USE

We use the present perfect…

- to describe an event or personal
experience in the past without a
specific time.
- to talk about things that have
happened up to now
 REGULARS
The present perfect tense consists of :
Have/has + the past participle form of the verb.

I have watched that film.

She has lived abroad.

Have ( I, you, they, we, plural nouns)

Has (she, he, it, singular nouns)
Contractions: I’ve, we’ve, they’ve, she’s, he’s, it’s
 IRREGULARS
Made up of
“ have /has” + past participle form of verb

Present Past Past Participle

eat ate eaten

write wrote written

“has/have” + eaten 
“has/have” + ate /eat ×
AFFIRMATIVE
We form the affirmative form with
the helping verb have/has+past
participle (V3).
☺ HAVE/HAS V3
I have helped/gone we have helped/gone
 You have helped/gone you have helped/gone
 He has helped/gone they have helped/gone
 She has helped/gone
 It has helped/gone
INTERROGATIVE
We form questions with regular
and irregular verbs in the present
perfect with have/has+ past
participle (V3).
HAVE/HAS ☺ V3 ?
 Have I helped/gone? Have we helped/gone?
 Have you helped/gone? Have you helped/gone?
 Has he helped/gone? Have they helped/gone?
☺
Communication
&
Technology
• Plug-in -- To connect to an electrical
power source.

• SCROLL DOWN -- (move cursor

down the screen).
• Log in -- Identifying data, as a name or
password, into a multiuser system, so
as to be able to do work with the
system.

• TURN ON/TURN OFF – switch

on / off (a computer, a light
• Shut down– to close and
switch down a computer.
• Turn up / turn down – To lower or
intensify the volume.

• Click --to press and release a

mouse button rapidly, as
to select an icon.
• Browser -- Software used to navigate
the Internet.

• BOLD -- A style of text that makes a

letter or word darker and thicker to
stand out in a document.
• CURSOR --A moving indicator displayed on a
computer monitor that shows a computer
operator where the next action or operation
will take place.
• FONT -- The shape and style of text.
• DELETE -- A key used to erase characters.

• EDIT -- To make changes in a document or

presentation.
• ENTER -- The key used to begin a new line
in a word processor.
• GRAPHIC – Images or pictures that are
created, edited, or published using a
computer.

• HIGHLIGHT -- To choose part of a

document by clicking and dragging over it
with the mouse to select the text.
• FILE-- a collection of related computer data or
program records stored by name.
• FOLDER-- computing: file storage

• ICONS – Symbols or illustrations appearing on

the computer screen that indicate program
files or other computer functions.
• INDENT -- To set the first line of a paragraph in
from the margin in a word processing
document.

• LANDSCAPE -- The page setup that permits a

document to be printed in a horizontal
position.
• LINE SPACING – The area between lines of
text.

• PASTE -- To insert the last information that

was cut or copied into a document.

• PORTRAIT -- The default page setup that

prints the document vertically.
• PRINT -- To put what is on the computer
screen on paper. It creates a paper copy of the
document created on the computer.

• SAVE -- To store information on a disk, hard

drive, flash drive, or CD for later use.

• SAVE AS -- To save a document with a new

name or for the first time.
APP - Application, especially
as downloaded by a user to a
mobile device.
CHIP - a very small piece of
semiconductor, especially in a
computer, that contains
extremely small electronic
circuits and devices.
DEVICE - an object or machine
that has been invented for a
particular purpose.
DOWNLOAD - To copy or move
programs or information into a
computer's memory, especially
from the internet or a larger
computer
UPLOAD - to copy or move
programs or information to a
larger computer system or to
the internet.
EMOJI - A small digital image or
icon used to express an idea or
emotion.
MESSAGE - A verbal, written, or
recorded communication sent to
or left for a recipient who cannot
be contacted directly.
SOCIAL MEDIA - websites and
applications that enable users to
create and share content or to
participate in social networking.
SOFTWARE - the programs and
other operating information
used by a computer.
SCREEN - a flat panel or area
on an electronic device such as
a television, computer, or
smartphone, on which images
and data are displayed.
VIDEO CHAT - A face-to-face
conversation held over the
internet by means of webcams
and dedicated software.
VERBOS MODALES
Recuerda que los verbos modales son invariables, y los verbos a los que acompañan también. No hay que cambiar
terminaciones ni conjugar, sólo poner el modal y un verbo al dado en su forma base.
SHOULD
Se utiliza para dar consejos, como «debería» en español.
You should make sure your safety equipment is in good condition (Deberían asegurarse de que su equipo de seguridad
esté en buenas condiciones.
Además de para dar consejos, se puede utilizar cuando esperamos que ocurra una cosa concreta.
Your computer should restart automatically.— El ordenador debería reiniciarse automáticamente.
MUST
Must es un verbo modal que se traduce por "deber" y se utiliza en afirmativas y en negativas
Obligación: I have to wear uniform at work (tengo que llevar uniforme en el trabajo)
Deber moral: You must respect your parents (debes respetar a tus padres)
Fuerte recomendación: You must tidy your bedroom. It's a mess (debes ordenar tu habitación. Está hecha un desastre)
Mustn’t → Prohibición: You mustn't smoke in schools (No puedes fumar en los colegios)
CONDITIONALS
Zero conditional
Utilizamos el zero conditional para hablar de situaciones que conllevan verdades universales o hechos generales.
Usaremos el Present simple en la frase condicional como en la desencadenante. También puedes sustituir If por When

IF + sujeto + PRESENT SIMPLE, + sujeto + PRESENT SIMPLE

• If you mix red and white, you get pink. Si mezclas rojo con blanco tienes rosa.
• If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. Si calientas agua a 100 grados, hierve.
• If she sleeps well, she rests. Si ella duerme bien, descansa.
First conditional
Utilizaremos el first conditional para hablar de situaciones particulares y que puedan suceder de forma segura. También
lo usamos cuando hablamos de planes de futuro, amenazas, advertencia y promesas o para convencer a alguien de algo.
Para ello, utilizaremos Present Simple y Future Simple. Su estructura también se divide en dos frases, con la condición
que se produzca la primera podrá suceder la siguiente:
IF + sujeto + PRESENT SIMPLE,+ sujeto + FUTURE SIMPLE.
• If you train you will have a better performance.- Si entrenas tendrás un mejor desempeño.
• I will make dinner for you if you come tonight.- Te haré la cena si vienes esta noche.
• If you come tonight I will make dinner for you.- Si vienes esta noche, te haré la cena.
A medida que vamos aumentando de número en los condicionales las probabilidades de que suceda el hecho a
determinar es menor. Cuando utilizamos el zero conditional hablamos de verdades, hechos con certeza total. Verdades
generales. Sin embargo, cuando hablamos del first conditional lo hacemos para expresar cierto grado de duda, y con
intencionalidad futura. También para hacer advertencias y hablar en temas más particulares que en el first conditional.
En algunos casos también podemos usar when en lugar de IF.
WHEN + PRESENTE SIMPLE + SUJETO + FUTURO SIMPLE
Usamos “WHEN” cuando la condición ocurrirá seguro en el futuro: “When I see Peter, I’ll give him your message”
UNLESS + PRESENTE SIMPLE + SUJETO + FUTURO SIMPLE
Este se usa como sustituto de “IF NOT”:
“You won’t lose any weight unless you start eating healthier food (if you don’t start easting healthier food)
 VOCABULARY
Parts of the body Accidents, injuries, illnesses
ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH
arm brazo trip over the dog tropezar con el perro
chest pecho hurt your back hacerse daño en la espalda
chin barbilla fall off your bike caerse de la bicicleta
ear oreja crash your car estrellar tu coche
elbow codo trap your fingers atraparse los dedos
eyebrow ceja slip resbalar
eyes ojos burn your hand quemarse la mano
hair pelo cut your hand cortarse la mano
head cabeza bang/hit your head golpearse la cabeza
forehead frente scratch your arm arañar el brazo
heart corazón break your arm/leg romperse el brazo/pierna
hip cadera sprain you ankle torcerse el tobillo (esquince)
mouth boca broken bones huesos rotos
neck cuello bruise your leg hacerse un moretón en la pierna
nose nariz have a cold tener un resfriado
shoulder hombro be dizzy estar mareado
stomach estómago have a fever tener fiebre
waist cintura have headache tener dolor de cabeza
wrist muñeca have stomachache tener dolor de estómago
hand mano have backache tener dolor de espalda
finger dedo get measles tener sarampión
leg pierna have nausea tener náuseas
foot pie swollen thumb dedo gordo hinchado
thigh muslo be stung by a bee picarte una abeja
knee rodilla be bitten by a mosquito picarte un mosquito
shin espinilla black eye ojo morado
ankle tobillo sunburn quemadura del sol
toes dedos del pie
INFINITIVES OF PURPOSE
What is an “infinitive”?
 An infinitive is:

“to” + base form of a verb

 Examples: to run, to sing, to call, to laugh, to think, to

believe, to go, to enjoy, to speak
What is an “infinitive of purpose”?
An infinitive of purpose is an infinitive that answers the
question “why”?

I went to the store ….

(WHY?)
to buy milk.
I study Spanish …
(WHY?)
to talk to my friends.
 These sentences have similar
meaning…
David went on holiday David went on holiday
because he wanted to relax. to relax.

Se studies hard because she She studies hard to get

wants to get good marks. good marks.

Robert went to the shop Robert went to the shop

because he wanted to buy to buy milk.
milk.
What about negative sentences? These
sentences have similar meaning ….

They dropped Lavender off at They dropped Lavender off at

the top of the driveway the top of the driveway in
because they didn’t want to order not to make her
make her parents angry. parents angry.

They asked if Lavender was They asked if Lavender was

going to the dance because going to the dance in order
they didn’t want to go to the not to go to the dance
dance without a date. without a date.
Negatives MUST have “in order not”
Original sentence:
They dropped Lavender off at the top of the driveway because
they didn’t want to make her parents angry.

Sentence with infinitive of purpose (NEGATIVE):

They dropped Lavender off at the top of the driveway in order
not to make her parents angry.
Why are infinitives of purpose
important?
 You will hear them all the time! (Ex: I went to the store to
get milk.)

 They are very important in academic language. (Ex: Research

was conducted to explore the environmental problem.)
BODY PARTS

head

This is a head
 BODY PARTS

forehead

This is the forehead

BODY PARTS

hair

This is hair
BODY PARTS

eyes

These are eyes

BODY PARTS

eyebrows

These are eyebrows

BODY PARTS

ear

This is an ear
BODY PARTS

nose

This is a nose
BODY PARTS

mouth

This is a mouth
 BODY PARTS

chin

This is a chin
BODY PARTS

neck

This is a neck
 BODY PARTS

shoulder shoulder

These are shoulders

BODY PARTS

chest

This is a chest
 BODY PARTS

heart

This is a heart
BODY PARTS

stomach

This is a stomach
BODY PARTS

waist

This is a waist
BODY PARTS

hip

This is a hip
BODY PARTS

arm

This is an arm
 BODY PARTS

elbow

This is an elbow
BODY PARTS

hand

This is a hand
BODY PARTS

wrist

This is a wrist
BODY PARTS

fingers

These are fingers

BODY PARTS

legs

These are legs

 BODY PARTS

thigh

This is a thigh
BODY PARTS

knees

These are knees

BODY PARTS

shin

This is a shin
BODY PARTS

foot

This is a foot
 BODY PARTS

ankle

This is an ankle
BODY PARTS

toes

These are toes

BODY PARTS
 BODY PARTS
Eyebrow

Hair
Eyes Head
Nose Ear
Mouth Chin
Shoulder Neck

Chest
Heart
Elbow
Stomach
Arm
Waist
Hip
 BODY PARTS

Wrist
Hand
Fingers
Thigh

Leg Knee

Shin

Ankle
Foot Toes
A modal verb is

•an auxiliary verb;

•comes before another verb and adds to the meaning of that verb;

•cannot function as a main verb in a sentence;

•used to express intention, necessity, obligation, offer, permission,

possibility, prohibition, question, request, suggestion.
When using modals (except for “have to” it
is important to remember the following rules:
➢ A modal always has the same form. There is no –s ending, no –ing or
–ed forms.
e.g. Paul can speak English fluently.

➢ Only the base form of the verb follows a modal.

e.g. You should learn these rules perfectly well.

➢ Questions are formed by inverting the modal and the subject.

e.g. Can he play the guitar well?

➢ Negative are formed by adding not (n’t) after the modal.

e.g. Dina couldn’t come to the party because she was sick.

➢ Most modals have more that one meaning, depending on the context
they are used.
To show that you have to do something, for example because it is
very important or because it is a rule (strong recommendation or
obligation).
"You must stop the car when the traffic light turns red.“
"You must pay your taxes."

"Must not" (or "mustn't") is used to show you are not allowed to
do something (prohibition or strong advice against something).
"You mustn't steal."
"He mustn't talk to his parents like that."
"The fruit of this bush must not be eaten because it is toxic."

To show that something is very logical or very likely to be true

"He left at noon, so he must be there already."
"She is not stupid, so she must have known what she was doing!"
"They must be really rich to live in such a house."
To say something is forbidden / prohibited / not allowed, we use “mustn’t”

e.g. You mustn’t smoke in public places. – Smoking in public places is forbidden.
“Mustn’t” does not mean the same as don’t have to.
Compare the sentences:

❖You mustn’t go out in the interval. (You are not allowed to smoke)
❖You don’t have to go out in the interval. ( it isn’t necessary…)
1. To say what is the right thing to do.

"You should be helping your mother."

"If he doesn't like the job, he should tell it to his boss."
"If you knew you were going to be so late, you should have called."
2. To give advice or ask for advice

"You should try the new restaurant down the street."

"What should I do? Should I tell him the truth?"
"Should I try to take the exam again?"

3. To show that something is likely to be true or that it is expected.

"Let's return home, dinner should be ready by now."

"We should arrive there by twelve o'clock."
"I should get an e-mail from him soon."
Modal Verb Usage Example

ability I can do several things at the same time.

can when something is possible Miracles can happen.

permission You can go now.
informal requests Can you come for a minute?
past form of "can" She said she could pay for us as well.

could polite requests Could you move your bag, please?

possibility It could be that he missed the train.

you have to do it You must obey the law
must it's very logical or very likely to
They left so early, they must be home by now.
happen
must not/
you are not allowed to do it You mustn't smoke in here.
mustn't
the right thing to do She should call the police.
- What should I do?
advice
should - You should stop thinking about it.
what is likely or
We should be back by midnight.
expected to happen
 Will
Affitrmative & Negative

She will / won´t win the match

They won´t come to the party
Interrogative

Will she win the match?

Will they come to the party?

FUNCTION: Use WILL to talk about future predictions ( you feel certain)
 May / Might
Affitrmative & Negative

I may / might (not) go to the party

They may / might watch a film tonight
Interrogative (not common)
Only used for asking for permission
May I go to the toilet? / May I open the door?

FUNCTION: Use
May / Might to talk about future POSSIBILITIES (you
don´t feel sure)
 WILL MAY / MIGTH

FEELS 100 %

50 % YES # 50 % no

I will go to the city center tomorrow

I may go to the city tomorrow morning
Accidents, Illnesses
and Injuries
Health Vocabulary
trip over the dog/a
chair…
hurt your back
fall off your bike
crash your car
trap your fingers
slip
burn your hand
Cut your hand
bang/hit your head
scratch your arm
break your arm/leg
broken bones
sprain your ankle
bruise your leg
have a cold
be dizzy
have a fever
have headache
Have stomachache
have backache
get measles
have nausea
swollen thumb
Be stung by a bee
Be bitten by a mosquito
black eye
sunburn
The End
 PRESENT PERFECT
El presente perfecto equivale más o menos al pretérito perfecto del español. Veremos las diferencias en la sección sobre
usos. En general, es una mezcla entre el presente y el pasado. Lo usamos para acciones en el pasado que tienen
importancia en el presente.
Para formar el presente perfecto, se usa el verbo auxiliar “to have” en el presente y el participio pasado del verbo. El
"present perfect" de cualquier verbo está compuesto por dos elementos: la forma apropiada del verbo auxiliar to have
(en presente) y el "past participle" del verbo principal. La forma del "past participle" de un verbo regular es raíz+ed, e.g.
played, arrived, looked.

Nota: Ten en cuenta que hay muchos participios pasados irregulares en inglés. Para los verbos irregulares, consulta la
Tabla de verbos irregulares (tercera columna). Ejemplos:

Present Past Past Participle

eat ate eaten
write wrote written

WILL (SUCEDERÁ), MIGHT /MAY (TAL VEZ SUCEDA), WON’T (NO SUCEDERÁ)
Use will + infinitivo y won’t + infinitivo para predecir el futuro cuando se está seguro de algo. Will cuando se está seguro
que algo pasara y Won’t cuando se está seguro que algo no pasara.
Ejemplos: Your book will be here tomorrow, I’m sure he won’t come.
Use might o may + infinitivo para predecir algo, cuando no estamos seguros que suceda.
Ejemplo: I might see Oyuki tonight. (es posible, pero no estoy seguro)

También podemos usar might not para indicar que podría no suceder o manipular will y won’t para indicar que no
estamos seguros o que creemos que sucederá.

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
He’s going to Italy to study Italian. / I’m going to the shop to buy some milk. / They moved to Berlin to look for work.
En los ejemplos arriba, el infinitivo de finalidad es el segundo verbo en la frase. Se usa el infinitivo para expresar el
propósito de la primera acción (o sea, el primer verbo).
En español, estas frases se traducen con la preposición para: Se va a Italia para aprender italiano, etc. Básicamente,
aprender italiano es la finalidad del viaje, así que usamos to + infinitivo.
 TECHNOLOGY VERBS AND OTHERS

ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH

Plug-in Enchufar Catch/get/take (train, taxi…) Coger un taxi, tren…
SCROLL DOWN Desplazar hacia abajo Go by (bus, train…) Ir en (tren, bus…)
Log in Loguear en una cuenta Go on foot Ir a pie
TURN ON Encender (luz, ordenador) Get away Hacer una escapada.
TURN OFF Apagar (luz, ordenador) Set out Salir de viaje
Shut down Apagar (ordenador) Go back Volver (casa)
Turn up Subir volumen Hurry up Darse prisa
turn down Bajar volumen Get on Subir (a bordo)
Click Clickear Get off Bajarse (del avión)
Browser Navegador Take off Despegar
BOLD Negrita See off Despedir (a alguien)
CURSOR Cursor Touch down Tomar tierra
DELETE Eliminar Get in Llegar (el avión al aeropuerto)
EDIT Editar Check in Registrar, facturar (hotel)
ENTER Intro Check out Dejar la habitación
FONT Fuente Look around Echar un vistazo alrededor.
GRAPHIC Gráficos Pick up Recoger a alguien en coche
HIGHLIGHT Seleccionar Drop off Dejar a alguien en coche
FILE Archivo Speed up Acelerar
FOLDER Carpeta Get in Subir al coche
Icon icono Get out of Bajar del coche
INDENT Sangría Go in / into Entrar en
LANDSCAPE Horizontal Wait for Esperar a
PORTRAIT Vertical Walk across Cruzar
LINE SPACING Espacio entre párrafos
PASTE Pegar
PRINT Imprimir
SAVE Guardar
SAVE AS Guardar como
APP Aplicación
CHIP Chip
DEVICE Dispositivo
DOWNLOAD Descargar
UPLOAD Subir
EMOJI Emoticono
MESSAGE Mensaje
SCREEN Pantalla
SOCIAL MEDIA Redes sociales
SOFTWARE Software
VIDEO CHAT Videoconferencia
GETTING AROUND
PHRASAL VERBS

2º ESO
 Get away - to leave to go somewhere for a
break or holiday.
Set out - to start a journey

Hurry up - to do something
Go back - to return to a place fast and not waste time
 Get on - to enter on board (train, plane).

Get off: You leave a plane, bus, train, bike.

 Take off - when a plane leaves
and begins to fly

See off - to go the place someone is

leaving from to say goodbye.

Touch down: The moment the plane

touches the ground and lands. Get in - when a plane arrives
on an airport.
Check in - to register at a hotel.

Bye!

Look around - to explore what

Check out - to leave and pay is near you, in your area.
for your stay at a hotel.
 Speed up - to
increase speed.

Pick up - to go and fetch someone from

a place and take them somewhere else.

Drop off - to take someone to

Get in/into: When you enter a taxi, a place and leave them there.
car… Get out of: You leave a taxi, car.
 Wait for - To be expecting someone
Go into - enter a building, a room, a or something and be prepared to
vehicle… deal with him/her/it

Walk across -To cross or

traverse something or
some place from one
side to another on foot.
Catch, get, take (a taxi, a train, a bus…) - To
Go by - To travel somewhere
catch a taxi means to stop a random taxi on
by a means of transport
the street to use the service

Go on foot - walking rather than travelling by car or using other transport.