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9
SCIENCE 9
QUARTER 2
Week 1

Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment

Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

WRITTEN BY:
MA. REALYN R. BALNEG PAUL CARLO B. JACOB ROMELYN P. PARACALE
Ayala National High School Ayala National High School Ayala National High School
 1

SUBJECT & Science

QUARTER 2 WEEK 1 DAY ____________________________________
GRADE/LEVEL 9 dd/mm/yyyy

TOPIC Bohr and Rutherford’s Atomic Model

1. Describe how the Bohr model of the atom improved Rutherford’s
atomic model then differentiate Bohr’s atomic model from
LEARNING Rutherford’s atomic model.
COMPETENCY 2. Explain how the Quantum Mechanical Model describes the
energies and positions of the electrons.
3. Relate the energy of the electrons based on their position in the
Quantum Mechanical Model and electron configuration.
IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on the Learner’s
Activity and Assessment Sheets provided separately

UNDERSTAND
Bohr and Rutherford’s Atomic Model
What is Rutherford’s Atomic Model?
The model described the atom as a tiny, dense, positively charged core called
a nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is concentrated, around which the light,
negative constituents, called electrons, circulate at some distance, much
like planets revolving around the Sun. It is also known as the nuclear atomic model of
the atom.

Postulates of the Rutherford’s Atomic Model

✓ An atom contains positively charged particles. The significant portion of an
atom is present in a small area called a nucleus of an atom.
✓ The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles known
as electrons.
✓ An atom is electrically neutral or has no net charge, because of the presence
of positive charge (nucleus) and negative charge as well.
✓ The size of the nucleus is too small in comparison with the size of an atom.

The main problem with Rutherford’s model was that he couldn't explain why negatively
charged electrons remain in orbit when they should instantly fall into the positively charged
nucleus. This problem would be solved by Niels Bohr in 1913.

WRITTEN BY:
MA. REALYN R. BALNEG PAUL CARLO B. JACOB ROMELYN P. PARACALE
Ayala National High School Ayala National High School Ayala National High School
 2

What is Bohr ‘s Atomic Model?

A Danish physicist named Niels Bohr in 1913 proposed the Bohr
atomic model. This model is the modification of the Rutherford atomic
model and so sometimes known as ‘Rutherford-Bohr Model’. In
the Bohr model of the atom, electrons travel in defined circular orbits
around the nucleus. The orbits are labelled by an integer, the quantum
number n. Electrons can jump from one orbit to another by emitting or
absorbing energy. It is a planetary model in which negatively charged
electrons orbit a positively charged nucleus.

The Bohr Model is the planetary model which states that electrons
move in a specified path known as an orbital shell. He also explained that this orbital shell has
a fixed energy level. Bohr theory is the one step ahead of Rutherford’s model, where it
described electrons and different energy levels. It modified the Rutherford model by requiring
that the electrons move in orbits of fixed size and energy. The energy of an electron depends
on the size of the orbit and is lower for smaller orbits.

Postulates of the Bohr Atomic Model

✓ Electrons move around the nucleus in orbits or shells or
energy level; it is the fixed circular path.
✓ The orbits are said as the “stationary orbits”
✓ Each orbit has a certain amount of energy and size.
✓ The energy of the orbit corresponds to its size.
✓ The smallest orbit will have the lowest energy.
✓ Radiation is emitted or absorbed when electrons move from one to another orbit.

SAQ-1: What is the difference between Rutherford and Bohr Atomic Models?
SAQ-2: How did Niels Bohr improved Rutherford’s model of the atom?

What is Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom?

Bohr’s model introduced the concept of

definitive energy levels or orbits around the
nucleus at which electrons can be exactly located.
But scientists later found this model to be too
simple and insufficient to describe the more
complex atoms. The development of a better
model was led by three physicists: Louis de
Broglie, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin
Schrodinger. Their work led to the currently
accepted model of the atom, called the Quantum
Mechanical Model.

The Quantum Mechanical model is a mathematical model, designed to find the

probability of locating an electron within a volume of space surrounding the nucleus. It is based
on quantum theory, which says matter also has properties associated with waves.

The quantum mechanical model of the atom allows us to visualize in our minds the
three-dimensional regions of space around the nucleus of an atom in which there is a good
probability of finding electrons. These regions of space are called orbitals. This model does
not only describe the region of space where the electron is most likely to be found; it also
provides information on the energy of the electron.

WRITTEN BY:
MA. REALYN R. BALNEG PAUL CARLO B. JACOB ROMELYN P. PARACALE
Ayala National High School Ayala National High School Ayala National High School
 3

The region of space around the nucleus consists of shells which are given numbers
1,2,3,4 and so on, starting from the one with the least energy and also the one closest to the
nucleus. These are also called main energy levels.
The main energy levels or shells may have one or more sublevels, or subshells. The
number of sublevels in a main energy level is the same as the assigned number for the main
energy level.
Main energy level Number of sublevels
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
The sublevels are designated by letters s,p,d f and g. These sublevels are related to energy
with the s sublevel having the least energy within each main energy level. The table below
shows the kinds of sublevels assigned to the first five main energy levels.

Main energy level Number of sublevels

1 1s
2 2s ,2p
3 3s, 3p, 3d
4 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
5 5s, 5p, 5d,5f,5g
Each sublevel consists of a number of orbitals. Orbitals have particular shapes depending on
the sublevel. The size and the energy of the orbitals increase with the main energy level
number.
➢ s orbitals are spherical
in shape
➢ p orbitals are shaped
like dumbbells
➢ d orbitals can be clover
shaped or dumbbell with
a donut –shaped region
at the center
➢ f orbitals have complex
shapes

According to Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, it is not possible to give the exact

position of the electron and its energy at the same time. But the probability of finding the
electron in an orbital of given energy can be determined.
An orbital can be described by four quantum numbers, {n , l, ml and ms}.

➢ Principal Quantum Number, n, refers to the main energy level of an orbital. It is

related to the total energy of the electron in an atom and can have a value of any
positive integer beginning with 1.
For example if n=1, then the main energy level of an orbital is 1.

As “n” increases:
• orbital becomes larger
• electrons spends more time farther away from the nucleus
• atom’s energy level increases

WRITTEN BY:
MA. REALYN R. BALNEG PAUL CARLO B. JACOB ROMELYN P. PARACALE
Ayala National High School Ayala National High School Ayala National High School
 4

To determine the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a main energy
level, the 2n2 rule is followed. For example, the maximum number of electrons for an n
value of 1 is 2(1)2=2; for an n value of 2 is 2(2)2= 8

➢ Azimuthal Quantum Number, l , represents energy sublevels and can have values
beginning with zero and increasing until the integer n-1 is reached.
For example, if n=4, then l = 0,1,2,or 3; the highest value that l can have is 3
since 4-1= 3.
If n=5, then l = 0,1,2,3 or 4; the highest value that l can have is 4 since 5-1= 4.

The azimuthal quantum number also defines the shape of the orbital. The table
below shows the type of sublevel and orbital shape for each value of l.
l Sublevel Orbital shape
0 s spherical
1 p dumbbell-shaped
2 d 4- cloverleaf- shaped
1 dumbbell-shaped
with a ring
3 f (too complex to
describe)
➢ Magnetic Quantum Number, ml, describes the orientation of an orbital in space and
can have an integral value from -1 to +1, including 0.To determine the ml values per
sublevel, we use the formula 2l +1.
For example, the p sublevel which has l
value of 1 has 2 (1) +1 = 3 ml values which
means that the sublevel has three orbitals
of different spatial orientations. (see figure on the left)

➢ Spin Quantum Number, ms, refers to the two

orientations possible for the electron spin.
These are +½ and -½.

As a summary,

Principal or Number of Orbitals Total number of Maximum Number of

Main energy present orbitals (n2) Electrons (2n2)
level (n)
s p d f
1 1 1 2 (s=2)
2 1 3 4 8(s=2, p=6)
3 1 3 5 9 18(s=2,p=6,d=10)
4 1 3 5 7 16 32(s=2,p=6,d=10,f=14)

SAQ-3: According to the Quantum Mechanical Model, how are electrons arranged in an
atom?
SAQ-4: What is the relationship between an electron’s location and its energy?

WRITTEN BY:
MA. REALYN R. BALNEG PAUL CARLO B. JACOB ROMELYN P. PARACALE
Ayala National High School Ayala National High School Ayala National High School
 5

Note: Please use a Periodic Table of Elements for this part of the lesson

Electronic Configuration

The way in which electrons are distributed in the

different orbitals around the nucleus of an atom is called
electron configuration or simply, it describes the electron
arrangement in atoms. A typical electron configuration
consists of numbers, letters and superscripts with the following format:

1. A number indicates the energy level. (the principal quantum number)

2. A letter indicates the type of orbitals or sublevel (s, p, d, f )
3. A superscript indicates the number of electrons in the orbital.
Example: 1s2 indicates 2 electrons in s orbital with a principal energy level 1.

Electrons fill the orbitals in a way to minimize the energy of the atom. Therefore,
the electrons in an atom fill the principal energy levels in order of increasing
energy.

Remember the maximum number of electrons in each orbital : s=2,p=6, d=10,f=14

The picture below shows the s,p,d,f blocks in the periodic table. This can help you in
writing the electronic configuration of an element. (using a periodic table)

The figure below is a technique used for determining the correct order of filling the orbitals.

Order of filling of orbitals is as follows: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p

7s and so on.

WRITTEN BY:
MA. REALYN R. BALNEG PAUL CARLO B. JACOB ROMELYN P. PARACALE
Ayala National High School Ayala National High School Ayala National High School
 6

For example, Hydrogen which has an atomic number of 1,and therefore has also 1
electron. Since it has only 1 electron, this electron will fill up the first energy level with the s
sublevel, following the order in the mnemonic device as seen above.

1H= 1s1 1 is the main energy level, s is the sublevel and

subscript 1 for the number of electrons.

For Beryllium which has an atomic number of 4, 4Be= 1s2 2s2 If we add the electrons, it
would be equal to the atomic
number of the element.
For Carbon which has an atomic number of 6, 6C= 1s2 2s2 2p2

SAQ-5: Write the electron configuration of Lithium (3Li) and Sodium (11Na). Which of the
two has higher energy electrons? Explain your answer in terms of the electrons’ location
and energy.

Let’s Practice!

(Write your answers on the separate sheets provided)

A. Write R if the statement refers to Rutherford’s Model of an atom ;B if it refers to
Bohr’s Model of an atom and Q refers to the Quantum Mechanical Model of an
atom.
________1. It was designed to find the probability of locating an electron within a
volume of space surrounding the nucleus.
________2. The atom contains a massive center called the nucleus.
________3. This model introduced the concept of main energy levels, sublevels and
orbitals.
________4. Electrons move around the nucleus in a fixed circular path.
________5. It is known as the planetary model.

B. Fill the table below to differentiate the Bohr Atomic Model from the Rutherford
Atomic Model.

BASIS FOR RUTHERFORD ATOMIC

BOHR ATOMIC MODEL
COMPARISON MODEL

Description of the model

Illustration of the model

Position or movement of
electrons

C. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the difference between the 2s and 1s orbital?
2. In the third (3rd) energy level, what types of sublevels are possible?
3. How many electrons can the first energy level hold?
4. How many orbitals are there in the “d” orbital?

WRITTEN BY:
MA. REALYN R. BALNEG PAUL CARLO B. JACOB ROMELYN P. PARACALE
Ayala National High School Ayala National High School Ayala National High School
 7

D. Complete the table below:

Principal Number of Total number Maximum number

Energy level Sublevel of orbitals of electrons
5. 5

E. Write the electron configuration of the following atoms:

1. Nitrogen 3. Silicon
2. Magnesium

F. In your own simple words answer this question.

How are you going to relate the energy of electrons based from its location in the
Quantum Mechanical Model and in the electron configuration?

REMEMBER
Key Points

✓ According to Rutherford’s theory :

▪ An atom contains positively charged particles. The significant portion of
an atom is present in a small area called a nucleus of an atom.
▪ The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles
known as electrons.
▪ An atom is electrically neutral or has no net charge, because of the
presence of positive charge (nucleus) and negative charge as well.
▪ The size of the nucleus is too small in comparison with the size of an
atom.

✓ According to Bohr ’s theory :

▪ Electrons move around the nucleus in orbits or shells or energy level; it
is the fixed circular path.
▪ The orbits are said as the “stationary orbits”.
▪ Each orbit has a certain amount of energy and size.
▪ The energy of the orbit corresponds to its size.
▪ The smallest orbit will have the lowest energy.
▪ Radiation is emitted or absorbed when electrons move from one to
another orbit.

✓ Bohr improved Rutherford’s model by requiring that the electrons move in orbits of
fixed size and energy.

✓ The quantum mechanical model of the atom allows us to visualize in our minds the
three-dimensional regions of space around the nucleus of an atom in which there is a
good probability of finding electrons. These regions of space are called orbitals. This
model does not only describe the region of space where the electron is most likely to
be found; it also provides information on the energy of the electron.

✓ The energy of an electron depends on its location with respect to the nucleus of an
atom. Electrons closest to the nucleus will have the lowest energy while electrons
further away from the nucleus have higher energy.

✓ The arrangement of electrons (electron configuration) around the nucleus indicates

their energy and the shape of the orbital in which they are located.

WRITTEN BY:
MA. REALYN R. BALNEG PAUL CARLO B. JACOB ROMELYN P. PARACALE
Ayala National High School Ayala National High School Ayala National High School
 8

✓ Electrons move in atomic orbitals or subshells. There are four different orbital shapes;
s, p, d and f. Within each shell, the s subshell is at a lower energy than the p. Therefore,
1s orbital is the orbital with electrons of lowest energy.

✓ Electrons fill the orbitals in a way to minimize the energy of the atom. Therefore, the
electrons in an atom fill the principal energy levels in order of increasing energy.

TRY
Test I Multiple Choice:
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
(Answer on the Learner’s Activity and Assessment sheets.)

1. Which of the following describes Bohr’s model 6. Which orbital designation has the
of an atom? highest energy?
A. It has orbitals with four quantum numbers A. 2p C. 2s
B. The electrons move in a fixed circular path B. 3p D. 1s
C. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons
D. It describes the region of space where the 7.Which orbital has the least energy?
electron is most likely to be found
A. p orbital C. d orbital
2. How did Bohr improved Rutherford’s model of B. s orbital D. f orbital
the atom?
A. By making electrons move in orbits of 8. Which is the correct electron
fixed size and energy. configuration for Boron (5B)
B. By making the electrons the center of an A. 1s2 2s22p2
atom B. 2p5
C. By having atomic orbitals C. 1s2 2s23s1
D. By modifying movement of the electrons D. 1s2 2s22p1.
and protons
9. What is the main energy level of an
3. Which is statement about the Quantum orbital if n= 3?
Mechanical Model is incorrect? A. 1
A. It is from the mathematical solution to the B. 9
Schrodinger equation. C. 3
B. It views an electron as a cloud of D. 0
positive charge particles
C. It describes a region in space where 10. How are electrons arranged in an
electron is mostly found. atom?
D. Both A and B A. They are arranged in main energy
levels that consist of one or more
4. The region of space around the nucleus sublevels and these sublevels consist of
consists of shells which are given numbers one or more orbitals.
1,2,3,4 and so on. B. They are arranged in orbitals,
A. orbital energy levels and sublevels.
B. main energy level C. They are arranged in orbits around
C. sublevel the nucleus
D. Electron cloud D. They are arranged in fixed energy
5. What is an energy level in an atom? levels near the nucleus.
A. The number of protons in the nucleus
B. The energy of the orbital that an electron
occupies
C. The number of electrons in an atom
D. The number of orbitals in the atom

WRITTEN BY:
MA. REALYN R. BALNEG PAUL CARLO B. JACOB ROMELYN P. PARACALE
Ayala National High School Ayala National High School Ayala National High School
 9

Difference Between Bohr and Rutherford's Atomic Models ... from

https://biodifferences.com/difference-between-bohr-and-rutherfords-
atomic-models.html

Bohr Atomic Model from

http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/bohr_atom.html
Alvarez, L.A. et al (2014). Science 9 Learner’s Module

Retrieved on June 19, 2020 from

https://www.oakparkusd.org/cms/lib5/CA01000794/Centricity/Domain/8
63/QuantumMechanicalModel.pdf

Retrieved on June 21, 2020 from

REFERENCE/S https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1045/e_config.html

Quantum Mechanical Model (n.d). Retrieved June 23, 2020, from

https://www.oakparkusd.org/cms/lib5/CA01000794/Centricity/Domain/8
63/QuantumMechanicalModel.pdf

Quantum Mechanical Model (n.d). Retrieved June 23, 2020,

https://www.slideshare.net/pearliejoy29/the-quantum-mechanical-
model-of-the-atom

Padolina, M.C.D., Simon-Antero, E.,Alumaga, M.J.B., Estanilla, L.C.,&

Rabago, L.M. (2004). Conceptual and Functional Chemistry
Modular Approach. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing Inc.
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WRITTEN BY:
MA. REALYN R. BALNEG PAUL CARLO B. JACOB ROMELYN P. PARACALE
Ayala National High School Ayala National High School Ayala National High School