TERM PAPER
TERM PAPER
REPORT
On
LAW
ENFORCEMENT
OPERATION
PLANNING AND
CRIME MAPPING
LEA 103
Submitted by:
Milo, Monica B.
Submitted to:
Prof. Dante A. De
Castro
Jnuary 2025
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
and Environment Design; Types of Crime Mapping and Crime Analysis; Crime
Planning
-it is a method or a way of doing something in order to achieve objectives. -Plan provides
b. Planning
-is the process by which the managers of an organization set objectives, make an overall
assessment of the future, and chart the courses of action with a view to achieving the
organizational goals.
-“thinking about the future, thinking about what we want the future would be, and
thinking about what we need to do now to achieve it” (Hudzik and Cordner). - is the
process of deciding in advance what is to be done when and where it is to be done, and
-is the act of determining policies and guidelines for police/law enforcement activities
and operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and operations
in the department.
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The task of planning will be well-accomplished if some fundamental principles are
pledged for the purpose of planning. Planning is not an easy task. So, necessary help is to
be taken from experts. The enterprise must be ready to exhaust the available resources for
importance. This principle implies that more emphasis has to be put on that factor which
is scarce or limited in supply or extremely costly. This will help in selecting the most
favorable alternative.
solving thought process—a process by which past experiences are superimposed on the
facts of the present situation and possible future trends. None can be a planner whose
mind is not active, who does not possess any deliberate power and whose sense of
4. Principle of Flexibility: Though a plan is prepared after reflective thinking, this does
not mean that no departure can be made in the course of its operation. The plan should be
so prepared that there is sufficient scope for changing it from time to time. Changes must
necessarily be effected in the plan for taking into account new developments that may
is supported by many derivative plans. But all plans must contribute in a positive way
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6. Principle of Efficiency: A plan should be made efficient to attain the objectives of the
enterprise at the minimum cost and least effort. It must also achieve better results with the
likely to be achieved.
The essence of planning is the choice among alternative courses of action. There is no
need for planning if there is only one way for doing something. In choosing from
alternatives, the best alternative will be that which contributes most efficiently and
the managers in respect of planning premises over which the structure of plan is to be
framed.
operations determine the starting and finishing time for each piece of work according to
some definite schedule and give practical and concrete shape and form to work
performance.
whole-hearted co-operation in execution of the plan, it is necessary that the plan must be
communicated and explained to them for their full understanding. This understanding
provides the basis for additional knowledge about new facts and matters to the
employees. This is needed for improvement in the quality of planning. It also ensures an
obligation of the personnel of the enterprise to execute the plan by individual and joint
participation.
11. Principle of Pervasiveness: Though major planning function is entrusted to the top
management, it is not restricted to the top level only. It is a function of every manager at
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12. Principle of Strategic Planning: Strategic planning is essential where there is
competition. It is prepared in the light of what the competitors are intending to do.
Planners must take into account the strategies of the rival organizations, otherwise the
increasing satisfaction of the consumers. This may also be stated as an important strategy
of business. Innovation is a necessity for its sustaining growth in this dynamic world.
14. Principle of Follow-up: In the course of execution of a plan, certain obstacles may
crop up in midway and planning may require revision, alteration or correction. This is
why there must be a follow-up system in the planning process itself. This allows timely
Elements of Planning
1. Objectives
Objectives are the goals towards which all managerial activities are aimed at.
2. Forecasting
➢ It is the analysis and interpretation of future in relation to the activities and working of
an enterprise,
3. Policies
➢ Policies are statements or principles that guide and direct different managers at
4. Procedures
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➢ Procedures outline a series of tasks for a specified course of action.
5. Rules
and is essentially in the nature of a decision made by the management authority. This
decision signifies that a definite action must be taken in respect of a specific situation.
6. Programmes
7. Budget
8. Projects
9. Strategies
➢ Strategies are the devices formulated and adopted from the competitive standpoint as
well as from the point of view of the employees, customers, suppliers and government.
1. Proactive Plan
- involves designing a desired future and then inventing ways to create that future state.
2. Reactive Plan
-past oriented
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- is an active attempt to turn back the clock to the past.
- an attempt to predict the future and then to plan for that predicted future. -are essential
statements that identify the role of the police I the community and a future condition to
4. Inactive
- present oriented
-an attempt to preserve the present, which is preferable to both the past and the future.
Classification of Plans
• Strategic
• Tactical
- are the means to support and implement strategic plans. They are made to achieve
• Operational
- support the tactical plans. They are made to achieve operational goals of the
organization. These plans are highly specific and determine what different sections of the
organization need to perform. Relate to short periods of time of less than one year, say
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POLICE OR LAW ENFORCEMENT PLAN
Police and law enforcement planning is the process of developing objectives and action
plans to achieve them. It involves four basic functions: planning, organizing, leading, and
controlling.
Management planning
Operational planning
Strategic planning
plans.
Synoptic planning
problems.
Frame of Reference – This shall based on a careful view of the matters relating to the
situation for which plans are being developed. Opinions or ideas of persons who may
speak with authority of the subjects and views of the police commanders, other
Problems – This calls for the identification of the problems, understanding both its
records and its possible solution. A situation must exist for which something must and
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robbers. There is a need for reaching the preliminary decision that robberies may be
reduced in the area, and that the pattern of operation, in general, is one by which the
2.Collecting all Pertinent Facts – No attempt shall be made to develop a plan until all
facts relating to it have been carefully reviewed to determine the modus operandi,
suspects, types of victims, and such other information as may be necessary. Facts relating
to such matters as availability, deployment, and the use of present personnel shall be
gathered, Developing the Facts After all data have been gathered, a careful analysis and
evaluation shall be made. These provide the basis from which a plan or plans are evolved.
As the alternative solutions are evaluated, one of the proposed plans shall usually prove
more logical than the others. Selecting the Most Appropriate Alternative – A careful
consideration of all facts usually leads to the selection of the best alternative proposal.
Selling the Plans – A plan, to be effectively carried out, must be accepted by persons
concerned at the appropriate level of the plan’s development. For example, in a robbery
case, the patrol division head may be preparing the plan. At the outset, the detective chief
is concerned and shall be consulted. As the planning develops, there may be a need it
involve the head of the personnel, records and communication units and all patrol
officers.
4.Arranging for the Execution of the Plan - the execution of a plan requires the
issuance of orders and directives to units and personnel concern, the establishment of a
schedule, and the provision of manpower and the equipment for carrying out the plan.
Briefing shall be held and assurance shall be received that all involved personnel
understood when, how, and what is to be done. Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Plan –
The results of the plan shall be determined. This is necessary in order to know whether a
correct alternative was chosen, whether the plan was correct, which phase was poorly
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implemented, and whether additional planning may be necessary. Also, the effects of the
executed plan or other operations and on total police operations shall be determined.
5.How Operational plans are executed in the PNP? - The plans are made, same shall
be put into operation and the result thereof evaluated accordingly Operations in the PNP
shall be directed by the police commander to attain the following objectives: (1)
protection of persons and property; (2) preservation of peace and order; (3) prevention of
(6) enforcement of laws and ordinances and regulations of conduct: (8) prompt execution
of criminal writs and processes of the courts; and (9) coordination and cooperation with
other law enforcement agencies. Prevention of Crimes – This activity requires the
members of the PNP to mingle with the members of the community where criminal
activities originate and bred and criminalistic tendencies of individuals are motivated to
indulge in anti-social behavior, and seek to minimize the causes of crime. This activity or
mission also requires the individual members of the PNP to understand the people and the
emphasizes the presence of an adequate patrol system including the continuous effort
opportunities for criminal action. The saying “the mouse will equally true in law
enforcement and in public safety. The presence of a policeman discouraged the would-be
opportunity that exists on the part of the would-be criminal to commit a crime.
Preservation of Peace and Order – This activity or mission requires the individual
members of the PNP to gain the sympathy of the community to close ranks in combating
crimes a and any other anti-social behavior of the non-conformists ts of the law and
order. The community, therefore, should be informed through proper education, of their
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7.Protection of Lives Properties - The responsibilities of the members of the PNP in
providing for the safety and convenience of the public are analogous with those of the
doctor. The doctor protects life by combating diseases while the PNP promotes public
safety of accidents and in guarding the citizens public safety by the elimination of
hazards of accidents and in guarding the citizens against the attacks of the bad elements
of the society. The policeman though, has a collateral responsibility in his obligation to
protect life and property a responsibility that is fundamental to every duty he performs.
The police have the obligation to preserve the citizen’s constitutional guarantees of
liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Enforcement of Laws and Ordinances – these
activities and mission requires the members of the PNP to constructively integrate or
enforce and implement the laws of the land and city/municipal ordinances without regard
to the personal circumstances of the individual citizens and any other persons sojouming
in the Philippines. This is to provide tranquility among members of society. These also
through education of the public in the dangers inherent in the disobedience of regulations.
This makes use of warnings, either oral or written, which informs the citizen but not to
personalize
8. Apprehension of Criminals - this activity defines specifically the power of the police
would-be offender. The consequence of arrest and prosecution has a deterrent effect
Apprehension and the imposition of punishment for the corresponding unlawful act are
opportunity for reformation of those convicted by final judgment. This activity also
includes the recovery of stolen property in order to restrain those who are accessories to
the crime and thereby benefiting from the gains of crime. Coordination and Cooperation
with other Agencies-This activity requires the duty of a commander of any unit of the
PNP and its unit subordinates to establish report or good relationship with other law
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other law enforcement agencies of the government whereby coordination and cooperation
9. Safeguard Public Health and Morals – This involves many activities or mission
peripheral to basic law enforcement and public safety. Such as for instance, sanitation,
whether or not the Presidential Decree on fire prevention is strictly obeyed, This also
includes supervising elections, escorts duties, civic actions, and many other activities or
The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines and related laws protect the rights of people affected by
Protection from arbitrary arrest: People have the right to be free from arbitrary arrest, torture, and
Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures: People have the right to be secure in their
Right to counsel: People have the right to have a lawyer present during questioning or while
Right to remain silent: People have the right to not answer questions, even if they're under
investigation.
Right to due process: People have the right to not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without
Right to equal protection: People have the right to be treated equally under the law.
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POLICE OPERATIONS
1.Public Safety Operation - includes reach, rescue and retrieval operations, fire drills,
warrant, enforcement of visitorial powers of chief, Philippine national police and unit
commanders, anti-illegal drugs operation and other operation that are conducted to enforce.
operations and similar operations that are conducted to ensure internal security.
disturbance management operation, hostage situation and other similar police operations that are
conducted by police units with specialized training on their own peculiarity of the mission or
purpose.
similar police intelligence operation conducted to gather information related to security, public
investigation and similar investigative work necessary to determine facts and circumstances for
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7.Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) - includes the processing of crime scene, technical
PCG OPERATIONS
The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) carries out a variety of operations, including maritime law
Works with other government agencies to suppress piracy, smuggling, and human
trafficking
Manages watch centers that monitor distress frequencies and patrol the coast
Environmental protection
Maritime security
Serves as an attached service of the Department of National Defense in the event of war
CRIME MAPPING
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Crime Mapping describes the use of geographic information to identify and analyze crime
and police data. Before 1990s, “crime mapping” referred to any method of geographic
analysis, even those that involved pushpins, colored dots, and paper maps. Now , however,
“crime mapping” usually means the specific use of computerized geographic information
system (GIS).
ANALYSIS
1. It facilitates visual and statistical analyses of the spatial nature of crime and other types of
events.
geographic variables
(e.g., linking census information, school information, and crime data for a
common area).
• Crime mapping is very important tool in managing and controlling crime in an area.
1829 In France -Adriano Balbi and Andre-Michel Guerry created the first maps of crime.
independently published three maps dealing with the same themes but spreading across larger
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areas. he stated, "The greater the number of individuals observed, the more do individual
Frederic Thrasher (1927)-He found that gangs were concentrated in areas of the city where
- such as residential and commercial burglary, auto theft, and theft from vehicles.
For example, spatial analysis of auto theft incidents may reveal clusters of activity at
criminal activity and indicators of disorder, such as a high volume of vacant property or
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• To calculate crime rate information, such as numbers of residential
prostitution markets.
• Web sites operated by police departments and news organization routinely post maps that
For example, A police agency can reduce citizen requests for neighborhood crime information
by placing monthly or weekly crime maps on a Web site that members of the public can access
THEORIES OF CRIME
Crime theories attempt to explain why people commit crimes, and are based on a variety of
factors. These theories draw from many disciplines, including psychology, sociology, biology,
and economics.
People learn to commit crimes from their friends and others, and are exposed to criminal models
Labeling theory
Applying a label, such as calling someone a "bad kid" or arresting them, can have a long-term
effect on a person
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Crime is a result of social institutions, such as family or the community, losing control over
individuals
People commit crimes because they perceive the rewards to be greater than the risks
Strain theory
People turn to crime when they are unable to achieve society's goals, such as power or finance
Conflict theory
CRIME ANALYSYS
Crime analysis is a law enforcement process that examines crime patterns and trends to help
prevent crime and apprehend criminals. It's a crucial function that uses data, statistical methods,
Identify patterns
Crime analysis helps law enforcement identify patterns and trends in crime and disorder.
Develop strategies
Crime analysis helps law enforcement develop strategies to prevent crime and improve safety.
Apprehend criminals
Evaluate procedures
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Analyze data
Crime analysis uses data from arrest reports, police reports, and other law enforcement activities.
Crime analysis uses crime mapping to connect the dots and uncover hidden patterns.
Crime analysis also uses qualitative methods, such as examining police report narratives.
-Crime analysis helps law enforcement agencies deploy resources more effectively.
-Crime analysis helps law enforcement agencies improve their prevention strategies.
-Crime analysis helps law enforcement agencies improve the safety and quality of life in their
communities.
A crime incidence situationer is a report or map that shows the number and type of crimes that
have occurred in a specific area. It can also show the percentage of households affected by crime.
Incident report
A brief description of a call that an officer responded to. It includes the time, date, location, and
A report that compiles crime incidents from police units and other law enforcement agencies. It
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PDMS – Crime Incidence Map: A map that shows the percentage of households affected by
municipalities.
Location
Crime rates are often higher in poorer neighborhoods, areas with larger populations, and areas
Pandemic restrictions
Lockdown restrictions implemented due to a pandemic can reduce the number of crimes
committed.
Geographical Information System and Crime Mapping features a diverse array of Geographic
Information System (GIS) applications in crime analysis, from general issues such as GIS as a
tracking serial killers and predicting violence-prone zones. It supports readers in developing and
implementing crime mapping techniques. The distribution of crime is explained with reference to
theories of human ecology, transport network, built environment, housing markets, and forms of
urban management, including policing. Concepts are supported with relevant case studies and
real-time crime data to illustrate concepts and applications of crime mapping. Aimed at senior
Highlights growing potential of GIS for crime mapping, monitoring, and reduction
Covers Operational Research, Spatial Regression model, Point Analysis and so forth
Builds models helpful in police patrolling, surveillance and crime mapping from a
technology perspective
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Includes a dedicated section on case studies including exercises and data samples
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