ZYROSCOPE

DIRECTIONAL ZYRO INDICATOR

RK BALI
Q26. What are the errors in a DGI?
 Transport wander
 Earth rate
 Heading errors when banking and pitching
 Mechanical imperfections
Options:
 a) 1, 2, 3
 b) 1, 2, 4
 c) All of the above

Q27. What is the function of the latitude input on a DI?

 To correct Coriolis effect
 To compensate for earth rate error
 To compensate for latitude error

Q28. What error is introduced into a DGI due to movement of the gyro relative to the earth?
 Transport wander
 Earth rate error
 Altitude error

Q29. The maximum directional gyro error due to the earth rotation is:
 20 hour
 15 hour
 4 hour

Q30. A directional gyro is:

 a gyroscope free around two axis

 a gyroscope free around one axis

 capable of self-orientation around an earth-tied direction

 incapable of self-orientation around an earth-tied direction

Options:
 a) 2, 3
 b) 2, 4
 c) 1, 4

Q31. An airborne instrument, equipped with a gyro with 2 degrees of freedom and a horizontal
spin axis is:
 a flux gate compass
 a directional gyro
 a turn indicator
Q32. The heading read on the dial of a directional gyro is subject to errors, one of which is due to
the movement of the aircraft. This error...
 shows itself by an apparent rotation of the horizontal axis of the gyroscope which seems to
turn at 15 per hour to the right in the northern hemisphere
 is dependent on the ground speed of the aircraft, its true track and the average latitude of
the flight
 is at its greatest value when the aircraft follows a meridian track

Q33. The gimbal error of the directional gyro is due to the effect of:
 an apparent weight and an apparent vertical
 too slow precession on the horizontal gimbal ring
 a bank or pitch attitude of the aircraft

Q34. The characteristics of the directional gyro (DG) used in a gyro stabilized compass system are:
 two degrees of freedom, whose axis aligned with the vertical to the location is maintained in
this direction by an erecting system
 two degrees of freedom, whose horizontal axis corresponding to the reference direction is
maintained in the horizontal plane by an automatic erecting system
 one degree of freedom, whose vertical axis, aligned with the real vertical to the location is
maintained in this direction by an automatic erecting system

Q35. The indications of the directional gyro as an on-board instrument are valid only for a short
period of time. The causes of this inaccuracy are:

 the earth's rotation

 the longitudinal acceleration

 the aircraft's motion over the surface of the earth

 the mechanical defects of the gyro

 the gyro's weight

 the gimbal mount of the gyro rings

Options:
 a) 1, 3, 4
 b) 1, 3, 4, 6
 c) 2, 5, 6

Q36. The indications on a directional gyroscope or gyrocompass are subject to errors, due to:

 rotation of Earth

 aeroplane motion on Earth

 lateral and transversal aeroplane bank angles

 north change
  mechanical defects
Options:
 a) 2, 3, 5
 b) 3, 4, 5
 c) 1, 2, 3, 5

OXFORD
Q1. A directional gyro indicator is basically a:
 horizontal axis earth gyro
 horizontal axis tied gyro
 vertical axis earth gyro
 vertical axis tied gyro

Q2. Apparent drift may be corrected in a DGI by:

 causing the gyro to precess in a clockwise direction (in the northern hemisphere)

 attaching a bias weight to the inner gimbal which makes the gyro precess in azimuth in the
same direction as apparent wander

 correcting wander by means of air jets

 attaching a bias weight to the inner gimbal which makes the gyro precess in azimuth in the
opposite direction to apparent wander

Q3. An air driven DGI is corrected for apparent wander at 56°N. If the aircraft is maintaining
constant DGI readings:
 when flying north from 56°N the true heading of the aircraft will decrease

 when flying east from 56°N the true heading will decrease

 when flying south from 56°N the true heading will decrease

 when flying west from 56°N the true heading will increase

Q4. The formula used to calculate apparent wander of a directional gyro in the northern
hemisphere is:
 +15 sine latitude in degrees for the time of running

 +15 sine latitude in degrees per hour

 -15 sine latitude in degrees per hour

 15 sine latitude in degrees per hour increasing

Q5. Errors of the directional gyro are:
 acceleration error, turning error, altitude error, transport wander, rotor speed error
 Gimbaling error, random wander, apparent wander, rotor speed error, transport wander
 gimbaling error, looping error, rolling error, rotor speed error, transport wander
 transport wander, apparent wander, latitude error, turning error, acceleration

Q6. The spin axis of a directional gyro is maintained in ______ by means of ______ in an air driven
gyro and by means of ______ in an electrically driven gyro.
 the horizontal plane; air jets, wedge plate
 the yawing plane; air jets, torque motor
 the vertical plane; air jets, torque motor
 the yawing plane; air jets, wedge plate

Q7. The purpose of the caging knob is:

 to prevent the gyro toppling
 to reset the heading
 to reset the heading and to prevent toppling
 prevent apparent wander

Q8. In an air driven directional gyro the air jets are attached to:
 the inner gimbal
 the outer gimbal
 the instrument casing
 the rotor

Q9. The limits of pitch and roll for a modern directional gyro are respectively:
 55° and 85°
 85° and 55°
 55° and 55°
 85° and 85°

Q10. Gimballing error:

 will disappear after a turn is completed

 will remain until the gyro is reset

 will only occur during a 360° turn

 will be zero on only two headings during a 360° turn

KEITH WILLIAMS
GYRO 4
The indications of the directional gyro when used as an on-board instrument are valid only for a
short period of time. The causes of this inaccuracy are:
1. The earth's rotation.
2. The longitudinal acceleration.
3. The aircraft's motion over the surface of the earth.
4. The mechanical defects of the gyro.
5. The gyro's weight.
6. The gimbal mount of the gyro rings.
The combination of correct statements is?
a. 1, 3, 4.
b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
c. 2, 5, 6.
d. 1, 3, 4, 6.

GYRO 5
The characteristics of the directional gyro (DG) used in a gyro-stabilized compass system are:
a. One degree of freedom, whose vertical axis, aligned with the real vertical to the location, is
maintained in this direction by an automatic erecting system.
b. Two degrees of freedom, whose horizontal axis corresponding to the reference direction is
maintained in the horizontal plane by an automatic erecting system.
c. Two degrees of freedom, whose axis aligned with the vertical to the location is maintained in this
direction by an erecting system.
d. One degree of freedom, whose horizontal axis is maintained in the horizontal plane by an
automatic erecting system.

GYRO 13
The indications on a directional gyroscope or gyrocompass are subject to errors due to:
1. Rotation of Earth.
2. Aeroplane motion on Earth.
3. Lateral and transversal aeroplane bank angles.
4. North change.
5. Mechanical defects.
Choose the combination with true statements only:
a. 2, 3, 5.
b. 1, 2, 3, 5.
c. 3, 4, 5.
d. 1, 2, 4, 5.

GYRO 15:
An airborne instrument, equipped with a gyro with 2 degrees of freedom and a horizontal spin axis
is?
Options:
1. An artificial horizon.
2. A turn indicator.
3. A fluxgate compass.
4. A directional gyro.

GYRO 24:
An airborne instrument, equipped with a gyro with 2 degrees of freedom and a horizontal spin axis
is?
Options:
1. A directional gyro.
2. An artificial horizon.
3. A turn indicator.
4. A fluxgate compass.

GYRO 33:
The input signal of the amplifier of the gyro-magnetic compass resetting device originates from the?
Options:
1. Directional gyro erection device.
2. Error detector.
3. Flux valve.
4. Directional gyro unit.

GYRO 34:
A rate integrating gyro is a detecting element used in?
1. An inertial attitude unit.
2. An automatic pilot.
3. A stabilizing servo system.
4. An inertial navigation system.
5. A rate-of-turn indicator. The combination of correct statements is?
Options:
1. 1, 4.
2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
3. 2, 3, 5.
4. 2, 3, 4.

GYRO 36:
The gimbal error of the directional gyro is due to the effect of?
Options:
1. A bank or pitch attitude of the aircraft.
2. An apparent weight and an apparent vertical.
3. Too slow precession on the horizontal gimbal ring.
4. The aircraft’s track over the earth.

GYRO 37:
The pendulum type detector system of the directional gyro feeds?
Options:
1. A torque motor on the sensitive axis.
2. Two torque motors arranged horizontally.
3. A leveling erection torque motor.
4. A nozzle integral with the outer gimbal ring.

GYRO 38:
The directional gyro axis spins about the local vertical by 15°/hour?
Options:
1. In the latitude 30°.
2. In the latitude 45°.
3. On the equator.
 4. On the North Pole.

GYRO 46:
The heading read on the dial of a directional gyro is subject to errors, one of which is due to the
movement of the aircraft. This error?
Options:
1. Is at its greatest value when the aircraft follows a meridional track.
2. Shows itself by an apparent rotation of the horizontal axis of the gyroscope which seems to
turn at 15° per hour to the right in the northern hemisphere.
3. Is dependent on the ground speed of the aircraft, its true track and the average latitude of
the flight.
4. Is, in spite of this, insignificant and may be neglected.

GYRO 43:
Heading information given by a gyro platform, is given by a gyro at?
Options:
1. 2 degrees-of-freedom in the vertical axis.
2. 1 degree-of-freedom in the horizontal axis.
3. 1 degree-of-freedom in the vertical axis.
4. 2 degrees-of-freedom in the horizontal axis.

GYRO 48:
The maximum directional gyro error due to the earth rotation is?
Options:
1. 180°/hour.
2. 5°/hour.
3. 15°/hour.
4. 90°/hour.

GYRO 49:
A directional gyro is:
1. A gyroscope free around two axes.
2. A gyroscope free around one axis.
3. Capable of self-orientation around an earth-tied direction.
4. Incapable of self-orientation around an earth-tied direction.
The combination which regroups all of the correct statements is?
Options:
1. 1, 4.
2. 2, 4.
3. 2, 3.
4. 1, 3.

GYRO 51:
What is the maximum gyro drift rate that can be caused by earth rotation?
Options:
1. 5° per hour.
2. 15° per hour.
3. 20° per hour.
4. 90° per hour.

GYRO 52:
A DGI has ....... degrees of freedom and a ....... spin axis?
Options:
1. 1 vertical.
2. 2 horizontal.
3. 3 horizontal.
4. 3 vertical.

GYRO 63:
A directional gyro requires?
Options:
1. One gimbal, one degree of freedom and a horizontal spin axis.
2. Two gimbals, two degrees of freedom and a horizontal spin axis.
3. Three gimbals, three degrees of freedom and a lateral spin axis.
4. One gimbal, one degree of freedom and a vertical spin axis.

GYRO 71:
The gyro in a DGI has?
Options:
1. One degree of freedom.
2. Two degrees of freedom.
3. Vertical axis.
4. Horizontal axis.
o 1, 3
o 2, 3
o 1, 4
o 2, 4
DCI errors are caused by?
Options:
1. Mechanical imperfections.
2. Earth rate.
3. Transport wander.
4. Banking when pitching.
5. Annual migration of the poles.
a. All of the above.
b. 1, 2, 3, 4.
c. 2, 3, 4, 5.
d. 3, 4, 5.

GYRO 87:
Earth rate at 25 degrees south is?
Options:
a. 13.59° per hour.
b. 6.34° per hour.
c. -13.59° per hour.
d. -6.34° per hour.

GYRO 88:
Earth rate at 45 degrees north is?
Options:
a. -13.59° per hour. b. -10.61° per hour. c. 13.59° per hour. d. 10.61° per hour.
GYRO 89:
Earth rate at the equator is?
Options:
a. Zero. b. 15° per hour. c. -15° per hour d. 6.34° per hour.

GYRO 83.
Transport wander when flying east at 400 Kts at 45 degrees north is?
a. 5.67° per hour.
b. 6.67° per hour.
c. 7.67° per hour.
d. 8.67° per hour.

GYRO 84.
Transport wander when flying east at 300 Kts at 40 degrees south is?
a. -4.2° per hour.
b. -5.2° per hour.
c. 6.2° per hour.
d. 7.2° per hour.

GYRO 85.
Transport wander when flying west at 300 Kts at 25 degrees south is?
a. -2.33° per hour.
b. -3.34° per hour.
c. 2.33° per hour.
d. 3.34° per hour.

GYRO 86.
Transport wander when flying west at 300 Kts at 25 degrees north is?
a. 2.33° per hour.
b. 3.34° per hour.
c. -2.33° per hour.
d. -3.34° per hour.
 ARTIFICIAL HORIZON
RK BALI
Q11
A/H indications are reliable in:
a) ±85° pitch, ±90° roll.
b) ±55° pitch, ±85° roll.
c) ±85° pitch, ±180° roll.

Q12
During takeoff roll an a/c fitted with a vacuum-driven A/H will show:
a) Climb and bank to the right.
b) Only climb and no bank as a/c is on the ground.
c) Will read correct as a/c is on the ground.

Q13
An a/c rolls out after a 180° steep turn to the right with reference to the natural horizon. A/H will
show:
a) Climb and slight bank to the right.
b) Level and bank to the left.
c) Climb and slight bank to the left.

Q14
An a/c rolls out after a 180° steep turn to the left with reference to the natural horizon. A/H will
show:
a) Climb and slight turn to the right.
b) Level and bank to the left.
c) Climb and slight bank to the left.

Q15
Among the flight control instruments, the artificial horizon plays an essential part. It uses a
gyroscope with (Note: in this question, the degrees of freedom of a gyro are determined by the
number of gimbal rings it comprises):
a) One degree of freedom, whose vertical axis oriented in the direction of the real vertical to the
location is maintained in this direction by an automatic erecting system.
b) Two degrees of freedom, whose horizontal axis corresponding to a reference direction is
maintained in a horizontal plane by an automatic erecting system.
c) Two degrees of freedom, whose axis is oriented and continuously maintained to the local vertical
by an automatic erecting system.

Q16
When an aircraft has turned 90 degrees with a constant attitude and bank, the pilot observes the
following on a classic artificial horizon:
a) Too much nose-up and bank too high.
b) Too much nose-up and bank too low.
c) Too much nose-up and bank correct.
Q17
Following a 180° stabilized turn with a constant attitude and bank, the artificial horizon indicates:
a) Too high pitch up and low banking.
b) Attitude and banking correct.
c) Too low pitch down and correct banking.

Q18
When an aircraft has turned 360 degrees with a constant attitude and bank, the pilot observes the
following on a classic artificial horizon:
a) Too much nose-up and bank correct.
b) Attitude and bank correct.
c) Too much nose-up and bank too high.

Q19
Classic artificial horizon indications turning through 180° at constant AOB:
a) Nose up and AOB too low.
b) Nose up and AOB too high.
c) Nose up and correct AOB.

Q20
During an acceleration phase at constant attitude, the resetting principle of the artificial horizon
results in the horizon bar indicating a:
a) Nose-down followed by a nose-up attitude.
b) Constant attitude.
c) Nose-up attitude.

Q21
When an aircraft has turned 270 degrees with a constant attitude and bank, the pilot observes the
following on a classic artificial horizon:
a) Attitude and bank correct.
b) Too much nose-up and bank correct.
c) Too much nose-up and bank too high.

Q22
How many degrees of freedom and what is the spin axis of an attitude indicator?
a) Local earth vertical — Two degrees of freedom.
b) Aircraft lateral axis — Two degrees of freedom.
c) Aircraft horizontal axis — One degree of freedom.

Q23
What would be the indication on an attitude indicator in a right turn?
a) Climb due to pendulous vanes.
b) No climb.
c) Descent due to pendulous vanes.

Q24
What will a classic artificial horizon indicate when turning through 90° at constant attitude and
bank angle?
a) Correct bank angle and attitude.
b) Too much bank and too much nose-up attitude.
c) Too little bank and too much nose-up attitude.

Q25
How will a basic A/H respond if an aircraft performs a 270° degree turn at constant bank angle and
ROT?
a) Nose up and bank.
b) Nose down and bank.
c) Nose level and bank.
OXFORD

1.
An artificial horizon utilizes (i) .......... to show (ii) ........ in (iii) ........ and (iv) ..........
a) (i) an earth gyro (ii) position (iii) latitude (iv) longitude
b) (i) a space gyro (ii) attitude (iii) degrees (iv) minutes
c) (i) an earth gyro (ii) latitude (iii) pitch (iv) roll
d) (i) an earth gyro (ii) attitude (iii) pitch (iv) roll

2.
During the take-off run, an air-driven artificial horizon will usually indicate:
a) Nose up and incorrect left bank.
b) A false descending turn to the right.
c) Increased nose-up attitude and right wing low.
d) A false climbing turn to the left.

3.
The indication on the right shows:
a) A climbing turn to the right.
b) Nose up and left wing down.
c) 30° starboard bank, nose up.
d) 30° port bank, nose below horizon.

4.
False nose-up attitude displayed on an air-driven artificial horizon during the take-off run is caused
by:
a) The high pendulosity of the rotor.
b) The lag of the lateral pendulous vanes.
c) The linear acceleration cut-out.
d) Incorrect rotor speed.

5.
The rotor axis of an electrical horizon is tied to the earth’s vertical by:
a) Four pendulous vanes.
b) The roll cut-out.
c) The low center of gravity of the rotor housing.
d) Two mercury level switches and two torque motors.

6.
False right wing low attitude shown on an air-driven artificial horizon during an acceleration is
caused by:
a) The lag of the base of the rotor housing.
b) The longitudinal pendulous vanes.
c) The roll cut-out.
d) High rotor speed.

7.
Inside an artificial horizon:
a) The inner gimbal ring is pivoted laterally inside the outer gimbal ring, and the outer gimbal ring is
pivoted longitudinally inside the case.
b) The inner gimbal ring is tied to the vertical by a control system.
c) The rotor axis is kept level by a calibrated spring attached to the outer gimbal ring and the
instrument case.
d) There is only one gimbal ring.

8.
When an adjustable aircraft datum is fitted to an artificial horizon in light aircraft:
a) It should be checked at regular intervals.
b) It should be set to the central position and left there.
c) It should be rendered inoperative.
d) It should be set to 15°.

9.
An electrically driven artificial horizon has fewer errors during the take-off run because:
a) It is less pendulous, has a higher rotor speed, and a linear acceleration cut-out.
b) The mercury level switches are more sensitive than the pendulous vanes fitted to air-driven types.
c) The roll cut-out speed is activated.
d) It is less aperiodic than the air-driven types.
KEITH WILLIAMS

ATTITUDE 1
How many degrees of freedom and what is the spin axis of an attitude indicator?
a) Local earth vertical - two degrees of freedom.
b) Aircraft lateral axis - two degrees of freedom.
c) Aircraft horizontal axis - one degree of freedom.
d) Aircraft longitudinal axis - three degrees of freedom.

ATTITUDE 2
What would be the indication on an attitude indicator in a right turn?
a) Climb due to pendulous vanes.
b) No climb.
c) Descent due to pendulous vanes.
d) Correct pitch and bank at all times.

ATTITUDE 3
What will a classic artificial horizon indicate when turning through 90° degrees at constant
attitude and bank angle?
a) Correct bank angle and attitude.
b) Too much bank and too much nose-up attitude.
c) Too little bank and too little nose-up attitude.
d) Too little bank and too much nose-up attitude.

ATTITUDE 4
An AI has?
a) One degree of freedom and a lateral spin axis.
b) Two degrees of freedom and a vertical spin axis.
c) Two degrees of freedom and a horizontal spin axis.
d) One degree of freedom and a vertical spin axis.

ATTITUDE 5
How will a basic AI respond if an aircraft performs a 270-degree turn at constant bank angle and
ROT?
a) Nose up and bank.
b) Nose down and bank.
c) Nose level and bank.
d) Correct bank and pitch.

ATTITUDE 6
Aircraft attitude is indicated on?
a) EICAS/ECAM primary display.
b) EFIS ND.
c) EFIS PFD.
d) All of the above.
ATTITUDE 7
When turning through 90° at constant AOB and pitch attitude, what will a classic artificial horizon
indicate?
a) Too much nose up and too little bank angle.
b) Too much nose up and too much bank angle.
c) Too little nose up and too little bank angle.
d) Too little nose up and too much bank angle.

ATTITUDE 8
When turning through 270° at constant AOB and pitch attitude, what will a classic artificial horizon
indicate?
a) Too much nose up and too little bank angle.
b) Too much nose up and too much bank angle.
c) Too little nose up and too little bank angle.
d) Too little nose up and too much bank angle.

ATTITUDE 9
An artificial horizon has?
a) Two degrees of freedom and a vertical spin axis.
b) Two degrees of freedom and a longitudinal spin axis.
c) Two degrees of freedom and a lateral spin axis.
d) No degrees of freedom because it is earth-tied.

ATTITUDE 10
The latitude nut .......... an artificial horizon?
a) Compensates for transport error.
b) Is not fitted to.
c) Compensates for latitude error.
d) Compensates for earth rate error.

ATTITUDE 11
The gravity sensing unit in an artificial horizon is used to?
a) Prevent tilting of the gyro.
b) Prevent precession of the gyro.
c) Erect the gyro.
d) Provide signals to the autopilot.

ATTITUDE 12
Classic artificial horizon indications turning through 180° at constant AOB?
a) Nose up and AOB too low.
b) Nose up and AOB too high.
c) Nose up and correct AOB.
d) Pitch attitude and AOB correct.

ATTITUDE 13
An artificial horizon has .......... degrees of freedom in the .......... axis?
a) Two - vertical.
b) Two - horizontal.
c) One - vertical.
d) One - horizontal.

KEITH WILLIAMS
GYRO 2:
A Standby horizon or emergency attitude indicator?
Options:
a. Only works if there is a complete electrical failure.
b. Contains its own separate gyro.
c. Is automatically connected to the primary vertical gyro if the alternator fails.
d. Is fully independent of external energy resources in an emergency situation.

GYRO 6:
A gravity type erector is used in a vertical gyro device to correct errors on?
Options:
a. An artificial horizon.
b. A directional gyro unit.
c. A turn indicator.
d. A gyro-magnetic indicator.

GYRO 7:
When an aircraft has turned 360 degrees with a constant attitude and bank, the pilot observes the
following on a classic artificial horizon?
Options:
a. Too much nose-up and bank correct.
b. Too much nose-up and bank too high.
c. Attitude and bank correct.
d. Too much nose-up and bank too low.

GYRO 8:
When an aircraft has turned 270 degrees with a constant attitude and bank, the pilot observes the
following on a classic artificial horizon?
Options:
a. Too much nose-up and bank too high.
b. Too much nose-up and bank too low.
c. Attitude and bank correct.
d. Too much nose-up and bank correct.

GYRO 9:
Note: in this question, the degrees of freedom of a gyro are determined by the number of gimbal
rings it comprises. Among the flight control instruments, the artificial horizon plays an essential part.
It uses a gyroscope with?
Options:
a. Two degrees of freedom, whose axis is oriented and continuously maintained to local vertical by
an automatic erecting system.
b. Two degrees of freedom, whose horizontal axis corresponding to a reference direction is
maintained in a horizontal plane by an automatic erecting system.
c. One degree of freedom, whose horizontal axis is maintained in a horizontal plane by an automatic
erecting system.
d. One degree of freedom, whose vertical axis oriented in the direction of the real vertical to the
location is maintained in this direction by an automatic erecting system.

GYRO 26:
The vertical reference unit of a three-axis data generator is equipped with a gyro with?
Options:
a. 1 degree of freedom and horizontal spin axis.
b. 1 degree of freedom and vertical spin axis.
c. 2 degrees of freedom and vertical spin axis.
d. 2 degrees of freedom and horizontal spin axis.

GYRO 27:
When an aircraft has turned 90 degrees with a constant attitude and bank, the pilot observes the
following on a classic artificial horizon?
Options:
a. Too much nose-up and bank correct.
b. Too much nose-up and bank too high.
c. Too much nose-up and bank too low.
d. Attitude and bank correct.

GYRO 30:
Following 180° stabilized turn with a constant attitude and bank, the artificial horizon indicates?
Options:
a. Too high pitch-up and too low banking.
b. Too high pitch-up and correct banking.
c. Attitude and banking correct.
d. Too high pitch up and too high banking.

GYRO 42:
During an acceleration phase at constant attitude, the resetting principle of the artificial horizon
results in the horizon bar indicating a?
Options:
a. Nose-down attitude.
b. Constant attitude.
c. Nose-down followed by a nose-up attitude.
d. Nose-up attitude.

GYRO 47:
A gravity erector system is used to correct the errors on?
Options:
a. Artificial horizon.
b. A directional gyro.
c. A turn indicator.
d. A gyro-magnetic compass.

GYRO 50:
For an aircraft flying a true track of 360° between the 005° S and 005° N parallels, the precession
error of the directional gyro due to apparent drift is equal to?
Options:
a. Depends only on the aircraft's ground speed.
b. 0°/hour.
c. +5°/hour.
d. -5°/hour.

GYRO 53:
Which instrument uses a vertical gyroscope fitted with a gravity erection device?
Options:
a. Artificial horizon.
b. DGI.
c. Turn indicator.
d. Rate gyro.

GYRO 54:
Integrating gyroscopes are used?
1. Attitude indicators.
2. Inertial attitude units.
3. Rate of turn indicators.
4. Inertial navigation platforms.
5. Autopilots.
Options:
a. 3 and 4.
b. 4 and 5.
c. 2, 3, and 5.
d. 2 and 4.

GYRO 55:
How many degrees of freedom and what spin axis will a two axis gyro measuring vertical changes
use?
Options:
a. 2 Vertical. b. 2 Lateral. c. 2 Longitudinal. d. 1 Vertical.

GYRO 58:
A gravity erection device would be used on?
Options:
a. VSI. b. DGI. c. Artificial horizon. d. Turn and slip indicator.

GYRO 68:
When viewed from above, a gyro is seen to rotate on a vertical spin axis, as illustrated in the
diagram. If a force tends to push the right side downwards, it will tilt upwards at the:
Options:
a) Front b) Left c) Right d) Back

GYRO 69:
A two-axis gyro measuring vertical changes will have:
Options:
a) One degree of freedom, vertical axis b) One degree of freedom, horizontal axis c) Two degrees of
freedom, vertical axis d) Two degrees of freedom, horizontal axis

GYRO 72:
The gyro in a vertical reference data generator has:
Options:
a) One degree of freedom, vertical axis
b) One degree of freedom, horizontal axis
c) Two degrees of freedom, vertical axis
d) Two degrees of freedom, horizontal axis

GYRO 77:
A gravity erector system is used to correct errors in?
Options:
a. A ROT indicator. b. A DGI. c. An artificial horizon. d. An inertial platform.

GYRO 79:
The gyro in an artificial horizon requires:
1. One degree of freedom.
2. Two degrees of freedom.
3. Vertical axis.
4. Horizontal axis.
Options:
a. 1, 3.
b. 1, 4.
c. 2, 3.
d. 2, 4.

GYRO 81:
Which instrument employs a gravity erecting device on its gyro?
Options:
a. ASI. b. Directional gyro unit. c. Turn indicator. d. Artificial horizon.
TURN AND SLIP INDICATOR
RK BALI
Q37: An a/c turns left from Hdg 045° to 315° at rate 1. Time taken will be:
a) 30 sec
b) 45 sec
c) 90 sec

Q38: An a/c is turning with rate 1 with TAS = 250 kts. Find the bank angle required:
BANK = TAS10+7=25010+7=25+7=32∘\frac{\text{TAS}}{10} + 7 = \frac{250}{10} + 7 = 25 + 7 =
32^\circ10TAS+7=10250+7=25+7=32∘.

Q39: A/C turns with rate 1 at TAS = 150. Find the bank angle:
BANK = TAS10+7=15010+7=15+7=22∘\frac{\text{TAS}}{10} + 7 = \frac{150}{10} + 7 = 15 + 7 =
22^\circ10TAS+7=10150+7=15+7=22∘.

Q40: An aircraft is flying at a 120 kt true airspeed. To achieve a rate 1 turn, the pilot will have to
bank the aircraft at an angle of:
a) 12°
b) 19°
c) 30°

Q41: To maintain the same rate of turn, if CAS is increased, the bank should be:
a) Increased
b) Decreased
c) Same

Q42: In comparison to low level, to maintain the same rate of turn, RAS at a higher level must be:
a) Increased
b) Decreased
c) Same

Q43: In comparison to low level at a higher level, if RAS is kept constant to maintain the same rate
turn, the bank is to be:
a) Increased
b) Decreased
c) Same

Q44: The ball in a serviceable slip indicator is _______ by _______ to indicate the state of slip:
a) Held central, gravity, does not always
b) Positioned, Acceleration, does not always
c) Held central, gravity, always

Q45: Increasing altitude at constant TAS will _______ the angle of bank required to achieve a rate 1
turn:
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Not affect

Q46: Following a left engine failure, the pilot of a multi-engine a/c uses rudder to oppose yaw and
keeps the a/c on heading while using bank to prevent side slip. The TSI will show:
a) Both needle and ball central
b) Both needle and ball to the right
c) Needle central and ball to the right

Q47: The rate turn indicator uses a gyroscope:

1. with one degree of freedom
2. with two degrees of freedom
3. the frame of which is supported by two return springs
4. the spinning wheel axis of which is parallel to the pitch axis
5. the spinning wheel axis of which is parallel to the yawing axis
6. the spinning wheel axis of which is horizontal
The combination of correct statements is:
a) 2, 5
b) 1, 6
c) 1, 3

Q48: In a turn-indicator, the measurement of a rate-of-turn consists of:

a) high bank angles, in measuring the yaw rate
b) high bank angles, in measuring the roll rate
c) low bank angles, in measuring the yaw rate

Q49: In a turn at constant rate, the turn indicator reading is:

a) Independent of the aircraft's true airspeed
b) Inversely proportional to the aircraft's true airspeed
c) Proportional to the aircraft's true airspeed

Q50: An airborne instrument equipped with a gyro with 1 degree of freedom and a horizontal spin
axis is a:
a) Fluxgate compass
b) Directional gyro
c) Turn indicator

Q51: A turn indicator is an instrument that indicates the rate of turn. Rate of turn depends on:
1. Bank angle
2. Aeroplane speed
3. Aeroplane weight
The combination of correct statements is:
a) 1, 3
b) 1, 2
c) 2, 3

Q52: When, in flight, the needle of a needle-and-ball indicator is on the left and the ball on the right,
the aircraft is:
a) Turning right with too much bank
b) Turning left with not enough bank
c) Turning left with too much bank
Q53: When, in flight, the needle of a needle-and-ball indicator is on the right and the ball on the left:
a) Turning left with not enough bank
b) Turning right with too much bank
c) Turning right with not enough bank

Q54. When, in flight, the needle and ball of a needle-and-ball indicator are on the right, the aircraft
is:
Options:
a) turning left with not enough bank.
b) turning left with too much bank.
c) turning right with too much bank.

Q55: When in flight, the needle and ball of a needle-and-ball indicator are on the left, the aircraft is:
a) Turning right with not enough bank
b) Turning right with too much bank
c) Turning left with too much bank
d) Turning left with not enough bank

Q56: On the ground, during a left turn, the turn indicator indicates:
a) Needle on the left, ball to the right
b) Needle to the left, ball to the left
c) Needle in the middle, ball to the right
d) Needle in the middle, ball to the left

Q57: On the ground, during a right turn, the turn indicator indicates:
a) Needle on the right, ball to the right
b) Needle to the right, ball to the left
c) Needle in the middle, ball to the right
d) Needle in the middle, ball to the left

Q58: Under normal operating conditions, when an aircraft is in a banked turn, the rate-of-turn
indicator is a valuable gyroscopic flight control instrument; when it is associated with an attitude
indicator, it indicates:
1. The angular velocity of the aircraft about the yaw axis
2. The bank of the aircraft
3. The direction of the aircraft turn
4. The angular velocity of the aircraft about the real vertical
The combination of correct statements is:
a) 1, 2
b) 3, 4
c) 1, 3
d) 2, 4

Q59: A turn indicator is built around a gyroscope with:

a) 1 degree of freedom
b) 2 degrees of freedom
c) 3 degrees of freedom

Q60: The rate-of-turn is the:

a) Pitch rate in a turn
b) Change-of-heading rate of the aircraft
c) Aircraft speed in a turn

Q61: A turn indicator used in conjunction with an attitude indicator will show:
1. Turn direction
2. Rate of turn
3. Angular velocity about the true vertical axis
4. Angular velocity about the longitudinal axis
a) 1, 2
b) 1, 3
c) 2, 3
d) 1, 2, 4

Q62: ROT indications are:

a) Proportional to TAS
b) Proportional to CAS
c) Proportional to mass

Q63: When both the needle and ball of a turn and slip indicator are displaced to the right, the
aircraft is:
a) Turning right with too much TAS
b) Turning right with insufficient TAS
c) Turning left with too much TAS

Q64: What will be the turn indicator and slip indicator when a left engine fails in climbing flight:
a) Needle and ball left
b) Needle and ball right
c) Needle left and ball right
d) Needle right and ball left

Q65: When turning at a constant bank angle, the rate of turn is:
a) Determined by weight and TAS
b) Determined by weight
c) Determined by TAS

Q66: A turn indicator used in conjunction with an attitude indicator can show:
1. TAS in a turn
2. Direction of turn
3. Angular velocity about the vertical axis of the aircraft
4. Angular velocity about the true vertical axis
a) 1, 2
b) 1, 3
c) 2, 3

Q67: What factors affect the turn indicator?

1. AOA
2. AOB
3. TAS
4. Weight
a) 1, 2
b) 1, 3
c) 2, 3
d) 2, 4

Q68: What are the essential properties of a turn indicator?

1. Two degrees of freedom
2. One degree of freedom
3. Horizontal spin axis
4. Vertical spin axis
5. Longitudinal spin axis
a) 1, 2
b) 2, 3
c) 3, 4
d) 4, 5

Q69: On a TSI, what does it indicate when the turn needle is out to the left and the ball out to the
right?
a) A left turn with too much bank
b) A left turn with too little bank
c) A right turn with too little bank

Q71: If the turn and slip indicator shows needle left and ball left in a banked turn, the aircraft is
_______ and the required corrective action is _______.
a) Skidding, push left pedal forward
b) Skidding, push right pedal forward
c) Slipping, push left pedal forward

Q72: If the turn and slip indicator shows needle left and ball right in a banked turn, the aircraft is
_______ and the required corrective action is _______.
a) Skidding, push left pedal forward
b) Skidding, push right pedal forward
c) Slipping, push left pedal forward

Q73: What corrective action is required if the ball is out to the right in a left turn?
a) More right rudder
b) More left rudder
c) More left bank

Q74: If both the ball and needle are out to the left in a turn, the ball can be centralized by:
a) Pushing the right rudder bar forward
b) Increasing TAS
c) Decreasing TAS

Q75: For a coordinated rate 1 right turn at 250 Kts TAS, in clean configuration, the correct AOB is
approximately:
a) 32 degrees
b) 23 degrees
c) 16 degrees

Q76: For a coordinated rate 1 left turn at an AOB of 27 degrees, the TAS should be:
a) 200 Kts
b) 250 Kts
c) 270 Kts
Q77: The gyro in a turn indicator must have _______ gimbal _______ and _______ degrees of
freedom.
a) One, one
b) Two, one
c) Two, two

Q78: If the turn indicator needle is out to the right and the ball is out to the left, it indicates:
a) A left turn with too much bank
b) A left turn with too little bank
c) A right turn with too little bank

Q79: What angle of bank is required to conduct a balanced rate 1 turn in an aircraft at 125 kts TAS at
a mass of 55,000 Kg?
a) 15.5 degrees
b) 17.5 degrees
c) 19.5 degrees

Q80: If the mass of the aircraft was decreased from 60,000 Kg to 45,000 Kg:
a) It would increase the required AOB
b) It would decrease the required AOB
c) It would not affect the required AOB, but less power would be required

KEITH

TURNSLIP 1
The ball in a serviceable slip indicator is _______ by _______ and _______ indicates the state of slip.
a) Held central
b) Positioned
c) Held central
d) Positioned
 Gravity
 Acceleration
 Gravity
 Acceleration
 Does not always
 Does not always
 Always
  Always

TURNSLIP 2
The turn indicator is affected by:
a) 1, 2
b) 1, 3
c) 1, 4
d) 3, 4

TURNSLIP 3
A turn indicator used in conjunction with an attitude indicator will show:
a) 1, 2
b) 1, 3
c) 1, 4
d) 2, 3, 5

TURNSLIP 4
ROT indications are:
a) Proportional to TAS
b) Proportional to CAS
c) Proportional to mass
d) Proportional to EAS

TURNSLIP 5
A turn indicator has:
a) 1, 3
b) 1, 5
c) 3, 5
d) 4, 6

TURNSLIP 6
When both the needle and ball of a turn and slip indicator are displaced to the right, the aircraft is:
a) Turning right with insufficient bank
b) Turning right with too much bank
c) Turning left with too much bank
d) Turning left with insufficient bank

TURNSLIP 7
When both the needle and ball of a turn and slip indicator are displaced to the right, the aircraft is:
a) Turning right with too much TAS
b) Turning right with insufficient TAS
c) Turning left with too much TAS
d) Turning left with insufficient TAS

TURNSLIP 8
When the needle is displaced right and the ball displaced left, in a turn and slip indicator, the aircraft
is:
a) Turning right with insufficient bank
b) Turning left with too much bank
c) Turning left with too much TAS
d) Turning right with too much bank
TURNSLIP 9
The turn needle indicates _______ in a slightly banked turn:
a) Angular velocity about the vertical axis
b) Angular acceleration about the vertical axis
c) Angular velocity about the lateral axis
d) Yaw displacement

TURNSLIP 10
A rate 1 turn at 120 kts requires:
a) 10° AOB
b) 20° AOB
c) 30° AOB
d) 40° AOB

TURNSLIP 11
The correct turn and slip indications when turning right on the ground are:
a) Needle and ball right
b) Needle and ball left
c) Needle right and ball left
d) Needle left and ball right

TURNSLIP 12
ROT indications depend on:
a) 1, 2
b) 1, 3
c) 2, 3
d) 1, 2, 3

TURNSLIP 13
For a rate one turn at 150 Kts, the AOB must be:
a) 22°
b) 33°
c) 44°
d) 55°

TURNSLIP 14
Following a left engine failure, the pilot of a multi-engine aircraft uses rudder to arrest the yaw,
whilst side-slipping down track with the wings held level by the ailerons. What will the turn and slip
indicator show in this condition?
a) Both needle and ball central
b) Both needle and ball right
c) Needle left and ball central
d) Needle right and ball central

TURN/SLIP 15:
Following a left engine failure, the pilot of a multi-engine aircraft uses rudder to oppose yaw and
keep the aircraft on heading, while using bank to prevent side slip. What will the turn and slip
indicator show?
Options:
a. Both needle and ball central.
b. Both needle and ball right.
c. Both needle and ball left.
d. Needle central and ball right.

TURN/SLIP 16
What will be the immediate turn and slip indications when a left engine fails in climbing flight?
a) Needle and ball left
b) Needle and ball right
c) Needle left and ball right
d) Needle right and ball left

TURN/SLIP 17
What does it indicate if both the needle and ball in a turn and slip indicator move out to the right?
a) Turning right with too much bank
b) Turning right with too little bank
c) Turning left with too much bank
d) Turning left with too little bank

TURN/SLIP 18
When turning at constant bank angle, the rate of turn is:
a) Determined by weight and TAS
b) Determined by weight
c) Determined by TAS
d) Determined only by AoA

TURN/SLIP 19
A turn indicator used in conjunction with an attitude indicator can show:
 TAS in a turn
 Direction of turn
 Angular velocity about the vertical axis of the aircraft
 Angular velocity about the true vertical axis
a) 1, 2
b) 1, 3
c) 2, 3
d) 3, 4

TURN/SLIP 20
What factors affect the turn indicator?
 AoA
 AOB
 TAS
 Weight
a) 1, 2
b) 1, 3
c) 2, 3
d) 3, 4

TURN/SLIP 21
What are the essential properties of a turn indicator?
 Two degrees of freedom
  One degree of freedom
 Horizontal spin axis
 Vertical spin axis
 Longitudinal spin axis
a) 1, 2
b) 2, 3
c) 3, 4
d) 2, 5

TURN/SLIP 22
What angle of bank would give a rate 1 turn at 120 Kt?
a) 10 degrees
b) 14 degrees
c) 18 degrees
d) 22 degrees

TURN/SLIP 23
What does it indicate when the turn needle is out to the left and the ball out to the right?
a) Right turn with too much bank
b) Right turn with too little bank
c) Left turn with too much bank
d) Left turn with too little bank

TURN/SLIP 24
What should a turn and slip indicator show in a right turn on the ground?
a) Needle left and ball left
b) Needle left and ball right
c) Needle right and ball left
d) Needle right and ball right

TURN/SLIP 25
What will the turn needle indicate in a slightly banked turn?
a) Yaw rate
b) Roll rate
c) Pitch rate
d) Angular velocity about the vertical axis

TURN/SLIP 26
What corrective action is required if the ball is out to the right in a left turn?
a) More right rudder
b) More left rudder
c) More right bank
d) More left bank

TURN/SLIP 27
If both the ball and needle are out to the left in a turn, the ball can be centralized by:
a) Pushing the right rudder bar forward
b) Increasing left bank
c) Decreasing TAS
d) Increasing TAS
TURN/SLIP 28
How should the turn and slip indicator respond in a right turn when taxiing?
a) Needle left and ball left
b) Needle left and ball right
c) Needle right and ball right
d) Needle right and ball left

TURN/SLIP 29
For a coordinated rate 1 right turn at 250 Kts TAS, the correct AOB is approximately:
a) 32 degrees
b) 23 degrees
c) 16 degrees
d) 25 degrees

TURN/SLIP 30
For a coordinated 300 Kts TAS rate 1 right turn, the AOB should be:
a) 17 degrees
b) 27 degrees
c) 37 degrees
d) 47 degrees

TURN/SLIP 31
For a coordinated rate 1 left turn at an AOB of 27 degrees, the TAS should be:
a) 200 Kts
b) 250 Kts
c) 270 Kts
d) 300 Kts

TURN/SLIP 32
The gyro in a turn indicator must have ...... gimbal and ....... degrees of freedom?
a) One one
b) Two one
c) Two two
d) Three two

TURN/SLIP 33
If the turn indicator needle is out to the right and the ball is out to the left, it indicates:
a) A left turn with too much bank
b) A left turn with too little bank
c) A right turn with too much bank
d) A right turn with too little bank

TURN/SLIP 34
What angle of bank is required to conduct a balanced rate 1 turn in an aircraft at 125 Kts TAS at a
mass of 55000 Kg?
a) 15.5 degrees
b) 17.5 degrees
c) 19.5 degrees
d) 21.5 degrees

TURN/SLIP 35
If the mass of the aircraft in question 34 above was decreased to 45000 Kg?
a) It would increase the required AOB.
b) It would decrease the required AOB.
c) It would not affect the required AOB, but less power would be required.
d) It would not affect the required AOB, but more power would be required.

TURN/SLIP 36
The correct indications when taxiing to the left are?
a) Needle right, ball right.
b) Needle right, ball centre.
c) Needle left, ball left.
d) Needle left, ball right.

TURN/SLIP 37
If the turn and slip indicator shows needle left and ball left in a banked turn, the aircraft is .......... and
the required corrective action is ........?
a) Skidding, push left pedal forward.
b) Skidding, push right pedal forward.
c) Slipping, push left pedal forward.
d) Slipping, push right pedal forward.

TURN/SLIP 38
If the turn and slip indicator shows needle left and ball right in a banked turn, the aircraft is ..........
and the required corrective action is ........?
a) Skidding, push left pedal forward.
b) Skidding, push right pedal forward.
c) Slipping, push left pedal forward.
d) Slipping, push right pedal forward.

TURN/SLIP 39
If the turn and slip indicator shows needle right and ball right in a banked turn, the aircraft is ..........
and the required corrective action is ........?
a) Skidding, push left pedal forward.
b) Skidding, push right pedal forward.
c) Slipping, push left pedal forward.
d) Slipping, push right pedal forward.

TURN/SLIP 40
If the turn and slip indicator shows needle right and ball left in a banked turn, the aircraft is ..........
and the required corrective action is ........?
a) Skidding, push left pedal forward.
b) Skidding, push right pedal forward.
c) Slipping, push left pedal forward.
d) Slipping, push right pedal forward.

OXFORD
The rate of turn indicator uses (i) ............... which spins (ii)...................
(i)
a) a space gyroscope
b) a tied gyro
c) a rate gyro
d) an earth gyro
(ii)
a) up and away from the pilot
b) anticlockwise when viewed from above
c) up and away from the pilot
d) clockwise

The gyro in a rate of turn indicator has (i) .................... operating speed than the gyros used in
other instruments because (ii).......................
(i)
a) a lower
b) the same
c) a higher
d) variable
(ii)
a) a higher rigidity is not required
b) it uses the property of rigidity
c) a low precession rate gives a greater operating range
d) more than one rate of turn is desired

The TBI shown alongside indicates:

a) a rate of turn to the left, slipping in
b) an aircraft taxiing and turning starboard
c) that the aircraft will complete a turn in one minute
d) the aircraft is yawing to the right

When the pointer of a rate of turn indicator shows a steady rate of turn:
a) the calibrated spring is exerting a force about the lateral axis equal to the rate of turn
b) the force produced by the spring is producing a precession equal to but opposite to the rate of
turn is correctly banked
c) the spring is providing a force which produces a precession equal to the rate of turn (in the
opposite direction)
d) the spring is providing a force which produces a precession equal to the rate of turn (in the
correct direction)

If the filter of the air-driven rate of turn indicator becomes partially blocked:
a) the aircraft will turn faster than indicated
b) the instrument will over-read
c) the rate of turn indicated will be unaffected
d) the radius of the turn will decrease

The radius of a turn at rate 1, and TAS 360 KT is:

a) 10 NM
b) 5 NM
c) 7.5 NM
d) 2 NM
GYRO 1.
The building principle of a gyroscope, the best efficiency is obtained through the concentration of
the mass?
a. Close to the axis and with a low rotation speed.
b. On the periphery and with a high rotation speed.
c. Close to the axis and with a high rotation speed.
d. On the periphery and with a low rotation speed.

GYRO 3.
The basic properties of a gyroscope are?
The gyro's weight.
The rigidity in space.
The inertia.
The high RPM.
The precession.
The combination of correct statements is?
a. 3, 4.
b. 2, 5.
c. 2, 3, 5.
d. 1, 3, 5.

GYRO 12.
The diagram below shows three gyro assemblies: A, B, and C. Among these gyros,
One is a roll gyro (noted 1).
One is a pitch gyro (noted 2).
One is a yaw gyro (noted 3).
The correct matching of gyros and assemblies is?
a. 1C, 2A, 3B.
b. 1B, 2A, 3C.
c. 1A, 2B, 3C.
d. 1B, 2C, 3A.
GYRO 11.
A turn indicator is built around a gyroscope with:
a. 1 degree of freedom.
b. 3 degrees of freedom.
c. 2 degrees of freedom.
d. 0 degree of freedom.

GYRO 14.
At a low bank angle, the measurement of rate-of-turn actually consists in measuring the?
a. Angular velocity of the aircraft.
b. Yaw rate of the aircraft.
c. Pitch rate of the aircraft.
d. Roll rate of the aircraft.

GYRO 16.
When, in flight, the needle of a needle and ball indicator is on the left and the ball on the right, the
aircraft is?
a. Turning left with too much bank.
b. Turning right with not enough bank.
c. Turning right with too much bank.
d. Turning left with not enough bank.

GYRO 17.
When, in flight, the needle of a needle and ball indicator is on the right and the ball on the left, the
aircraft is?
a. Turning left with too much bank.
b. Turning right with not enough bank.
c. Turning right with too much bank.
d. Turning left with not enough bank.

GYRO 18.
When, in flight, the needle and ball of a needle and ball indicator are on the right, the aircraft is?
a. Turning left with too much bank.
b. Turning left with not enough bank.
c. Turning right with too much bank.
d. Turning right with not enough bank.

GYRO 19.
When, in flight, the needle and ball of a needle-and-ball indicator are on the left, the aircraft is?
a. Turning right with too much bank.
b. Turning right with not enough bank.
c. Turning left with too much bank.
d. Turning left with not enough bank.

GYRO 20.
On the ground, during a left turn, the turn indicator indicates?
a. Needle to the left, ball to the left.
b. Needle in the middle, ball to the right.
c. Needle in the middle, ball to the left.
d. Needle to the left, ball to the right.
GYRO 21.
The rate-of-turn is the?
a. Pitch rate in a turn.
b. Change-of-heading rate of the aircraft.
c. Yaw rate in a turn.
d. Speed in a turn.

GYRO 22.
In a Turn-indicator, the measurement of rate of turn consists for?
a. High bank angles, in measuring the yaw rate.
b. High bank angles, in measuring the roll rate.
c. Low bank angles, in measuring the yaw rate.
d. Low bank angles, in measuring the roll rate.

GYRO 23.
In a turn at constant rate, the turn indicator reading is?
a. Proportional to the aircraft true airspeed.
b. Independent to the aircraft true airspeed.
c. Proportional to the aircraft weight.
d. Inversely proportional to the aircraft true airspeed.

Q54.
An airborne instrument, equipped with a gyro with 1 degree of freedom and a horizontal spin axis is
a:
a) fluxgate compass
b) directional gyro
c) turn indicator

GYRO 28.
On the ground, during a right turn, the turn indicator indicates?
a. Needle in the middle, ball to the left.
b. Needle to the right, ball to the left.
c. Needle to the right, ball to the right.
d. Needle in the middle, ball to the right.

GYRO 34.
A rate integrating gyro is a detecting element used in?
An inertial attitude unit.
An automatic pilot.
A stabilizing servo system.
An inertial navigation system.
A rate-of-turn indicator.
The combination of correct statements is?
a. 1, 4.
b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
c. 2, 3, 5.
d. 2, 3, 4.

GYRO 35.
Under normal operating conditions, when an aircraft is in a banked turn, the rate-of-turn indicator is
a valuable gyroscopic flight control instrument; when it is associated with an attitude indicator it
indicates:
a. The angular velocity of the aircraft about the yaw axis.
b. The bank of the aircraft.
c. The direction of the aircraft turn.
d. The angular velocity of the aircraft about the real vertical.
The combination of correct statements is:
a. 1, 2
b. 3, 4
c. 1, 3
d. 2, 4

GYRO 39.
Compared with a conventional gyro, a laser gyro?
a. Consumes a lot of power.
b. Has a longer life cycle.
c. Is influenced by temperature.
d. Has a fairly long starting cycle.

GYRO 40.
The diagram representing a left turn with insufficient rudder is?
a. 2.
b. 3.
c. 4.
d. 1.

GYRO 41.
A turn indicator is an instrument which indicates rate of turn. Rate of turn depends upon:
Bank angle.
Aeroplane speed.
Aeroplane weight.
The combination regrouping the correct statements is?

GYRO 56.
The properties that are peculiar to a gyroscope are?
Inertia.
Precession.
Rigidity.
Angular momentum.
Options:
a. 1 and 2.
b. 2 and 4.
c. 2, 3, and 4.
d. 2 and 3.

GYRO 57.
Rigidity increases with?
a. Increasing RPM, and concentrating mass close to the centre.
b. Increasing RPM and concentrating mass at the periphery.
c. Decreasing RPM and radius.
d. Increasing RPM and spin axis length.

GYRO 62.
The number of degrees of freedom of a gyro is?
a. One more than the number of gimbals.
b. The same as the number of gimbals.
c. One less than the number of gimbals.
d. Not related to the number of gimbals.

GYRO 65.
The properties of a gyro are?
Mass.
Rigidity in space.
Inertia.
Precession.
Rigidity with reference to the earth.
Options:
a. 1, 2, 3, 4.
b. 1, 3, 4, 5.
c. 1, 2, 3, 5.
d. 2, 3, 4, 5.

GYRO 66.
Gyro rigidity improves with?
a. Increasing RPM, mass and radial displacement of mass.
b. Increasing RPM and mass but decreasing radial displacement of mass.
c. Decreasing RPM but increasing mass and radial displacement of mass.
d. Decreasing RPM and mass but increasing radial displacement of mass.

GYRO 70.
The properties unique to a gyro include?
Mass.
Inertia.
Rigidity.
Precession.
Rotational velocity.

GYRO 74.
Where would a rate integrating gyro be used?
Rate of turn Indicator.
Autopilot.
Inertial navigation unit.
Inertial attitude reference unit.

GYRO 76.
A gyroscope-stabilized platform used to indicate true heading must have:
One degree of freedom.
Two degrees of freedom.
Vertical axis.
Horizontal axis.
a. 1, 3.
b. 1, 4.
c. 2, 3.
d. 2, 4.

GYRO 24.
Gyroscope rigidity is increased by ....... RPM and concentrating the mass at the ........ of the rotor.
Options:
a. Increasing hub.
b. Increasing rim.
c. Decreasing hub.
d. Decreasing rim.

GYRO 82.
A gyro with one degree of freedom is used in a?
a. Slaved gyro compass.
b. Directional gyro unit.
c. Turn indicator.
d. Artificial horizon.
Q1. The building principle of a gyroscope, the best efficiency is obtained
through the concentration of the mass?

a. Close to the axis and with a low rotation speed.

b. On the periphery and with a high rotation speed.
c. Close to the axis and with a high rotation speed.
d. On the periphery and with a low rotation speed.

Q2. A Standby horizon or emergency attitude indicator?

a. Only works if there is a complete electrical failure.

b.
c. Contains its own separate gyro.
d. Is fully independent of external energy resources in an emergency situation.

Q3. The basic properties of a gyroscope are?

1. The gyro's weight.

2. The rigidity in space.
3. The inertia.
4. The high RPM.
5. The precession.

The combination of correct statements is:

a. 3,4.
b.
c. 2,3,5.
d. 1,3,5.

Q4. The indications of the directional gyro when used as an onboard

instrument are valid only for a short period of time. The causes of this
inaccuracy are:

1. The earth's rotation.

2. The longitudinal acceleration.
3. The aircraft's motion over the surface of the earth.
4. The mechanical defects of the gyro.
5. The gyro's weight.
6. The gimbal mount of the gyro rings.

The combination of correct statements is:

a. 1,3,4.
b. 1,2,3,4,5,6.
c.
d. 1,3,4,6.

Q5. The characteristics of the directional gyro (DC) used in a gyro-stabilized

compass system are:

a. One degree of freedom, whose vertical axis, aligned with the real vertical to the location, is
maintained in this direction by an automatic erecting system.
b. Two degrees of freedom, whose horizontal axis corresponding to the reference direction is
maintained in the horizontal plane by an automatic erecting system.
c. Two degrees of freedom, whose axis aligned with the vertical to the location is maintained
in this direction by an erecting system.
d. One degree of freedom, whose horizontal axis is maintained in the horizontal plane by an
automatic erecting system.

Q6. A gravity-type erector is used in a vertical gyro device to correct errors

on:

a. An artificial horizon.
b. A directional gyro unit.
c. A turn indicator.
d. A gyro-magnetic indicator.

Q7. When an aircraft has turned 360 degrees with a constant attitude and
bank, the pilot observes the following on a classic artificial horizon:

a. Too much nose-up and bank correct.

b. Too much nose-up and bank too high.
c. Attitude and bank correct.
d. Too much nose-up and bank too low.

Q8. When an aircraft has turned 270 degrees with a constant attitude and
bank, the pilot observes the following on a classic artificial horizon:

a. Too much nose-up and bank too high.

b. Too much nose-up and bank too low.
c. Attitude and bank correct.
d. Too much nose-up and bank correct.
Q9. Among the flight control instruments, the artificial horizon plays an
essential part. It uses a gyroscope with:

a. Two degrees of freedom, whose axis is oriented and continuously maintained to local
vertical by an automatic erecting system.
b. Two degrees of freedom, whose horizontal axis corresponding to a reference direction is
maintained in a horizontal plane by an automatic erecting system.
c. One degree of freedom, whose horizontal axis is maintained in a horizontal plane by an
automatic erecting system.
d. One degree of freedom, whose vertical axis oriented in the direction of the real vertical to
the location is maintained in this direction by an automatic erecting system.

Q10. A slaved directional gyro derives its directional signal from:

a. A direct reading magnetic compass.

b. The flight director.
c. The flux valve.
d. The air-data computer.

Q11. A turn indicator is built around a gyroscope with:

a. 1 degree of freedom.
b. 3 degrees of freedom.
c. 2 degrees of freedom.
d. 0 degrees of freedom.

Q12. Among gyro assemblies A, B, and C, the correct matching is:

 Roll gyro: 1
 Pitch gyro: 2
 Yaw gyro: 3

Q13. The indications on a directional gyroscope or gyrocompass are subject to

errors due to:

1. Rotation of Earth.
2. Aeroplane motion on Earth.
3. Lateral and transversal aeroplane bank angles.
4. North change.
5. Mechanical defects.
Choose the correct combination:
a. 1,2,3,5.
b. 3,4,5.
c. 1,2,4,5.
d.

Q14. At a low bank angle, the measurement of rate-of-turn actually consists in

measuring the:

a. Angular velocity of the aircraft.

b. Yaw rate of the aircraft.
c. Pitch rate of the aircraft.
d. Roll rate of the aircraft.

Q15. An airborne instrument, equipped with a gyro with 2 degrees of freedom

and a horizontal spin axis is:

a. An artificial horizon.
b. A turn indicator.
c. A fluxgate compass.
d. A directional gyro.

Q16. When in flight, the needle of a needle and ball indicator is on the left and
the ball on the right, the aircraft is:

a. Turning left with too much bank.

b. Turning right with not enough bank.
c. Turning right with too much bank.
d. Turning left with not enough bank.

(Questions continue in the same format for Q17-Q30 as presented above.)

Let me know if you'd like me to further expand or modify!

You said:

continue
ChatGPT said:
Q17. When in flight, the needle of a needle and ball indicator is on the right
and the ball on the left, the aircraft is:

a. Turning left with too much bank.

b. Turning right with not enough bank.
c. Turning right with too much bank.
d. Turning left with not enough bank.

Q18. When in flight, the needle and ball of a needle and ball indicator are on
the right, the aircraft is:

a. Turning left with too much bank.

b. Turning left with not enough bank.
c. Turning right with too much bank.
d. Turning right with not enough bank.

Q19. When in flight, the needle and ball of a needle-and-ball indicator are on
the left, the aircraft is:

a. Turning right with too much bank.

b. Turning right with not enough bank.
c. Turning left with too much bank.
d. Turning left with not enough bank.

Q20. On the ground, during a left turn, the turn indicator indicates:

a. Needle to the left, ball to the left.

b. Needle in the middle, ball to the right.
c. Needle in the middle, ball to the left.
d. Needle to the left, ball to the right.

Q21. The rate-of-turn is the:

a. Pitch rate in a turn.

b. Change-of-heading rate of the aircraft.
c. Yaw rate in a turn aircraft.
d. Speed in a turn.

Q22. In a Turn-indicator, the measurement of rate of turn consists of:

a. High bank angles, in measuring the yaw rate.

b. High bank angles, in measuring the roll rate.
c. Low bank angles, in measuring the yaw rate.
d. Low bank angles, in measuring the roll rate.

Q23. In a turn at constant rate, the turn indicator reading is:

a. Proportional to the aircraft true airspeed.

b. Independent of the aircraft true airspeed.
c. Proportional to the aircraft weight.
d. Inversely proportional to the aircraft true airspeed.

Q24. An airborne instrument, equipped with a gyro with 2 degrees of freedom

and a horizontal spin axis is:

a. A directional gyro.
b. An artificial horizon.
c. A turn indicator.
d. A flux gate compass.

Q25. An airborne instrument, equipped with a gyro with 1 degree of freedom

and a horizontal spin axis is a:

a. Fluxgate compass.
b. Directional gyro.
c. Turn indicator.
d. Gyro-magnetic compass.

Q26. The vertical reference unit of a three-axis data generator is equipped

with a gyro with:

a. 1 degree of freedom and horizontal spin axis.

b. 1 degree of freedom and vertical spin axis.
c. 2 degrees of freedom and vertical spin axis.
d. 2 degrees of freedom and horizontal spin axis.

Q27. When an aircraft has turned 90 degrees with a constant attitude and
bank, the pilot observes the following on a classic artificial horizon:

a. Too much nose-up and bank correct.

b. Too much nose-up and bank too high.
c. Too much nose-up and bank too low.
d. Attitude and bank correct.

Q28. On the ground, during a right turn, the turn indicator indicates:

a. Needle in the middle, ball to left.

b. Needle to the right, ball to left.
c. Needle to the right, ball to right.
d. Needle in the middle, ball to right.

Q29. The heading reference unit of a three-axis data generator is equipped

with a gyro with:

a. 2 degrees of freedom and horizontal spin axis.

b. 2 degrees of freedom and vertical spin axis.
c. 1 degree of freedom and horizontal spin axis.
d. 1 degree of freedom and vertical spin axis.

Q30. Following a 180° stabilized turn with a constant attitude and bank, the
artificial horizon indicates:

a. Too high pitch-up and too low banking.

b. Too high pitch-up and correct banking.
c. Attitude and banking correct.
d. Too high pitch-up and too high banking.

Q31. The gyro-magnetic compass torque motor:

a. Causes the directional gyro unit to precess.

b. Causes the heading indicator to recess.
c. Feeds the error detector system.
d. Is fed by the flux valve.
 Q32. The heading information originating from the gyro-magnetic compass
flux valve is sent to the:

a. Error detector.
b. Erector system.
c. Heading indicator.
d. Amplifier.

Q33. The input signal of the amplifier of the gyro-magnetic compass resetting
device originates from the:

a. Directional gyro erection device.

b. Error detector.
c. Flux valve.
d. Directional gyro unit.

Q34. A rate-integrating gyro is a detecting element used in:

1. An inertial attitude unit.

2. An automatic pilot.
3. A stabilizing servo system.
4. An inertial navigation system.
5. A rate-of-turn indicator.

The combination of correct statements is:

a. 1,4.
b. 1,2,3,4,5.
c. 2,3,5.
d. 2,3,4.

Q35. Under normal operating conditions, when an aircraft is in a banked

turn, the rate-of-turn indicator is a valuable gyroscopic flight control
instrument. When associated with an attitude indicator, it indicates:

1. The angular velocity of the aircraft about the yaw axis.

2. The bank of the aircraft.
3. The direction of the aircraft turn.
4. The angular velocity of the aircraft about the real vertical.

The combination of correct statements is:

a. 1,3.
b. 2,4.
c. 1,2.
d. 3,4.

Q36. The gimbal error of the directional gyro is due to the effect of:

a. A bank or pitch attitude of the aircraft.

b. An apparent weight and an apparent vertical.
c. Too slow precession on the horizontal gimbal ring.
d. The aircraft's track over the earth.

Q37. The pendulum-type detector system of the directional gyro feeds:

a. A torque motor on the sensitive axis.

b. Two torque motors arranged horizontally.
c. A leveling erection torque motor.
d. A nozzle integral with the outer gimbal ring.

Q38. The directional gyro axis spins about the local vertical by 15°/hour:

a. In the latitude 30°.

b. In the latitude 45°.
c. On the equator.
d. On the North Pole.

Q39. Compared with a conventional gyro, a laser gyro:

a. Consumes a lot of power.

b. Has a longer life cycle.
c. Is influenced by temperature.
d. Has a fairly long starting cycle.

Q40. The diagram representing a left turn with insufficient rudder is:

DIAGRAM NEEDED.

Q41. A turn indicator is an instrument that indicates rate of turn. Rate of turn
depends on:
 1. Bank angle.
2. Aeroplane speed.
3. Aeroplane weight.

The combination regrouping the correct statements is:

a. 1 and 2.
b. 1 and 3.
c. 2 and 3.
d. 1, 2, and 3.

Q42. During an acceleration phase at constant attitude, the resetting principle

of the artificial horizon results in the horizon bar indicating a:

a. Nose-down attitude.
b. Constant attitude.
c. Nose-down followed by a nose-up attitude.
d. Nose-up attitude.

Q43. Heading information given by a gyro platform is given by a gyro at:

a. 2 degrees of freedom in the vertical axis.

b. 1 degree of freedom in the horizontal axis.
c. 1 degree of freedom in the vertical axis.
d. 2 degrees of freedom in the horizontal axis.

Q44. Among the systematic errors of the "directional gyro," the error due to
the earth's rotation makes the north reference turn in the horizontal plane. At
a mean latitude of 45° N, this reference turns by:

a. 15°/hour to the right.

b. 7.5°/hour to the right.
c. 7.5°/hour to the left.
d. 10.5°/hour to the right.

Q45. The diagram which shows a 40° left bank and 15° nose-down attitude is:

a. 1.
b. 2.
c. 3.
d. 4.
Q46. The heading read on the dial of a directional gyro is subject to errors,
one of which is due to the movement of the aircraft. This error:

a. Is at its greatest value when the aircraft follows a meridional track.

b. Shows itself by an apparent rotation of the horizontal axis of the gyroscope, which seems
to turn at 15° per hour to the right in the northern hemisphere.
c. Is dependent on the ground speed of the aircraft, its true track, and the average latitude of
the flight.
d. Is, in spite of this, insignificant and may be neglected.

Q47. A gravity erector system is used to correct the errors on:

a. Artificial horizon.
b. A directional gyro.
c. A turn indicator.
d. A gyro-magnetic compass.

Q48. The maximum directional gyro error due to the earth's rotation is:

a. 180°/hour.
b. 5°/hour.
c. 15°/hour.
d. 90°/hour.

Q49. A directional gyro is:

1. A gyroscope free around two axes.

2. A gyroscope free around one axis.
3. Capable of self-orientation around an earth-tied direction.
4. Incapable of self-orientation around an earth-tied direction.

The combination which regroups all of the correct statements is:

a. 1,4.
b. 2,4.
c. 2,3.
d. 1,3.

Q50. For an aircraft flying a true track of 360° between the 005° S and 005° N
parallels, the precession error of the directional gyro due to apparent drift is
equal to:
a. Depends only on the aircraft's ground speed.
b. 0°/hour.
c. +5°/hour.
d. -5°/hour.

Q51. What is the maximum gyro drift rate that can be caused by earth's
rotation?

a. 5° per hour.
b. 15° per hour.
c. 20° per hour.
d. 90° per hour.

Q52. A DGI has ________ degrees of freedom and a ________ spin axis:

a. 1, vertical.
b. 2, horizontal.
c. 3, horizontal.
d. 2, vertical.

Q53. Which instrument uses a vertical gyroscope fitted with a gravity erection
device?

a. Artificial horizon.
b. DGI.
c. Turn indicator.
d. Rate gyro.

Q54. Integrating gyroscopes are used in:

1. Attitude indicators.
2. Inertial attitude units.
3. Rate of turn indicators.
4. Inertial navigation platforms.
5. Autopilots.

The correct combination is:

a. 3 and 4.
b. 4 and 5.
c. 2,3, and 5.
d. 2 and 4.
Q55. How many degrees of freedom and what spin axis will a two-axis gyro
measuring vertical changes use?

a. 2, vertical.
b. 2, lateral.
c. 2, longitudinal.
d. 1, vertical.

Q56. The properties that are peculiar to a gyroscope are:

1. Inertia.
2. Precession.
3. Rigidity.
4. Angular momentum.

The correct combination is:

a. 1 and 2.
b. 2 and 4.
c. 2,3, and 4.
d. 2 and 3.

Q57. Rigidity increases with:

a. Increasing RPM and concentrating mass close to the center.

b. Increasing RPM and concentrating mass at the periphery.
c. Decreasing RPM and radius.
d. Increasing RPM and spin axis length.

Q58. A gravity erection device would be used on:

a. DGI.
b. Artificial horizon.
c. Turn and slip indicator.
d. VSI.

Q59. The yaw damper system uses a ________ gyro and produces rudder
inputs proportional to ________:
a. Horizontal rate and yaw rate.
b. Vertical rate and yaw rate.
c. Yaw and roll.
d. Horizontal displacement and roll rate.

Q60. To obtain heading information, a gyro-stabilized platform requires:

a. A horizontal axis and one degree of freedom.

b. A vertical axis and two degrees of freedom.
c. A lateral axis and two degrees of freedom.
d. A vertical axis and one degree of freedom.

Q61. What will be the apparent wander on a gyroscope when flying on a

northerly track from 05° S to 05° N?

a. 10° per hour.

b. 15° per hour.
c. Zero.
d. 120° per hour.

Q62. The number of degrees of freedom of a gyro is:

a. One more than the number of gimbals.

b. The same as the number of gimbals.
c. One less than the number of gimbals.
d. Not related to the number of gimbals.

Q63. A directional gyro requires:

a. One gimbal, one degree of freedom, and a horizontal spin axis.

b. Two gimbals, two degrees of freedom, and a horizontal spin axis.
c. Three gimbals, three degrees of freedom, and a lateral spin axis.
d. One gimbal, one degree of freedom, and a vertical spin axis.

Q64. What type of gyro has a horizontal spin axis and one degree of freedom?

a. Rate gyro.
b. Displacement gyro.
c. Rate integrating gyro.
d. Space gyro.

Q65. The properties of a gyro are:

1. Mass.
2. Rigidity in space.
3. Inertia.
4. Precession.
5. Rigidity with reference to the earth.

The correct combination is:

a. 1,2,3,4.
b. 1,3,4,5.
c. 1,2,3,5.
d. 2,3,4,5.

Q66. Gyro rigidity improves with:

a. Increasing RPM, mass, and radial displacement of mass.

b. Increasing RPM and mass but decreasing radial displacement of mass.
c. Decreasing RPM but increasing mass and radial displacement of mass.
d. Decreasing RPM and mass but increasing radial displacement of mass.

Q67. The dither motor in a ring laser gyroscope:

a. Stabilizes the frequency of the laser source.

b. Prevents laser lock.
c. Prevents or minimizes transport wander.
d. Increases accuracy at all rotation rates.

Q68. When viewed from above, a gyro is seen to rotate on a vertical spin axis.
If a force tends to push the right side downwards:

a. It will tilt upwards at the front.

b. It will tilt upwards at the left.
c. It will tilt upwards at the right.
d. It will tilt upwards at the back.
Q69. A 2-axis gyro measuring vertical changes will have:

1. One degree of freedom.

2. Two degrees of freedom.
3. Vertical axis.
4. Horizontal axis.

The correct combination is:

a. 1,3.
b. 1,4.
c. 2,3.
d. 2,4.

Q70. The properties unique to a gyro include:

1. Mass.
2. Inertia.
3. Rigidity.
4. Precession.
5. Rotational velocity.

The correct combination is:

a. 1,2.
b. 2,3.
c. 3,4.
d. All of the above.

Q71. The gyro in a DGI has:

1. One degree of freedom.

2. Two degrees of freedom.
3. Vertical axis.
4. Horizontal axis.

The correct combination is:

a. 1,3.
b. 1,4.
c. 2,3.
d. 2,4.

Q72. The gyro in a vertical reference data generator has:

1. One degree of freedom.

2. Two degrees of freedom.
3. Vertical axis.
 4. Horizontal axis.

The correct combination is:

a. 1,3.
b. 1,4.
c. 2,3.
d. 2,4.

Q73. The purpose of the torque motor in a gyro-stabilized magnetic compass

is to:

a. Move the selsyn stator to calibrate the compass.

b. Remove flux valve errors.
c. Precess the directional gyro.
d. Align the heading pointer with true heading prior to flight.

Q74. Where would a rate integrating gyro be used?

1. Rate of turn indicator.

2. Autopilot.
3. Inertial navigation unit.
4. Inertial attitude reference unit.
5. As a stabilizer for an instrument or inertial platform.

The correct combination is:

a. 1,2.
b. 2,3.
c. 3,4.
d. 4,5.

Q75. DGI errors are caused by:

1. Mechanical imperfections.
2. Earth rate.
3. Transport wander.
4. Banking when pitching.
5. Annual migration of the poles.

The correct combination is:

a. All of the above.
b. 1,2,3,4.
c. 2,3,4,5.
d. 3,4,5.
Q76. To indicate true heading, the gyros in a gyro-stabilized platform require:

1. One degree of freedom.

2. Two degrees of freedom.
3. Vertical axis.
4. Horizontal axis.

The correct combination is:

a. 1,3.
b. 1,4.
c. 2,3.
d. 2,4.

Q77. A gravity erector system is used to correct errors in:

a. A DGI.
b. An artificial horizon.
c. An inertial platform.
d. A ROT indicator.

Q78. What error is caused by movement of the gyro relative to the earth in a
DGI?

a. Transport wander.
b. Earth rate.
c. Real wander.
d. Longitude-latitude error.

Q79. The gyro in an artificial horizon requires:

1. One degree of freedom.

2. Two degrees of freedom.
3. Vertical axis.
4. Horizontal axis.

The correct combination is:

a. 1,3.
b. 1,4.
c. 2,3.
d. 2,4.
Q80. Gyroscope rigidity is increased by RPM and concentrating the mass at
the ________ of the rotor:

a. Hub.
b. Rim.
c. Increasing hub.
d. Decreasing rim.

Q81. Which instrument employs a gravity erecting device on its gyro?

a. ASI.
b. Directional gyro unit.
c. Turn indicator.
d. Artificial horizon.

Q82. A gyro with one degree of freedom is used in a:

a. Slaved gyro compass.

b. Directional gyro unit.
c. Turn indicator.
d. Artificial horizon.

Q83. Transport wander when flying east at 400 Kts at 45 degrees north is:

a. 5.67° per hour.

b. 6.67° per hour.
c. 7.67° per hour.
d. 8.67° per hour.

Q84. Transport wander when flying east at 300 Kts at 40 degrees south is:

a. -4.2° per hour.

b. -5.2° per hour.
c. -6.2° per hour.
d. -7.2° per hour.

Q85. Transport wander when flying west at 300 Kts at 25 degrees south is:
a. -2.33° per hour.
b. -3.34° per hour.
c. 2.33° per hour.
d. 3.34° per hour.

Q86. Transport wander when flying west at 300 Kts at 25 degrees north is:

a. 2.33° per hour.

b. 3.34° per hour.
c. -2.33° per hour.
d. -3.34° per hour.

Q87. Earth rate at 25 degrees south is:

a. 13.59° per hour.

b. 6.34° per hour.
c. -13.59° per hour.
d. -6.34° per hour.

Q88. Earth rate at 45 degrees north is:

a. -13.59° per hour.

b. -10.61° per hour.
c. 13.59° per hour.
d. 10.61° per hour.

Q89. Earth rate at the equator is:

a. 15° per hour.

b. -15° per hour.
c. 6.34° per hour.
d. Zero.