TRANSFORMER AND APPARATUSES

EEP422L1

1Φ TRANSFORMER
JURIEVE R. BAGAY
Transformers
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 3
 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical machine

that transfers or converts electrical
energy into another electrical energy
specifically with a change in voltage but
without a change in frequency.

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 4
 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is static electrical
machine, meaning it is not moving,
therefore it will have a much higher
efficiency compared to motor and
generator.

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 TRANSFORMER
• A transformer is neither a load nor a
source, it is just a bridge between
the source and the load in order to
have efficient power transmission.
• We will have efficient power
transmission on high voltage low
current characteristic, thus low
power losses and high efficiency.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 6
 PURPOSE OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is created in order to
have a high voltage transmission thus
having efficient power transmission.
Primary Side Laminated Core Secondary Side
Ip Is

Vp Np Ns Vs

Windings

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

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 PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
• By ELECTROMAGNETIC Induction – Electricity
and magnetism relationship. If there is
electricity, there is magnetism. If there is
change in magnetism, there is electricity.
• Without change in frequency.
Primary Side Laminated Core Secondary Side
Ip Is

Vp Np Ns Vs

Windings

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

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 How Transformer works

Laminated soft iron

core

Output voltage
Input voltage (a.c.)
(a.c.)

Primary coil Secondary coil

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Theory of Operation of Single-Phase
Real Transformers

Leakage flux: flux that goes through one of the transformer windings
but not the other one
Mutual flux: flux that remains in the core and links both windings

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Theory of Operation of Single-Phase
Real Transformers

 P   M   LP
 S   M   LS

p: total average primary flux

M : flux linking both primary and secondary windings
LP: primary leakage flux
S: total average secondary flux
LS: secondary leakage flux

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 11
 Magnetization Current

E1

When an AC power source is connected to a transformer, a current flows in its

primary circuit, even when the secondary circuit is open circuited. This current
is the current required to produce flux in the ferromagnetic core and is called
excitation current. It consists of two components:
1. The magnetization current Im, which is the current required to
produce the flux in the transformer core
2. The core-loss current Ih+e, which is the current required to make up
for hysteresis and eddy current losses

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 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
• Power Transformer – it is used in Power Plant to
step up the voltage. (13.8kV to 230 KV)
• Transmission Transformer - it is used in power
transmission to step down the extra high voltage
(EHV), (500KV, 230KV) into high voltage ( 138 KV)
- commonly located in Transmission Substation.
• Distribution Transformer – it is used to step
down the high voltage (138KV) into another high
voltage (69 KV, 34.5kV)
– commonly located in Distribution substation
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 13
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 14
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
• Pole Mounted Type Transformer – a
distribution transformer that is in charge to
step down the high voltage (34.5 KV) into
commercial and residential voltage (460V,
230V) for utilization of power and energy.
• Household Transformer – a low capacity
transformer that is used to step down the
utilization voltage for electronic appliances
and rectifiers.

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 15
 Electrical Characteristics
• Ratio of Transformation, a

Vp Np Is
a  
Vs Ns Ip
Vp - Primary Voltage
Vs - Secondary Voltage
Np - Primary Turns
Ns - Secondary Turns
Ip - Primary Current
Is - Secondary Current
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 16
 Electrical Characteristics
• Power Capacity is expressed in KVA. Ideally:

KVA  VP I P  VS I S
Vp - Primary Voltage
Vs - Secondary Voltage
Ip - Primary Current
Is - Secondary Current
KVA – Kilo Volt Ampere

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 Electrical Characteristics
• The transformer capacity is rated in
KVA because it indicates total
apparent power that it can provide.
• The power factor of the transformer
depends upon the power factor of the
load.
• The power input in the primary is
equal to the power output in the
secondary in an ideal transformer.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 18
 Transformer Basic Parts
• Core – it is made up of laminated silicon
steel. It is where the magnetic flux flows
from primary to secondary circuit.
• Windings – it is made up of coated
conductors that is wound in the core of
transformer. It carries the primary current
at the primary winding and secondary
current at the secondary winding.
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Structure of Transformer

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 Transformer Construction
• Two types of iron-core construction:
a)Core - type construction
b)Shell - type construction
• Core - type construction

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 Transformer Construction
• Shell - type construction

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 Tap Changer
A transformer tap is a connection point along a
transformer winding that allows a certain
number of turns to be selected.
By this means, a transformer with a variable
turns ratio is produced, enabling voltage
regulation of the output. The tap selection is
made via a tap changer mechanism.

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 TRANSFORMER

Primary Side Laminated Core Secondary Side

Ip Is

Vp Np Ns Vs

Windings

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

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 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
• A Step-Down transformer has a greater
number of turns of fine wire in the
primary side and lesser number of turns
of heavy wire in the secondary side.
• Take note that the secondary side
carries a huge amount of current
compared with the primary current.
• This type of transformer are used in
distribution of electric power,
household application and seen in most
electronic appliances.
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 TRANSFORMER

Primary Side Laminated Core Secondary Side

Ip Is

Vp Np Ns Vs

Windings

STEP UP TRANSFORMER
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 STEP UP TRANSFORMER
• A Step-Up transformer has a greater
number of turns of fine wire in the
secondary side and lesser number of
turns of heavy wire in the primary side.
• Take note that the primary side carries a
huge amount of current compared with
the secondary current.
• This type of transformer is usually seen
at the power plant switch yard for
stepping up the voltage.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 27
POLARITY TESTING OF TRANSFORMER
• The polarity testing of a transformer
is important on proper labeling of
transformer terminals for paralleling
condition and three phase
transformer bank connections.
• The polarity of a given transformer is
a comparison of the relative
instantaneous polarity of each
terminal.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 28
 ADDITIVE POLARITY
Jumper Wire

H1 X2

H2 X1

V
V  VP  VS
Additive Polarity
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 SUBTRACTIVE POLARITY
Jumper Wire

H1 X1

H2 X2

V V  VP  VS
Subtractive Polarity
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 30
 Power Losses in a Transformer
1) Copper Loss – these are the losses in the
winding of the transformer
- considered to be electrical loss, P = I2R
- also known as variable loss
(depends on the size of the load)
- Primary copper loss and secondary
copper loss
PPRIMARY=(Ip)2 (Rp)
PSECONDARY=(Is)2 (Rs)
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 31
 Power Losses in a Transformer
2.) Core Loss – these are the losses in the
magnetic field iron core
- considered to be magnetic loss
- also known as constant loss
Eddy Current Loss – can be reduced through
lamination of iron core.
PEDDY=kV2
Hysteresis Loss – can be reduced by using high
permeable material like silicon steel.
PHYSTERESIS=kV1.6/f0.6
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Diffusion flux

Diffusion flux

Inside flux
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 Unideal
transformer

Resistance
Losses of Losses in
of the
the flux the core
winding

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 Power Losses in a Transformer
3.) Stray Loss – these are the losses that is not
stated in the core loss and copper loss
- considered to be additional ambient loss
- considered other losses such as
temperature factor, pressure and
humidity factor

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Equivalent Impedance of Transformer
Referred to Primary Referred to Secondary
RP
REP  RP  a RS2
RES  RS  2
a
XP
X EP  X P  a X S
2
X ES  XS  2
a
ZP
Z EP  Z P  a Z S
2
Z ES  ZS  2
a
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 36
 Open Circuit Test of Transformer
- It is used to find the core loss of transformer
- It is done by applying a rated voltage and
frequency at the low tension side and letting
the high tension side open.
- The no load input power that will read by the
wattmeter is regarded as the core loss of the
transformer.

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 Open Circuit Test of Transformer
Core Loss
W
OPEN
Variable
High Tension
AC V Side
Rated Voltage

Open Circuit Test

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 Short Circuit Test of Transformer
• It is use to find the Full Load Copper Loss of a
transformer.
• It is done by applying a rated current and
frequency at the high tension side and letting
the terminals of low tension side to be
shorted.
• The input power that will read by the
wattmeter is regarded as the full load copper
loss of the transformer.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 39
 Short Circuit Test of Transformer
Copper Loss
W
A

Shorted
Variable Low Tension
Rated Current
AC Side

Short Circuit Test

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 Voltage Regulation of Transformer
- The percentage increase of the voltage of the
transformer when transformer load is removed.

%VR  (cos   % IR)  (sin   % IX )  1

2 2

- Ideal voltage regulation, %VR = 0 %

pf  cos  % IR 
PSC
% IZ 
VSC
VARATING VRATING
rf  sin  IX R.BAGAY (% IZ ) 2  (% IR) 2
%JURIEVE 41
 Efficiency of Transformer
- It is the ratio of power output to the power
input in a transformer
Po Po Pin  PLOSS PLOSS
%     1
Pin Po  PLOSS Pin Pin

- Ideal efficiency = 100 % ; Pin = Pout

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 42
 Copper Loss of Transformer at any
size of load
- The copper loss is said to be variable loss,
therefore copper loss is different at any size of
load.

PX  x PCUFL 2

- X – size of load
- PCUFL – full load copper loss

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 Maximum Efficiency of Transformer
- It will occur if the copper loss of transformer is
equal to its rated core loss
Po Po
% MAX  
PO  PCU  PCO PO  2 PCO
- The usual question is what must be the load of
transformer at a certain power factor where
maximum efficiency will occur.

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 All – Day Efficiency in a Transformer
- It is the ratio of energy output to the energy
input in a transformer
Wo Wo Win  WLOSS WLOSS
% ALL  DAY     1
Win Wo  WLOSS Win Win
- Ideal all day efficiency = 100 % ; Win = Wout
- ENERGY = POWER X TIME
- KW-HR = (KW) X (HR)
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 Parallel Transformers
The following are the major reasons of having a
paralleling system in electrical machines:
• Increasing the capacity
• continuity of service
• system reliability
• efficient electrical system
• economical purposes

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 Parallel Transformers
The following are the strictly requirements in
paralleling of transformers:
• same voltage in both primary and secondary
side
• same transformation ratio
• same polarity ( H1 must be connected to H1
and H2 to H2 terminals)
• same phase and frequency
• the percent impedance of transformer must
be inversely proportional to its KVA capacity
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 47
 Parallel Transformers
Switch
H1 X1
L
O
AC A
H2 X2 D

Transformer 1

H1 X1

X2
H2

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Transformer 2
 Parallel Transformers
For the power delivered by each transformer

Z2
KVA1  xKVALOAD
Z1  Z 2

Z1
KVA2  xKVALOAD
Z1  Z 2
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 49
 Instrument Transformers
1.) Potential Transformer (PT)
- it is used to measure high voltages together
With the voltmeter

VACTUAL  (a )(VMEASURE )
2.) Current Transformer (CT)
- it is used to measure high currents together
With the ammeter
I ACTUAL  (a)( I MEASURE )
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 50
 Auto Transformers
- These are transformers that are considered as
variable transformers.
- The best example is the VARIAC (Variable AC)
- Auto transformers are usually low in terms of
power capacity.
- It ranges from 100 VA up to 10,000 VA only.
- Majority of the household transformers in the
market are auto transformers due to its low cost
- Auto transformers has only one winding for both
primary and secondary winding, therefore
economical in terms of conductor wire
requirement. JURIEVE R. BAGAY 51
 Auto Transformers

Ip

220V 110V Switch

Power Power
Analyzer
L
Analyzer
230V AC Vp Source Vs Source
Load
O
Source Output Load
A
Knife Switch Fuse D
Transformer
Is
0V 0V

Fuse

VARIAC Fuse

FIGURE 1.1

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 Auto Transformers

Ip  Pr imaryCurrent
Is  SecondaryCurrent
Ic  CommonWindingCurrent
Is  Ip  Ic

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 53
 Auto Transformers

Ip  Pr imaryCurrent
Is  SecondaryCurrent
Ic  CommonWindingCurrent
Ip  Is  Ic

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 54
 Auto Transformer Problems
Problem 1
A 1,500 VA, 230 V/115V Household auto
transformer is under full load condition. What is
the common winding current at full load
condition? 6.522 A

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 55
 Auto Transformer Problems
Problem 2
A 7,500 VA, 460 V / 2,300 V auto transformer is
under full load condition. What is the common
winding current at full load condition?
ANS. 13.043 A

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 56
 Problem 1
A 75 KVA, 13.8 KV/ 230 V, 60 Hz transformer has
an eddy current loss of 600 W and hysteresis
loss of 400 W. Find the core loss of transformer
when energize at:
a) 14 KV, 60 Hz
b) 13.8 KV, 50 Hz
c) 14KV, 50 Hz
d) 12KV, 60 Hz; 773.534W
e) 12KV, 50 Hz; 810.509W
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 57
 Problem 2
A 75 KVA, 13.8 KV/ 230 V, 60 Hz transformer has
an eddy current loss of 600 W and hysteresis
loss of 400 W. The full load copper loss is 2.5
KW. Find the efficiency at:
a.) full load 100%pf; 95.541%
b.) full load 80% pf; 94.488%
c.) half load 80% pf; 94.867%
d.) half load 60%pf; 93.264%
e.) quarter load 90%pf; 93.588%
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 58
 Problem 3
A 250 KVA, 13.8 KV/ 230 V, 60 Hz transformer has
the following loads allthrough out the day:
a) 40 KW, 60 % pf, 8 HRS
b) 30 KW, 70 % pf, 6 HRS
c) 20 KW, 80 % pf, 4 HRS
d) 10 KW, 90 % pf, 6 HRS
Core Loss is 1KW while full load copper loss is 3 KW
Find the all day efficiency of transformer.
ANS. 96.04%
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 59
 Problem 4
A 250 KVA, 13.8 KV/ 230 V, Z = 3 ohms, 60 Hz
transformer is connected in parallel to another
transformer 150 KVA, 13.8 KV/ 230 V, Z = 5 ohms,
in order to supply a total load of 300 KVA, 80% pf.
Find the KVA load and current load at the
secondary side of each transformer.
ANS. S1 = 187.5 KVA; S2 = 112.5KVA
I1 = 815.217 A; I2 = 489.13 A

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 60
 Problem 5
A Potential Transformer (PT) is used to measure the
transmission voltage of 230 KV together with a
voltmeter. The rating of PT is 230KV/115V and it
reads 112.5 V. What is the transmission line voltage
at this point?
ANS. 225KV

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 61
 Problem 6
A Current Transformer (CT) is used to measure the
line current of a certain commercial establishment
together with an ammeter. The rating of CT is
6000A /5A and it reads 3.5 A. What is the line
current at this point?
ANS. 4,200 A

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 62
 Problem 7
A 250 KVA, 13.8 KV/ 230 V, 60 Hz distribution
transformer has the following load all throughout the
day:
a) 140 KVA, 60 % pf, 8 HRS
b) 130 KW, 70 % pf, 6 HRS
c) 120 KVA, 80 % pf, 4 HRS
d) 110 KW, 90 % pf, 6 HRS
Core Loss is 3KW while full load copper loss is 12 KW
A. Find the all day efficiency of transformer. 93.62 %
B. Find the core loss if the transformer is energize at
15kV, 65 Hz source. PEDDY=3PHYSTERESIS 3.475 KW
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 63
 Problem 8
A 750 KVA, 34.5 KV/ 230 V, 60 Hz transformer has the
following connected loads in a commercial area.
a) 8pcs - 5hp, eff = 80 %,pf=72% AC Motor
b) 80 pcs of 50 W incandescent bulb
c) 320 pcs of 20 W CFL Lamps, pf = 30 %
d) 12 pcs of 5 KW Electric Range VSC  3.5KV
e) 15 pcs of 1.5 kW flat iron
f) 80 pcs of 40W fluorescent lamp, pf = 35 %
g) 75 pcs of 90 W Electric Fan, eff = 82 %,pf=78%
h) 140 pcs of 200VA receptacle outlet, ave pf = 85 %
Core Loss is 22 KW while full load copper loss is 70 KW
A. Find the Efficiency when all loads are energize. 86.269%
B. Find the voltage regulation when all lamps are off. 10.17%
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 64
 Problem 9
Three transformers are connected in parallel in order
to supply all the loads from problem #8.
a) T1 : 250 KVA, Z=60 ohms
b) T2 : 167 KVA, Z=80 ohms
c) T3 : 333 KVA, Z=50 ohms
A. Find the KVA load of transformer 2. 47.428 KVA
B. Find the CT ratio required by the transformer 3 in
the secondary winding if the standard HT current
is 5A. Use 125 % safety factor. a = 82.485

JURIEVE R. BAGAY 65
 Problem 10
A 250 KVA, 13.8 KV/ 230 V, 60 Hz transformer has the
following parallel loads:
a) 40 KW, 68 % pf
b) 30 KW, 70 % pf
c) 20 KW, 80 % pf
d) 10 KW, 84 % pf
Core Loss is 1KW while full load copper loss is 8 KW
10.1 Find the efficiency of transformer at this
condition. 96.674%
10.2 Find the maximum efficiency of this transformer
at 80% average pf of load. 97.249%
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 66
Transformers
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 68
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 69
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 70
THANK YOU!

JURIEVE R. BAGAY JURIEVE R. BAGAY

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