in isolation; it must align with the system’s broader
requirements, including processing capabilities,
environmental conditions, and project constraints.
Ensuring this alignment creates a cohesive
and efficient workflow, maximizing the overall
performance of the computer vision system.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 5

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Selecting the
best camera for
computer vision
Choosing the right camera involves understanding your
project’s specific requirements and matching them with the
appropriate camera specifications and features.

Understanding project
requirements
Key considerations include:

Image Quality: High-quality images with low noise for

accurate analysis.

Lighting Conditions: Cameras must perform under the

prevalent lighting conditions, whether indoor, outdoor, or
variable.

Operational Environment: Consider if the camera needs

to withstand harsh conditions like extreme temperatures,
moisture, or vibrations.

Processing Time: Determine if real-time processing is

required, which necessitates low-latency cameras.

Data Security: For sensitive applications, consider data

encryption and secure transmission protocols.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 6

Camera specifications
When selecting a camera for computer vision applications, it’s important to consider certain technical specifications that
directly impact its ability to capture images suitable for analysis. Here’s a detailed look at the key specifications to evaluate:

Resolution
A camera’s ability to capture fine details is determined
by its resolution, making it critical for applications that
require identifying small features or precise analysis.
High resolution ensures accuracy in tasks such as defect
detection or object recognition.
Consideration: Match the resolution to the smallest
object feature you need to detect, avoiding excessive data
processing demands or missed details.

Shutter speed
Shutter speed refers to the amount of time the sensor is exposed to light. A slower shutter results in motion blur
when capturing moving objects, while a faster shutter speed helps capture crisper images.
Consideration: Use a camera that allows for controlling and adjusting shutter speed. Use a faster shutter speed (at
least 1/500 or 1/1000) for fast-moving objects.

Frame rate
Capturing motion effectively relies on an appropriate frame rate, which specifies the number of frames recorded
per second. Smooth playback and accurate motion analysis require sufficient frame rates to avoid motion blur,
especially in dynamic environments.
Consideration: Use higher frame rates for fast-moving objects, while lower frame rates may suffice for slower or
static scenarios to save storage and processing.

Sensor size
Image quality and light capture depend heavily on the size of the camera’s sensor, which plays a significant role in
low-light performance. Larger sensors excel in capturing more light, producing detailed images in dim conditions.
Consideration: Balance image quality needs with budget and size constraints when selecting a sensor size

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 7

 Lens compatibility
Field of view, depth of field, and framing are all influenced by the lens compatibility of your camera. These factors
determine how the camera captures the scene and how adaptable it is to different environments.
Consideration: Choose cameras with interchangeable lenses for greater flexibility and ensure the lens system
aligns with your application’s requirements.

Low light performance

Maintaining image quality in dim environments is critical for many computer vision applications. A camera’s ability
to perform well in low-light conditions depends on its ISO range and how it handles noise at higher ISO settings.
Consideration: Evaluate the ISO range and noise levels to ensure the camera can deliver clear images in low-light
scenarios

Dynamic range
High dynamic range (HDR) is essential for capturing
details in both shadows and highlights, making it
ideal for scenes with high contrast or varying lighting
conditions. A wider dynamic range helps retain
important details that might otherwise be lost.
Consideration: Opt for cameras with high dynamic
range capabilities to improve performance in
environments with challenging lighting.

Source: Aversis 3D

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 8

 Shutter type
The type of shutter affects how images are captured
during motion. A global shutter captures the entire
image simultaneously, eliminating motion artifacts,
while a rolling shutter captures sequentially, potentially
causing distortions with fast-moving objects.

Consideration: Choose a global shutter for high-speed

applications to avoid distortions, while rolling shutters
may be suitable for slower-moving or static scenarios. Source: Teledyne

Connectivity and integration

From the choice of interface to software compatibility and physical integration, each aspect plays a vital role in optimizing
performance and simplifying installation. Understanding these factors helps create a streamlined setup tailored to your
application’s needs:

Interface types
The choice of interface type affects data transfer speed and installation flexibility. USB is user-friendly and suitable for
applications with low to moderate speed requirements. GigE (Gigabit Ethernet) provides higher data rates and supports longer
cable lengths, making it ideal for industrial or large-scale setups.

System integration: Camera size and power

The camera’s size and power requirements should align with your system’s design. Compact cameras are ideal for
constrained spaces, while Power over Ethernet (PoE) simplifies installation by delivering power and data over a single cable,
reducing complexity in setup.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 9

Environmental considerations
Cameras used in computer vision applications often face challenging environmental conditions that can impact their
performance and longevity. Evaluating factors such as operational conditions, protective measures, and IP ratings ensures the
camera can withstand its environment while maintaining reliability.

Operational conditions
Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and
exposure to dust or debris significantly affect camera
performance. Choose cameras rated for the temperature
range they will encounter, sealed or weatherproof options for
humid or wet environments, and enclosures to shield against
dust and particles.

Protective measures
Appropriate protective measures, such as enclosures,
safeguard cameras from environmental stressors like water,
dust, and impacts. In dynamic or high-vibration environments,
vibration-resistant mounting hardware is essential to maintain
stability and image quality.

IP ratings
Source: Basler
The Ingress Protection (IP) rating classifies a device’s
resistance to dust and water using a two-digit system. The
first digit (ranging from 0 to 6) represents protection against
solid particles, with 6 indicating complete protection against
dust ingress. The second digit (ranging from 0 to 9) denotes
resistance to water, where 7 means the device can withstand
temporary immersion in water up to a specified depth
(typically 1 meter for 30 minutes). For example, an *P67 rating
ensures a camera is fully dust-tight and can endure short-
term water immersion, making it ideal for harsh environments
where exposure to dust and moisture is a concern.

Budget and cost considerations

When selecting a camera for computer vision, budget constraints often play a significant role. Striking the right balance
between cost and performance, understanding the total cost of ownership, and exploring cost-effective alternatives can help
you maximize value without compromising functionality.

Balancing cost and performance

Carefully assess the essential features your application requires and prioritize them over unnecessary high-end specifications.
Avoid over-specifying, as advanced features often come with increased costs that may not provide added value for your
specific needs.

Total cost of ownership

Consider not just the upfront cost of the camera but also the long-term expenses, such as maintenance, repairs, and software
updates. Additionally, evaluate whether the camera supports upgrades or scalability to adapt to future requirements, reducing
the need for replacements.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 10

Regulatory and compliance
Ensuring your camera meets regulatory and compliance requirements is essential
for both legal adherence and operational reliability. Industry standards and data
security are critical aspects to consider, especially in applications involving
sensitive environments or information.

Industry standards
Selecting cameras that meet certifications such as ISO, CE, or FCC ensures
compliance with quality and safety benchmarks. For specialized fields like
healthcare, additional regulations, such as FDA compliance, may be required to
meet industry-specific standards.

Data security and privacy

In applications where sensitive data is transmitted or stored, cameras with built-in
encryption capabilities provide an added layer of protection. Additionally, ensure
data handling practices comply with relevant data protection laws, such as GDPR,
to safeguard privacy and maintain regulatory compliance.

Future trends and emerging technologies

The landscape of computer vision is continually advancing, driven by cutting-edge technologies that enhance functionality
and expand application possibilities. Staying informed about these developments can help you adopt future-ready solutions
for your projects.

Hyperspectral imaging
Capturing a wide range of wavelengths beyond the visible spectrum, this technology delivers detailed data for applications
like agriculture and material identification. It helps monitor crop health and detect unique spectral signatures, offering insights
that traditional imaging methods cannot provide, making it valuable for scientific and industrial uses.

Source: Specim

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 11

Thermal imaging sensors
By detecting infrared radiation, these sensors allow visualization of heat signatures, making them critical for surveillance,
industrial inspections, and firefighting. They enhance visibility in low-light conditions and identify temperature variations,
proving invaluable in both safety and diagnostic applications.

LiDAR and Time-of-Flight cameras

Providing precise depth information by measuring light travel time, these technologies are essential for autonomous
navigation and spatial awareness. Their ability to detect obstacles and interact with 3D environments has made them key tools
in robotics, augmented reality, and self-driving vehicles.

Source: InfraTec Source: LUCID Vision Labs

Questions to guide vision camera choice

When selecting a camera for a computer vision project, asking the right questions can effectively guide your
decision-making process. These considerations help align the camera’s capabilities with the project’s specific
requirements, ensuring optimal performance and cost-effectiveness. Below are the key questions to explore:

What is the primary application of the camera?

Start by defining the primary use case for the camera. Is it for inspection, measurement, object recognition, or
another purpose? Understanding the application helps narrow down essential specifications like resolution, frame
rate, and sensor type. For example, a camera for quality control might prioritize high resolution, while one for
robotic navigation may need wide dynamic range and robust real-time capabilities.

What are the environmental conditions where the camera will be used?
Consider the operating environment. Will the camera be exposed to extreme temperatures, moisture, dust,
or vibration? If so, ruggedized housings, weatherproof designs, or additional protective measures may be
necessary. Indoor, outdoor, and industrial settings all impose unique challenges that must be addressed during
camera selection.

What are the required resolution and field of view?

Determine the level of detail the system needs to capture. High-resolution cameras are essential for capturing
fine details, while field of view requirements dictate the choice of sensor size and lens. Questions like “How far
is the camera positioned from the subject?” and “What size are the objects being imaged?” are critical in defining
these parameters.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 12

What lighting conditions will the camera
operate under?
Evaluate the lighting conditions where the camera will
function. Will it operate in low light, bright daylight, or
environments with fluctuating illumination? Cameras
with high sensitivity, low noise, or enhanced dynamic
range may be necessary to handle challenging
lighting scenarios effectively.

What connectivity and integration

capabilities are needed?
Think about how the camera will interface with the
broader system. Will it use USB, GigE, Camera Link,
or another communication protocol? Also, consider
the physical distance between the camera and the
compute device, as it affects both connectivity and
latency. Compatibility with existing systems ensures
seamless integration and efficient operation.

What are the budget constraints and total

cost of ownership?
Beyond the upfront cost of the camera, factor in
additional costs like lenses, housing, mounting
equipment, and maintenance. Consider the overall
return on investment (ROI) and ensure that the
chosen camera meets performance requirements
without exceeding budget limitations.

Are there any regulatory or compliance

requirements?
Certain industries, such as healthcare, automotive,
and manufacturing, may have specific regulatory or
compliance standards. Ensure that the camera and
associated hardware meet these requirements to
avoid legal or operational complications.

How scalable does the solution need to

be for future expansions?
Think about the long-term needs of your system. If
future scalability is a priority, choose cameras that
can accommodate higher resolutions, faster frame
rates, or additional features as your application
evolves. Planning for scalability minimizes the need
for costly upgrades down the line.
Camera Recommendations
Based on the factors discussed earlier, here are six camera recommendations that cater to a variety of scenarios, offering
options for different performance needs, environments, and budgets.

Best all-around camera: Basler ace2 Basic

The Basler ace2 Basic is a versatile camera that meets the needs of most
computer vision applications. It strikes an excellent balance between
performance and cost, making it a go-to option for developers looking for
reliability without overspending.
Key Attributes: High frame rate, good resolution, and affordability.
Resolution: 2 MP (1920 x 1080).
Frame Rate: Up to 160 FPS, suitable for high-speed applications.
Connectivity: USB 3.0 and GigE, ensuring compatibility with various setups.
Source: Balser
Ideal Use Cases: Object detection, facial

Best higher resolution Camera: Basler ace2 Pro

For applications that require detailed imaging and precise measurements, the
Basler ace2 Pro offers a step up in resolution while maintaining an impressive
balance of performance and price.

Key Attributes: Higher resolution, moderate frame rate, and excellent cost-to-performance ratio.
Resolution: 5 MP (2448 x 2048), capturing fine details.
Frame Rate: 60 FPS, supporting applications with moderate-speed processes.
Connectivity: USB 3.0 and GigE for seamless integration into existing systems.
Source: Balser Ideal Use Cases: High-precision inspections, such as detecting minute defects in manufacturing,
and tasks requiring detailed texture or surface analysis.

Best low light camera: LUCID Vision Labs Triton

The LUCID Vision Labs Triton is designed to excel in challenging lighting
conditions. Its advanced sensor technology ensures excellent performance in
low-light scenarios, making it a reliable choice for specialized environments.

Key Attributes: Excellent low-light sensitivity, high resolution, rugged design with IP-rated housing.
Resolution: 12.3 MP (4096 x 3000), providing outstanding detail even in dim conditions.
Frame Rate: 9 FPS, optimized for scenarios where lighting is a constraint rather than speed.
Connectivity: GigE for robust and long-distance data transmission.
Source: LUCID Vision Labs Ideal Use Cases: Outdoor surveillance, night-time monitoring, astrophotography, and other
applications where lighting conditions are unpredictable or limited.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 14

 Best compact camera: FLIR Blackfly S
The FLIR Blackfly S is a compact yet powerful camera suitable for
applications requiring portability and performance. It’s particularly useful for
space-constrained setups without compromising image quality.

Key Attributes: Small form factor, excellent image quality, and flexible mounting options.
Resolution: 3.2 MP (2048 x 1536).
Frame Rate: 60 FPS, suitable for moderate-speed processes.
Connectivity: USB 3.1 or GigE.
Source: FLIR Ideal Use Cases: Robotics, embedded systems, and portable vision solutions. Its small size and
high-performance sensor make it ideal for mobile robots, drones, or other compact setups.

Best high-speed camera: Teledyne DALSA Genie

Nano
The Teledyne DALSA Genie Nano is an excellent choice for applications
requiring ultra-fast frame rates and precise timing, such as high-speed
automation or sports analytics.

Key Attributes: Ultra-high frame rate, low latency, and robust design.
Resolution: 1.2 MP (1280 x 1024).
Frame Rate: 300 FPS, ideal for high-speed processes.
Source: Teledyne
Connectivity: GigE Vision.
Ideal Use Cases: Conveyor belt monitoring, sports analysis in slow-motion, and high-speed
industrial processes. Its low latency and high frame rate make it a standout for applications requiring
split-second precision.

Best budget camera: Arducam USB 2MP

For those on a tight budget, the Arducam USB 2MP provides an affordable
entry point into computer vision projects while delivering decent performance
for basic applications.

Key Attributes: Cost-effective, plug-and-play, and flexible.

Resolution: 2 MP (1920 x 1080).
Frame Rate: 30 FPS, suitable for slower processes.
Connectivity: USB 2.0.
Source: Arducam
Ideal Use Cases: Prototyping, educational projects, and low-cost deployments. While it lacks some
of the advanced features of higher-end cameras, its affordability makes it an excellent choice for
testing or smaller-scale projects.

These six cameras span a range of capabilities and use cases, providing options for everything from high-speed processes to
low-light environments and budget-conscious designs.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 15

Choosing the right lens for
computer vision
The lens serves as the eye of the camera, determining how the sensor perceives the world. Selecting the right lens involves
understanding several key factors, including lens mount types, sensor compatibility, working distance, field of view, aperture
settings, and more.

Why lens selection matters in computer vision

A poorly chosen lens can compromise the entire system, introducing issues such as distortion, which warps the image
geometry; insufficient field of view, limiting the scene the sensor can capture; and chromatic aberration, which creates color
fringing and reduces image clarity. Addressing these challenges starts with a fundamental understanding of lens mount types,
as they form the foundation for compatibility and performance in your camera system.

Understanding lens mount types in computer vision

Selecting the right lens for your computer vision system starts with ensuring physical compatibility between the
lens and the camera. This compatibility is determined by the lens mount type, which not only affects how the lens
attaches to the camera but also ensures the lens is positioned at the correct distance from the sensor. Without the
proper mount, the lens may not fit securely, or it could result in unfocused or distorted images. Understanding the
different lens mount types is a critical step in building a reliable and efficient computer vision system.

C-Mount F-Mount
The most widely used mount in computer vision, Developed by Nikon, F-mount lenses are designed
C-mount lenses have a flange focal distance of 17.526 for larger format sensors and are often used in high-
mm. They are compatible with sensors up to 1” in size, resolution imaging tasks where capturing fine details is
making them versatile for a range of applications, from critical. These lenses are ideal for applications requiring
object detection to precision measurements. exceptional image quality over a large field of view.

CS-Mount M12 Mount (S-Mount)

Similar to the C-mount but with a shorter flange Commonly known as board lenses, M12 mounts are
focal distance of 12.526 mm (5 mm less), CS-mount small, lightweight, and designed for compact cameras.
lenses are typically used with smaller sensors, such as They are ideal for space-constrained applications, such
1/2” or smaller. They are a good fit for compact, low- as drones, robotics, or embedded systems, where size
cost systems. and weight are key considerations.

Source: Edmund

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 16

Tips for choosing the right mount
Check camera specifications
Always start by consulting your camera’s technical datasheet to identify the supported lens mount type. This ensures physical
and optical compatibility.

Consider adapter use carefully

Adapters can add flexibility by allowing lenses with different mounts to work with your camera. However, they may introduce
issues like light leaks, misalignment, or vignetting, which can degrade image quality.

Standardization
If your project involves multiple systems, consider standardizing on a single lens mount type across your setups. This
simplifies inventory management, reduces costs, and ensures compatibility when swapping or upgrading lenses.

By understanding and carefully selecting the appropriate lens mount, you lay the groundwork for a well-functioning computer
vision system that delivers reliable and accurate results.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 17

Matching lens to camera sensor size
Selecting a lens that matches your camera’s sensor size is critical for achieving optimal image quality. The sensor size
directly influences the lens’s ability to project an image onto the sensor without introducing artifacts like vignetting or
distortion. Understanding this relationship ensures your system captures the full scene as intended while maintaining clarity
and accuracy.

Understanding image circle and

vignetting
Image Circle: The circular area of the projected
image created by the lens. It must fully cover the
sensor to avoid issues.

Vignetting: Occurs when the image circle is smaller

than the sensor, resulting in dark or black corners in
the captured image.

Guidelines for sensor and lens matching

Choose a Lens Designed for the Same or Larger
Sensor Size: Lenses designed for larger sensors
produce an image circle that exceeds the sensor
dimensions, ensuring full coverage without
vignetting.

Utilize the Lens’s “Sweet Spot”: When using a

lens rated for a larger sensor, the center portion of
the image (where optical performance is highest)
is utilized, resulting in sharper images and reduced
distortion.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 18

Working Distance and Field
of View
The working distance (WD) and field of view (FOV) are crucial
parameters in lens selection. These factors determine how
much of the scene is captured and how close or far the
camera can be placed relative to the subject.

Working Distance (WD): The distance between the front of

the lens and the object being imaged.

Field of View (FOV): The area of the scene captured by the

camera’s sensor.

Relationship between Working Distance and Field of View

Shorter Focal Lengths: Provide a wider field of view, ideal for capturing larger scenes or when the camera is
positioned close to the subject.

Longer Focal Lengths: Offer a narrower field of view with increased magnification, suitable for imaging distant
objects or focusing on fine details.

Practical considerations
Space Constraints: Assess the physical environment to determine the maximum and minimum allowable distances
between the camera and the subject.

Object Size: Larger objects may require a wider FOV to capture them entirely in a single frame.

Detail Requirements: For applications that demand high precision, such as inspecting small defects, a longer focal
length may be necessary.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 19

Aperture and Depth of Field
considerations
The lens aperture, represented by the f-number (e.g., f/1.8,
f/2.8), significantly impacts both the light entering the camera
and the depth of field (DOF)—the range of the scene that
appears acceptably sharp.

Effects of aperture settings

Larger Apertures (Smaller f-number):

Allow more light to reach the sensor, making them ideal for low-light
conditions.

Create a shallow depth of field, with only a small portion of the scene in
sharp focus.

Smaller Apertures (Larger f-number):

Restrict light entry, potentially requiring additional lighting.

Provide a greater depth of field, ensuring more of the scene is in focus.

Balancing Aperture with

Application Needs

Low-Light Environments: Opt

for lenses with larger maximum
apertures to compensate for poor
lighting.

High-Precision Tasks: Use

smaller apertures to ensure all
critical elements in the scene are
sharp, such as in inspection or
measurement applications.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 20

Special lens types for specific applications
Certain applications require specialized lenses that offer unique advantages, enabling precise imaging tailored to specific
needs. Here’s a closer look at some of the most commonly used specialized lenses in computer vision:

Telecentric lens

Uniquely designed to maintain consistent magnification regardless of the object’s distance from the lens. Unlike standard lenses, telecentric lenses
eliminate perspective distortion, which can cause objects to appear larger or smaller based on their position relative to the camera. This feature
makes them indispensable in tasks such as dimensional measurement and metrology, where accurate size and shape assessments are critical.

Macro lens

Optimized for extreme close-up imaging, allowing for the capture of

intricate details that are often invisible to the naked eye. These lenses
are ideal for applications such as inspecting electronic components,
analyzing biological specimens, or examining fine textures. Their
ability to focus on very small objects at close distances ensures that
every detail is accurately represented.

Zoom lens

Offers the flexibility of variable focal lengths, allowing users to adjust

the field of view and magnification without changing the lens. This
adaptability makes them suitable for dynamic environments where the
size or position of objects of interest may change. Applications such
as surveillance, robotics, and multipurpose setups benefit greatly from
the versatility of zoom lenses.

Fixed focal length lens

Provides unmatched optical quality in scenarios with fixed setups.

Because they are optimized for a single focal length, these lenses
typically produce sharper images with less distortion compared
to zoom lenses. They are ideal for applications where consistent
magnification, clarity, and precision are essential, such as quality
control and inspection in industrial settings.

Source: Tamron

By understanding the strengths of these specialized lenses, you can make informed decisions that ensure your computer
vision system is optimized for its specific requirements. Whether precision, flexibility, or detail is your priority, there’s a lens
designed to meet your needs.

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on-device, with or without an internet connection.

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Lighting and illumination techniques
Lighting is a critical factor in computer vision, directly impacting image quality and system performance. Just as the choice of
camera and lens determines how visual data is captured, lighting defines the conditions under which the data is perceived.
Proper lighting complements your camera and lens selection, ensuring features of interest are well-defined and accessible
for processing.

Why lighting matters and

key principles
Lighting bridges the gap between the physical scene and
the digital data captured by your system. Effective lighting
highlights critical features, reduces noise, and minimizes
artifacts such as shadows, glare, or uneven illumination.
Without appropriate lighting, even the best cameras
and lenses may struggle to deliver accurate results.
Conversely, well-planned lighting enhances contrast,
supports consistent image quality, and ensures the reliable
performance of computer vision algorithms.

Key principles to consider

Brightness and Intensity: Maintain levels that align with

your camera’s dynamic range to avoid underexposure or
overexposure.

Color Temperature: Match the light source’s color

temperature to ensure accurate color representation.

Angle and Direction: Position lights to minimize shadows

and glare while highlighting key features.

Lighting techniques and

setup tips
Different applications require specific lighting techniques
and careful setup to achieve optimal results. Below are
the most commonly used methods and their practical
applications:
Front Lighting: Illuminates the object directly to reveal
surface details; ideal for general-purpose imaging but may
cause glare.
Backlighting: Creates high contrast by placing light behind
the object; useful for edge detection and silhouette analysis.
Diffuse Lighting: Minimizes shadows and glare by
scattering light, providing uniform illumination for consistent
surface analysis.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 22

 Practical tips for light setup

• Minimize ambient light interference by working in controlled environments or using enclosures.

• Test and refine the setup by adjusting angles and intensity to enhance feature visibility.

• Regularly clean and maintain lights and diffusers to ensure consistent illumination.

Lighting is an integral part of the computer vision pipeline, complementing camera and lens choices to achieve optimal
results. By understanding and applying the right lighting principles and techniques, you can create consistent, high-quality
images tailored to your project’s needs. A well-designed lighting setup ensures your vision system operates with precision
and reliability, unlocking its full potential.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 23

Image preprocessing and
augmentation
After capturing high-quality images using the right camera, lens, and lighting setup, the next step is preparing this data
for training your computer vision models. This chapter delves into the essential processes of image preprocessing and
augmentation, highlighting how they standardize and enhance datasets to maximize model performance.

The importance of Core preprocessing techniques

preprocessing and Preprocessing aligns your dataset to a consistent standard,
augmentation preparing images across training, validation, and test
sets. Below are key preprocessing methods supported by
Even with high-quality image capture, raw datasets often platforms like Roboflow:
contain inconsistencies, such as variable resolutions,
lighting conditions, and irrelevant background elements.
Preprocessing ensures your dataset is clean and Resizing: Standardizes image dimensions for model
standardized, creating a strong foundation for model compatibility while preserving essential features.
training. Augmentation complements this by generating Options include maintaining aspect ratios or applying
diverse variations of the data, helping your model reflective padding.
generalize to real-world scenarios. Together, these steps Grayscale Conversion: Reduces data complexity by
ensure that your model is robust and capable of handling converting RGB images to single-channel grayscale
diverse inputs. when color is unnecessary.
Contrast Adjustment: Enhances images with low
contrast through techniques like histogram equalization,
improving feature visibility.
Noise Reduction: Removes unwanted artifacts,
ensuring clearer image data for training.
Background Isolation: Focuses on objects of interest
by removing irrelevant background details.

These transformations ensure that all images in your

dataset share a consistent format, reducing variability that
could confuse your model.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 24

Augmentation: Enhancing dataset diversity
Augmentation generates variations in your training set, simulating the diversity of real-world scenarios. This step improves
your model’s ability to generalize and handle unseen data. Key augmentation techniques include:

Flipping and Rotation: Introduces variations in object orientation.

Cropping and Scaling: Mimics changes in object size or position within the frame.
Color Jittering: Adjusts brightness and contrast to replicate varied lighting conditions.
Noise Injection: Adds realistic imperfections to test model resilience.
Cutouts and Occlusions: Simulates partially visible objects, preparing models for complex environments.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 25

Integrating preprocessing and augmentation into your workflow
A streamlined pipeline ensures preprocessing and augmentation fit seamlessly into your dataset preparation:

1. Dataset Import: Begin by uploading images into your preferred platform.

2. Apply Preprocessing: Use tools to resize, normalize, and clean your dataset.
3. Define Augmentations: Configure realistic transformations to expand dataset diversity.
4. Model Training: Generate the final dataset in a format compatible with your chosen framework
(e.g., TensorFlow, PyTorch, Roboflow).
5. Iterate and Optimize: Evaluate model performance and adjust preprocessing or augmentation parameters
as needed.

Best practices for dataset preparation

Start with Clean Data: Ensure annotations are complete and accurate before applying preprocessing
or augmentation.
Reflect Real-World Scenarios: Focus on augmentations that mimic the variability your model will encounter
in deployment.
Monitor Class Balance: Avoid over-augmenting specific classes to maintain a balanced dataset.
Validate Changes: Use a validation set to measure the impact of preprocessing and augmentation on
model performance.

Image preprocessing and augmentation are pivotal in bridging the gap between raw data and effective model training. By
mastering these techniques, you can ensure your computer vision models are prepared to tackle real-world challenges with
precision and reliability.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 26

Choosing the right compute option: edge or cloud
As you progress from preparing your dataset and training a computer vision model, the next critical step is determining
where and how to deploy it. The compute option you choose—edge or cloud—directly impacts the model’s performance,
scalability, and usability. This chapter outlines the considerations for each option, helping you make an informed decision
tailored to your application.

What does deployment mean?

Deployment in computer vision refers to the process of running your trained model to generate inferences (predictions).
The compute resources used for deployment can reside in the cloud or on edge devices, and the choice between the two
depends on factors such as latency, connectivity, and data privacy.

Cloud deployment Edge deployment

Cloud deployment involves running the model on Edge deployment means running the model directly
a remote server and accessing it via an API. This on local hardware where inferences are made.
method offers: Common edge devices include NVIDIA Jetson,
Raspberry Pi, and Luxonis OAK. This method offers:
Scalability: The cloud provides nearly unlimited
compute power, enabling you to handle Low Latency: Processing occurs locally,
large-scale workloads and high-throughput eliminating delays caused by network
requirements. communication.

Ease of Management: Models deployed in the Data Privacy: Sensitive data remains on the
cloud are easier to update and maintain since device, ensuring higher levels of confidentiality.
they are centrally accessible.
Offline Capability: Edge devices can operate
Simplicity: With platforms like Roboflow’s without internet connectivity, making them
Hosted API, you can avoid the complexities of suitable for remote or unstable environments.
managing infrastructure like API gateways and
autoscaling. Challenges of edge deployment include:
Device Management: Monitoring and updating
However, cloud deployment comes with:
models across multiple devices can be complex.
Latency Concerns: Sending data to a remote
server introduces delays, which may not be Resource Constraints: Edge devices often
acceptable for real-time applications. have limited compute power compared to cloud
infrastructure.
Connectivity Dependency: Requires a reliable
internet connection to function. Use edge deployment when:
• Real-time processing is critical (e.g., factory
Cost: Always-on compute instances can
automation or robotics).
become expensive if not carefully managed.
• Connectivity is intermittent or unavailable.
Use cloud deployment when:
• Data privacy and low-latency requirements
• Your application does not require real-time are priorities.
processing.
• Comparing Cloud and Edge Deployment
• Internet connectivity is stable and reliable.
• The focus is on scalability and centralized
management.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 27

 Making the right choice
The decision between cloud and edge deployment
depends on your specific use case. Here are a few
guiding questions:

While cloud
Does your application require real-time
processing?
If yes, prioritize edge deployment to
minimize latency. deployment offers
Is internet connectivity reliable in your
application environment?
scalability and
If no, edge deployment is essential.
simplicity, edge
Are scalability and centralized updates
important? deployment is
If yes, cloud deployment is likely the
better option. ideal for
Does your application handle sensitive data?
If yes, edge deployment ensures low-latency,
data privacy.
offline, or
Choosing the right compute option is a critical step
in deploying your computer vision model effectively.
privacy-sensitive
While cloud deployment offers scalability and
simplicity, edge deployment is ideal for low-latency, applications.
offline, or privacy-sensitive applications. Evaluating
your application’s requirements and constraints
will help you decide which approach aligns best
with your goals. By understanding the strengths
and trade-offs of each option, you can deploy your
model to deliver optimal performance and reliability.

Reduce data labeling time

by 95% using AI
Generate up to 50 augmented versions of each image in
your dataset to improve model generalization.

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Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 28

Case Studies in
Computer Vision
This section explores four real-world applications of computer vision
systems. Each case study highlights the choice of camera and lens,
supported by lighting and deployment considerations, to demonstrate how
foundational hardware decisions drive the success of these systems.
 Identify bottlenecks on an assembly line
An automated system is required to identify bottlenecks in the movement of beverage cans as they move along an
assembly line at high speed. The system must handle reflective surfaces and maintain accuracy at a throughput of
200 cans per minute.

Camera and lens choice Lighting considerations Deployment

The Basler ace2 Basic Diffuse lighting was Edge deployment on an
camera was selected for its implemented to minimize NVIDIA Jetson device was
high frame rate of 160 FPS glare from the reflective can selected to minimize latency
and 2 MP resolution, which surfaces, ensuring uniform and allow real-time counting
ensures each can is captured illumination and reducing directly on the production
clearly even at high speeds. A artifacts. floor.
C-mount lens with a medium
focal length was chosen to
provide a clear field of view
while maintaining focus on the
cans without distortion.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 30

 “Roboflow has been instrumental in
accelerating our learning and deployment of
innovative AI solutions”
Travis Turnbull Vice President & CIO, Pella Corporation

See how top manufacturers are

realizing value from vision AI

See solutions >

Monitoring trucks in a shipping yard

A system is needed to monitor truck movement in a large shipping yard. The system must identify trucks, track their
location, and ensure safe and efficient operations.

Camera and lens choice Lighting considerations Deployment

The Basler ace2 Pro camera Outdoor conditions required Cloud deployment was
with a 5 MP resolution was the use of natural light during implemented to leverage
chosen to capture fine details the day and supplemental centralized processing
at a distance. A telephoto lens LED lighting at night to ensure and scalability. The model
was selected to cover the consistent image quality. connects to multiple cameras
long distances involved while across the yard via an API,
maintaining high image clarity. with results accessible
through a dashboard.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 31

 Quality inspection in electronics manufacturing
A system is required to perform quality inspection of electronic components on a production line. The system must
detect defects such as soldering issues or missing parts with high precision.

Camera and lens choice Lighting considerations Deployment

The FLIR Blackfly S camera Ring lighting was employed Edge deployment using an
with a 3.2 MP resolution to provide even illumination NVIDIA Jetson ensured low-
was chosen for its compact and minimize shadows, which latency processing, enabling
size and ability to focus is critical for capturing fine real-time defect detection
on small components. A details on reflective surfaces. directly on the production line.
telecentric lens was used
to eliminate perspective
distortion and ensure accurate
measurements of component
dimensions.

Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 32

Conclusion
This guide has outlined key aspects of building effective
computer vision systems, from selecting suitable cameras
and lenses to designing lighting setups and optimizing data
with preprocessing and augmentation. Each step is critical
to achieving reliable outcomes.

Real-world case studies demonstrated how these

principles are applied in fields like manufacturing,
logistics, agriculture, and quality control, emphasizing the
importance of aligning hardware and deployment choices
with project-specific requirements.

The discussion on deployment options, whether cloud-

based or edge-based, highlighted the importance of
meeting technical and operational needs, including latency,
scalability, and data privacy.

Success in computer vision relies on integrating these

components into a cohesive pipeline that captures,
processes, and interprets visual data effectively. Tools like
those explored in this guide can simplify and accelerate
this process, enabling impactful applications such as object
counting, quality inspection, and environmental monitoring.

Thank you for exploring this field. May this guide inspire
and support your computer vision projects, unlocking new
possibilities and innovations.

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Guide | Cameras and Lenses for Computer Vision | Consult an Expert 33