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REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN
ANIMALS
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Teaching terminology

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 Comparing sexual and asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction

involves the fusion of involves reproduction of
motile (male) and organisms from parts or
stationary (female) the whole parent body form
gametes. – no gametes involved
 EXTERNAL FERTILISATION

• The sperm cell fuses with the egg

cell outside the body of the
female.
• The sperm cells are discharged
(released) directly into water.
• Examples are aquatic animals
like frogs, sponges, jellyfish,
worms and fish
• A mass of amphibian eggs, appearing as
small black spots, is contained within a
gelatinous mass while they incubate in a
freshwater pond.

• Eggs deposited in this fashion receive little

or no parental protection and will soon
hatch into small, wriggling tadpoles.
• Advantages : • Disadvantages :
• Chances are very slim for a sperm cell to meet
• No additional energy is the ova of same species.
needed for parental care or • Predators eat the sperm and ova before
fertilization can occur
formation of a protective • Strong currents carry sperm cells away before
layer. fertilization can occur
• Reproduction must take place in water
• No need for a male to have a otherwise gametes or fertilized eggs will
dehydrate
special organ to insert the
sperm into the females body.
• Chances of fertilisation are
enhanced by courtship
display by fish.
• Does not use much energy.
 INTERNAL FERTILISATION
The sperm cell from the male is transferred into the female by copulation (sexual intercourse).
The sperm cell then fuses with the ovum inside the body of the female.

Examples : terrestrial mammals, birds, and insects.

Advantages : Disadvantages :
• Ensures that the sperm cell comes • Fewer eggs are produced .
into contact with the ovum • The animal must have a
• Developing embryo is protected copulatory organ to insert the
from predators sperm cells into the female
• and removed from harsh body.
environments
Internal Fertilization
• the male deposits his sperm
into the female’s
reproductive tract.
Some animals have courtship
rituals to attract a female:

Funny Courtship Dances Of Our Feathered Friends.mp4

Three types of reproduction:
OVIPARY

OVOVIVIPARY

VIVIPARY

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 Ovipary /Egg-laying
• Refers to egg laying animals
• Eggs are protected by a hard shell ,
while others are protected by a
jelly like layer after fertilisation.
• Development does not occur
inside the body of the female
• The development of an organism
is completed inside the egg after it
has been laid
• Examples: frogs, insects, reptiles,
spiders, birds and marine animals

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 Examples of Ovipary
40% of Sharks lay eggs, people named Birds hatching
the protective cases that wash out on
the beach “mermaids' purse”. The
tendrils attach to the corals

Moth eggs

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 Examples of Ovipary
Different bird eggs

Indian python with her eggs Crocodiles hatching

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 Advantages and disadvantages of Ovipary
• Advantages : • Disadvantages:
• Eggs and sperm cells are • Mortality rate is high.
produced in large numbers • Much energy is invested for
to increase chances of parental care.
survival to adulthood.
• Parental care ensures
survival to adulthood.

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 • Animals that do not lay eggs , but keep them in their
bodies until they hatch.
• The body temperature is necessary for them to hatch.
Ovovivipary • There is no connection between the embryo and the
mother.
• Examples : sharks , lizards, cockroaches and some
snakes
• Advantages :
• The young one is protected from cold and predators to
ensure survival
• The young one can develop to a fairly large size before
birth
• Disadvantages:
• Fewer offspring are born
• More energy is used by the female carrying the eggs
Snake Giving Birth
EXAMPLES OF OVOVIVIPARY
• Among some snake species, females bear live young
• This method of reproduction may be beneficial to snakes that live in cold
climates, because the pregnant female can bask in the sun to keep her
developing offspring warm.
 EXAMPLES OF OVOVIVIPARY
Guitar fish giving birth pre-maturely to
babies, still attached to yolk sacs Shark giving birth to live young

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 • Refers to animals that give
Vivipary birth to live young ones.
• There is a connection between
the developing foetus and the
mother. (placenta and umbilical
cord)
• Examples : most mammals
like human beings, whales and
kangaroos.
 Advantages and disadvantages of vivipary

• Advantages : • Disadvantages :
• The temperature is regulated • Number of off springs
by the mother. produced is few.
• The mother provides • More energy is used to
nutrition for the young one. provide parental care.
• Mortality rate is lower.

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 Example of Vivipary

Cat giving birth

to babies

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Comparison of the three reproductive strategies

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 ACTIVITY 3.1

Complete the table

by cutting out the
definitions and
examples and pairing
them with
the correct strategy:

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ANSWER:

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Amniotic egg

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 AMNIOTIC EGG
• This is the egg laid by reptiles,
birds and some mammals.
• The embryo develops inside the
egg and is protected by many
membranes and hard shell.
• There are four extra-embryonic
membranes:
• Amnion- with amniotic fluid
protects the embryo from drying
out.
• Yolk – provides nutrition.
• Allantois- removes metabolic
wastes.
• Chorion supplies oxygen, food
and water.
 Advantages of the amniotic egg
• A critical evolutionary development for
terrestrial animals.

• It allows them to evolve into bigger

forms and better protect themselves.

• The developing embryo, protected

from drying out ( by the amnion), can
survive out of water and in a variety of
habitats.
 Advantages of the amniotic egg
• The yolk provides it with food, and the
albumen supplies water and nutrients.

• Wastes are released to the allantois, an

extension of the embryonic gut.

• Oxygen diffuses easily through the thin

outer shell of the egg; its passage to
the embryo is regulated by the chorion.
Egg yolk size related to the degree of development of the hatchling

•The yolk sac contains the food

reserves for the developing embryo.

•If yolk is smaller, the young are

hatched sooner, they are under
developed and usually require more
parental care.

•If yolk is larger , the incubation

period is longer, and the young are
usually well developed when they
hatch.

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Activity 3.2

1.Use the following colours to colour in the correct structures in

the diagram above:
1. Amnion – pink
2. Allantois- purple
3. Yolk sac – yellow
4. Air space – blue
5. Embryo – orange

2.Label all the structures where there are label lines.

3. Write the functions of the amnion, allantois, yolk sac, air

space and the shell next to the Labels.

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Answer

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 Types of development:

PRECOCIAL

ALTRICIAL

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PRECOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Young ones are relatively mature and are able
to move around after they are born or hatch.
• Their eyes are open, and have good eyesight.
• They can go out to search food for themselves.
• Have strong skeleton, and their body is either
covered by feathers (birds) or hair(mammals).
• Birds need their parents to keep them warm,
but this lasts for a short period.
• Mammals can regulate their body temperature.
• Examples : birds, cattle, sheep, antelopes,
buffalo, elephants, hippos and giraffe.
Altricial Development
• Young ones are unable to move
after birth and are helpless.
• They do not have feathers (birds) • Helpless at birth
and blind.
• Although this two-month-old
• They need to be fed and kept Parma wallaby joey successfully
warm. completed a blind journey from
its mother’s birth canal to her
pouch without help, it would not
survive without her.
• Refers to looking after young ones through feeding, keeping them
warm, protecting them from the predators.
• Such animals give rise to few offspring.

PARENTAL CARE
 ACTIVITY 3.3

1.Name the type of fertilisation that takes place in the bottlenose dolphin. (1)

2 Explain how TWO of the reproductive strategies of the great white shark
increase its reproductive success. (4)

3. Explain ONE reason why the bluefin tuna releases a large number of eggs. (2)

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 Answers
1. Internal fertilisation

2. Internal fertilisation
increases the chances of fertilisation
Ovovivipary/ eggs retained inside the female’s body
for better protection from predators/harsh environment

3. To increase the chances of fertilisation

since there is external fertilisation
OR
To increase the survival of the eggs/number of offspring
As eggs may be lost to predators/environmental factors etc

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 KEY POINTS FOR THE MODULE
• Here it is your choice on what you want the participants to take from
the Module and what you want to summarize
• You may discuss around the following key points for teaching and
learning: CoPA[F] Teacher Learning Teachers Assessing Common
inputs: activities: support the exam
Learning Possible and learning: errors
Tasks learners actions: Formative
ideas and What the and
responses teachers diagnostic
can give assessment
learners to
do and
facilitate

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