Question Bank for Computer Graphics and Multimedia

1. What do you mean by raster scan display?

o A raster scan display is a type of display technology where the screen is refreshed by
scanning each row of pixels one by one from top to bottom, left to right, to create an
image.
2. Define parallel projection.
o Parallel projection is a type of projection where the projection lines are parallel to
each other. It preserves the relative proportions of objects and does not converge.
3. Define perspective projection.
o Perspective projection is a technique in 3D computer graphics where parallel lines
converge at a vanishing point, simulating the effect of objects appearing smaller as
they get farther away.
4. Write properties of Bezier curve.
o It is defined by control points.
o The curve starts at the first control point and ends at the last control point.
o The curve is influenced by all the control points, but it never passes through the
intermediate control points.
o It has a smooth, continuous shape.
5. What is Frame Buffer Memory?
o A frame buffer is a portion of memory used to store pixel data for an image to be
displayed on the screen. It holds the color values for all the pixels of the display.
6. What is multimedia?
o Multimedia refers to the integration of different content forms, such as text, audio,
images, video, and animation, into a single interactive presentation.
7. Define translation in 2D.
o Translation in 2D refers to moving every point of an object by the same distance in a
given direction, represented by a vector (dx, dy).
8. Define scaling in 2D.
o Scaling in 2D refers to resizing an object by increasing or decreasing its dimensions by
a scaling factor (sx, sy) along the x and y axes.
9. Define rotation in 2D. What is scaling?
 o Rotation in 2D refers to rotating an object about a fixed point by a specified angle.
Scaling is resizing an object along the x and y axes by a scaling factor.
10. Give the matrix to shear in 2D.
Shear Matrix=[1shxshy1]\text{Shear Matrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & sh_x \\ sh_y & 1 \
end{bmatrix}Shear Matrix=[1shyshx1]
where shxsh_xshx and shysh_yshy represent shear factors along the x and y axes.
11. What is a composite transformation?
o Composite transformation refers to combining multiple transformations (like
translation, rotation, scaling) into a single transformation.
12. What are drawbacks of Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm?
o It is limited to rectangular clipping windows.
o It does not handle complex clipping situations well.
o It may be inefficient for large numbers of line segments.
13. Discuss the conditions for clipping a point against a given rectangular window.
o The point must lie inside the window, i.e., its coordinates must be within the
window’s bounds (xmin ≤ x ≤ xmax and ymin ≤ y ≤ ymax).
14. What are drawbacks of DDA line drawing algorithm?
o It involves floating-point operations, which are computationally expensive.
o It may lead to rounding errors.
15. Derive the component matrix of translation.
Translation Matrix=[10tx01ty001]\text{Translation Matrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & tx \\ 0 & 1 & ty
\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}Translation Matrix=100010txty1
where txtxtx and tytyty are the translation distances along the x and y axes.
16. Show that the composition of two rotations is additive.
o The composition of two rotation matrices R(θ1)R(\theta_1)R(θ1) and R(θ2)R(\
theta_2)R(θ2) results in the combined rotation matrix:
R(θ1+θ2)R(\theta_1 + \theta_2)R(θ1+θ2)
Thus, the total rotation is the sum of the individual rotations.
17. What is initial decision parameter value for Bresenham’s circle drawing algorithm?
o The initial decision parameter is given by:
p0=1−rp_0 = 1 - rp0=1−r
where rrr is the radius of the circle.
18. What is aspect ratio?
 o The aspect ratio is the ratio of the width to the height of an image or screen.
19. Name two essential features of graphics software.
o Rendering capabilities.
o Editing and manipulation tools.
20. What are the applications of computer graphics?
o Video games and entertainment.
o Medical imaging.
o Simulation and training.
o Virtual reality.
21. What is reference point and reference axis of transformation?
o The reference point is the origin or any point of reference in the coordinate system.
o The reference axis refers to the fixed axes (x, y, or z) in the transformation process.
22. What is pixel?
o A pixel is the smallest unit of an image displayed on a screen, representing a single
point of color.
23. What is control point?
o A control point is a point used to define the shape of a curve, especially in Bézier
curves and spline interpolation.
24. What do you understand by resolution?
o Resolution refers to the number of pixels in an image or display, determining the
image's clarity and detail.
25. What is shearing?
o Shearing is a transformation that shifts the shape of an object in a direction parallel to
one of the axes, resulting in a slanted version of the original object.
26. Derive the component matrix of rotation.
Rotation Matrix=[cos⁡θ−sin⁡θsin⁡θcos⁡θ]\text{Rotation Matrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \cos \theta & -\sin \
theta \\ \sin \theta & \cos \theta \end{bmatrix}Rotation Matrix=[cosθsinθ−sinθcosθ]
where θ\thetaθ is the angle of rotation.
27. What is scan conversion?
o Scan conversion is the process of converting vector graphics into a raster format for
display on a screen.
28. What is boundary fill algorithm?
 o Boundary fill is a flood-fill algorithm that starts from a point inside a region and fills all
adjacent points with the same color until it reaches the boundary color.
29. What is morphing?
o Morphing is a technique that transforms one image into another through gradual
changes, often used in animation.
30. Why are hypertexts used for information representation in multimedia packages?
o Hypertexts allow for non-linear navigation and interaction by linking different parts of
a document or media, enhancing the user's ability to explore multimedia content.
31. How is the image drawn in CRT monitor?
o The image in a CRT monitor is drawn by scanning the electron beam across the
phosphor-coated screen in a raster scan pattern.
32. Write full form of i) MIDI ii) JPEG.
o i) MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface.
o ii) JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group.

Long Question
1. Scale the square ABCD (0,0)(3,0),(3,3),(0,3) three unit in X-direction and three unit in Y-direction
with respect to origin.
2. What is Computer Graphics? Explain the different Application of Computer Graphics in several
fields.
3. Triangle ABC is (0,0),(4,0)and (0,4 ) Find shearing Transformation with a=2 and b=2.
4. What is Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) . Explain functioning of CRT with proper diagram.
5. Prove that the multiplication of transformation matrices for two successive rotations is
commutative.
6. Magnify the triangle with vertices A(0,0),B(1,1),C(5,2) to twice its size while keeping C(5,2)
fixed.
7. Prove that 2D rotation and scaling commute if Sx=Sy or Ɵ= nΠ for integer n and otherwise they
donot. Here Sx and Sy are the scaling along the X and Y axis respectively and Ɵ is angle of
rotation.
8. Discuss boundary fill and flood fill algorithm.

9. Discuss Sutherland hodgman polygon clipping algorithm.

10. Perform a 45° rotation of a triangle A(1,1),B(5,1),C(3,5) about an arbitrary point P (3,3) ,about
origin
11. Explain the importance of homogeneous co-ordinate system.
12.Derive the relationship between window port and view port.

13.Write a short note on Bezier curve.

14. The eight-way symmetry of a circle can be used to design an efficient circle drawing algorithm-
justify the statement with suitable algorithm.

15. Derive a general transformation matrix for 3D rotation about x axis, y axis, z axis.

16. What can be concluded about the visibility of line segment in Cohen-Sutherland line clipping
algorithm.
17. Use DDA line generation algorithm to draw a line from (2,2) to (6,6)
18. Distinguish between random scan display and raster scan display.
19. Find the rotation transformation matrix form about an arbitrary line y=mx+b.
20. Consider the rectangle defined by (100,10),(160,10),(160,40),(100,40). Discuss clipping situation
of straight line PQ using Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm where P(50,0) and Q(70,80)
21. Derive midpoint line drawing algorithm.
22. What are the advantages of Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm over DDA line drawing
algorithm?
23. Clip a line A (3,20), B(13.3) against a rectangular window whose left-bottom ,top-corner are at
the point (5,5), (25,15) respectively..
24. Discuss point clipping algorithm.
25.”translation does not depend on reference point”- justify
26.Discuss Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm.
27. Derive and write midpoint circle drawing algorithm.
28. Compare parallel and perspective projections with reference to practical use only.
29.Derive a general transformation matrix for 3D translation and scaling.