TERM PAPER

REPORT

On

LAW

ENFORCEMENT

OPERATION

PLANNING AND

CRIME MAPPING

LEA 103
Submitted by:

Milo, Monica B.

Submitted to:

Prof. Dante A. De

Castro

Jnuary 2025

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Principles of Planning, Elements of Planning, Types of Plans, Classification of Plan,

Police/Law Enforcement Plans, Steps in Police Planning and Operations.

 Constitutional and Statutory Rights of Persons Affected/Subject by Police/Law,

Enforcement Operations, Police Operation, BFP Operations, PCG Operations, Operations

of other Law Enforcement Units.

 Crime Mapping – Historical Development of Crime Mapping ;Theories of Crime; Place

and Environment Design; Types of Crime Mapping and Crime Analysis; Crime

Incidence Situationer, and the Geographic Information of Crimes.

Planning

a. Plan-is an organized schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain

a goal and objectives for the accomplishment of mission or assignment.

-it is a method or a way of doing something in order to achieve objectives. -Plan provides

answer to 5W’S and 1H.

b. Planning

-is the process by which the managers of an organization set objectives, make an overall

assessment of the future, and chart the courses of action with a view to achieving the

organizational goals.

-“thinking about the future, thinking about what we want the future would be, and

thinking about what we need to do now to achieve it” (Hudzik and Cordner). - is the

process of deciding in advance what is to be done when and where it is to be done, and

how it is to be done, and by whom.

-is the act of determining policies and guidelines for police/law enforcement activities

and operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and operations

in the department.

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The task of planning will be well-accomplished if some fundamental principles are

followed in the process.

The important principles may be stated as follows:

1. Principle of Commitment: This means that certain resources must be committed or

pledged for the purpose of planning. Planning is not an easy task. So, necessary help is to

be taken from experts. The enterprise must be ready to exhaust the available resources for

the achievement of a plan.

2. Principle of the Limiting Factor: A plan involves varied factors of different

importance. This principle implies that more emphasis has to be put on that factor which

is scarce or limited in supply or extremely costly. This will help in selecting the most

favorable alternative.

3. Principle of Reflective Thinking: Planning, being an intellectual activity is based on

rational considerations. These involve reflective thinking which signifies problem-

solving thought process—a process by which past experiences are superimposed on the

facts of the present situation and possible future trends. None can be a planner whose

mind is not active, who does not possess any deliberate power and whose sense of

judgement is not strong.

4. Principle of Flexibility: Though a plan is prepared after reflective thinking, this does

not mean that no departure can be made in the course of its operation. The plan should be

so prepared that there is sufficient scope for changing it from time to time. Changes must

necessarily be effected in the plan for taking into account new developments that may

take place in the course of the operation of the plan.

5. Principle of Contribution to Enterprise Objectives: A major plan is prepared and it

is supported by many derivative plans. But all plans must contribute in a positive way

towards the achievement of the enterprise objectives.

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6. Principle of Efficiency: A plan should be made efficient to attain the objectives of the

enterprise at the minimum cost and least effort. It must also achieve better results with the

minimum of unexpected happenings. Therefore, it is to be seen that what is expected is

likely to be achieved.

7. Principle of Selection of Alternatives: Planning is basically a problem of choosing.

The essence of planning is the choice among alternative courses of action. There is no

need for planning if there is only one way for doing something. In choosing from

alternatives, the best alternative will be that which contributes most efficiently and

effectively to the accomplishment of a desired goal.

8. Principle of Planning Premises: A plan is prepared against some foundations or

backgrounds known as ‘Planning Premises’. There must be complete agreement among

the managers in respect of planning premises over which the structure of plan is to be

framed.

9. Principle of Timing and Sequence of Operations: Timing and sequence of

operations determine the starting and finishing time for each piece of work according to

some definite schedule and give practical and concrete shape and form to work

performance.

10. Principle of Securing Participation: To secure participation of the employees with

whole-hearted co-operation in execution of the plan, it is necessary that the plan must be

communicated and explained to them for their full understanding. This understanding

provides the basis for additional knowledge about new facts and matters to the

employees. This is needed for improvement in the quality of planning. It also ensures an

obligation of the personnel of the enterprise to execute the plan by individual and joint

participation.

11. Principle of Pervasiveness: Though major planning function is entrusted to the top

management, it is not restricted to the top level only. It is a function of every manager at

every level in the organization.

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12. Principle of Strategic Planning: Strategic planning is essential where there is

competition. It is prepared in the light of what the competitors are intending to do.

Planners must take into account the strategies of the rival organizations, otherwise the

planning projection may land them in trouble.

13. Principle of Innovation: A good system of planning should be responsive to the

opportunities for innovation. Innovation consists in creating something new for

increasing satisfaction of the consumers. This may also be stated as an important strategy

of business. Innovation is a necessity for its sustaining growth in this dynamic world.

Innovation is achieved through research and development and planning is required to

provide such scope.

14. Principle of Follow-up: In the course of execution of a plan, certain obstacles may

crop up in midway and planning may require revision, alteration or correction. This is

why there must be a follow-up system in the planning process itself. This allows timely

changes in the planning and makes it more effective.

Elements of Planning

1. Objectives

➢ The important task of planning is to determine the objectives of the enterprise.

Objectives are the goals towards which all managerial activities are aimed at.

2. Forecasting

➢ It is the analysis and interpretation of future in relation to the activities and working of

an enterprise,

3. Policies

➢ Policies are statements or principles that guide and direct different managers at

various levels in making decisions.

4. Procedures

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➢ Procedures outline a series of tasks for a specified course of action.

5. Rules

➢ A rule specifies necessary course of action in a particular situation. It acts as a guide

and is essentially in the nature of a decision made by the management authority. This

decision signifies that a definite action must be taken in respect of a specific situation.

➢ Rule is related to parts of a procedure.

6. Programmes

➢ Programmes are precise plans of action followed in proper sequence in accordance

with the objectives, policies and procedures

7. Budget

➢ Budget means an estimate of men, money, materials and equipment in numerical

terms required for implementation of plans and programmes.

8. Projects

➢ A project is a single-use plan which is a part of a general programme.

9. Strategies

➢ Strategies are the devices formulated and adopted from the competitive standpoint as

well as from the point of view of the employees, customers, suppliers and government.

General Types of Plan

1. Proactive Plan

-create the future.

-are developed in anticipation of problems.

- involves designing a desired future and then inventing ways to create that future state.

2. Reactive Plan

-past oriented

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- is an active attempt to turn back the clock to the past.

-developed as a result of a crisis.

3. Pre active Plan

-also called Visionary Plan

- predict the future

- an attempt to predict the future and then to plan for that predicted future. -are essential

statements that identify the role of the police I the community and a future condition to

which the department can aspire.

4. Inactive

- present oriented

-an attempt to preserve the present, which is preferable to both the past and the future.

Classification of Plans

1. Classification on the Basis of Levels in the Organization

• Strategic

- Strategic plans are made to achieve the overall organizational goals.

They are comprehensive and general in nature. Generally, relate to a

period of more than 5 years.

• Tactical

- are the means to support and implement strategic plans. They are made to achieve

tactical goals of the organization. Normally relate to

intermediate period of 1 to 5 years. While strategic plans are general in

nature, these plans are more specific and precise.

• Operational

- support the tactical plans. They are made to achieve operational goals of the

organization. These plans are highly specific and determine what different sections of the

organization need to perform. Relate to short periods of time of less than one year, say

some weeks, months or even days.

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 POLICE OR LAW ENFORCEMENT PLAN

Police and law enforcement planning is the process of developing objectives and action

plans to achieve them. It involves four basic functions: planning, organizing, leading, and

controlling.

Police and law enforcement planning can include:

Management planning

Develops department goals, objectives, and directives to achieve them.

Operational planning

Focuses on day-to-day operations, such as scheduling, equipment maintenance, and

prevention and apprehension techniques.

Strategic planning

Involves tasks like developing missions, diagnosing threats/opportunities, and assessing

plans.

Synoptic planning

A problem-oriented approach to planning that relies on identifying and analyzing

problems.

STEPS IN POLICE PLANNING AND OPERATIONS

1.Steps in Police Operational Planning.

Frame of Reference – This shall based on a careful view of the matters relating to the

situation for which plans are being developed. Opinions or ideas of persons who may

speak with authority of the subjects and views of the police commanders, other

government officials, and other professionals shall be considered. Clarifying the

Problems – This calls for the identification of the problems, understanding both its

records and its possible solution. A situation must exist for which something must and

can be done. For example, an area in a city or municipality is victimized by a series of

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robbers. There is a need for reaching the preliminary decision that robberies may be

reduced in the area, and that the pattern of operation, in general, is one by which the

police can reduce them

2.Collecting all Pertinent Facts – No attempt shall be made to develop a plan until all

facts relating to it have been carefully reviewed to determine the modus operandi,

suspects, types of victims, and such other information as may be necessary. Facts relating

to such matters as availability, deployment, and the use of present personnel shall be

gathered, Developing the Facts After all data have been gathered, a careful analysis and

evaluation shall be made. These provide the basis from which a plan or plans are evolved.

Only such facts as any have relevance shall be considered.

3.Developing Alternative Plans – In the initial phases of plan development, several

alternative measures shall appear to be logically comparable to the needs of a situation.

As the alternative solutions are evaluated, one of the proposed plans shall usually prove

more logical than the others. Selecting the Most Appropriate Alternative – A careful

consideration of all facts usually leads to the selection of the best alternative proposal.

Selling the Plans – A plan, to be effectively carried out, must be accepted by persons

concerned at the appropriate level of the plan’s development. For example, in a robbery

case, the patrol division head may be preparing the plan. At the outset, the detective chief

is concerned and shall be consulted. As the planning develops, there may be a need it

involve the head of the personnel, records and communication units and all patrol

officers.

4.Arranging for the Execution of the Plan - the execution of a plan requires the

issuance of orders and directives to units and personnel concern, the establishment of a

schedule, and the provision of manpower and the equipment for carrying out the plan.

Briefing shall be held and assurance shall be received that all involved personnel

understood when, how, and what is to be done. Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Plan –

The results of the plan shall be determined. This is necessary in order to know whether a

correct alternative was chosen, whether the plan was correct, which phase was poorly

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implemented, and whether additional planning may be necessary. Also, the effects of the

executed plan or other operations and on total police operations shall be determined.

Follow-up is the control factor essential for effective command management.

5.How Operational plans are executed in the PNP? - The plans are made, same shall

be put into operation and the result thereof evaluated accordingly Operations in the PNP

shall be directed by the police commander to attain the following objectives: (1)

protection of persons and property; (2) preservation of peace and order; (3) prevention of

crimes; (4) repression of suppression of criminal activities; (5) apprehension of criminals;

(6) enforcement of laws and ordinances and regulations of conduct: (8) prompt execution

of criminal writs and processes of the courts; and (9) coordination and cooperation with

other law enforcement agencies. Prevention of Crimes – This activity requires the

members of the PNP to mingle with the members of the community where criminal

activities originate and bred and criminalistic tendencies of individuals are motivated to

indulge in anti-social behavior, and seek to minimize the causes of crime. This activity or

mission also requires the individual members of the PNP to understand the people and the

environment In which they live.

6.Repression or Suppression of Criminal Activities - This activity or mission

emphasizes the presence of an adequate patrol system including the continuous effort

toward eliminating or reducing hazards as the principal means of reducing the

opportunities for criminal action. The saying “the mouse will equally true in law

enforcement and in public safety. The presence of a policeman discouraged the would-be

criminal or would-be offender-regulations, Crime repression means the elimination of the

opportunity that exists on the part of the would-be criminal to commit a crime.

Preservation of Peace and Order – This activity or mission requires the individual

members of the PNP to gain the sympathy of the community to close ranks in combating

crimes a and any other anti-social behavior of the non-conformists ts of the law and

order. The community, therefore, should be informed through proper education, of their

share and involvement in law enforcement and public safety.

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7.Protection of Lives Properties - The responsibilities of the members of the PNP in

providing for the safety and convenience of the public are analogous with those of the

doctor. The doctor protects life by combating diseases while the PNP promotes public

safety of accidents and in guarding the citizens public safety by the elimination of

hazards of accidents and in guarding the citizens against the attacks of the bad elements

of the society. The policeman though, has a collateral responsibility in his obligation to

protect life and property a responsibility that is fundamental to every duty he performs.

The police have the obligation to preserve the citizen’s constitutional guarantees of

liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Enforcement of Laws and Ordinances – these

activities and mission requires the members of the PNP to constructively integrate or

enforce and implement the laws of the land and city/municipal ordinances without regard

to the personal circumstances of the individual citizens and any other persons sojouming

in the Philippines. This is to provide tranquility among members of society. These also

include the regulations of non-criminal conduct, specifically to obtain compliance

through education of the public in the dangers inherent in the disobedience of regulations.

This makes use of warnings, either oral or written, which informs the citizen but not to

personalize

8. Apprehension of Criminals - this activity defines specifically the power of the police

as possessed by every member of the integrated police, as a means to discourage the

would-be offender. The consequence of arrest and prosecution has a deterrent effect

intended to make crime or any unlawful act less worthwhile, Consequently.

Apprehension and the imposition of punishment for the corresponding unlawful act are

committed, lessens repetition by causing suspects to be incarcerated, and provides an

opportunity for reformation of those convicted by final judgment. This activity also

includes the recovery of stolen property in order to restrain those who are accessories to

the crime and thereby benefiting from the gains of crime. Coordination and Cooperation

with other Agencies-This activity requires the duty of a commander of any unit of the

PNP and its unit subordinates to establish report or good relationship with other law

enforcement agencies of the government. Through rapport, a police station commander

and his subordinates ma be able to maintain a harmonious working relationship with

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 other law enforcement agencies of the government whereby coordination and cooperation

between them maybe established. Coordination is an essential conduct of command.

9. Safeguard Public Health and Morals – This involves many activities or mission

peripheral to basic law enforcement and public safety. Such as for instance, sanitation,

search and rescue operations, licensing, inspection of buildings in order to determine

whether or not the Presidential Decree on fire prevention is strictly obeyed, This also

includes supervising elections, escorts duties, civic actions, and many other activities or

missions related to law-enforcement and public safety,

CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY RIGHT OF PERSON AFFECTED

OR SUBJECT BY POLICE OR LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS

The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines and related laws protect the rights of people affected by

police or law enforcement operations. These rights include:

Protection from arbitrary arrest: People have the right to be free from arbitrary arrest, torture, and

cruel and unusual punishment.

Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures: People have the right to be secure in their

person, home, and belongings.

Right to counsel: People have the right to have a lawyer present during questioning or while

being detained. If they can't afford a lawyer, one will be provided.

Right to remain silent: People have the right to not answer questions, even if they're under

investigation.

Right to due process: People have the right to not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without

following the law.

Right to equal protection: People have the right to be treated equally under the law.

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 POLICE OPERATIONS

1.Public Safety Operation - includes reach, rescue and retrieval operations, fire drills,

earthquake drills and similar operation that promote public safety.

2.Law Enforcement Operation - includes service of warrant of arrest, implementation of search

warrant, enforcement of visitorial powers of chief, Philippine national police and unit

commanders, anti-illegal drugs operation and other operation that are conducted to enforce.

Laws, statutes, executive orders and ordinance.

3.Internal Security Operation - includes counter-insurgency operations, counter terrorist

operations and similar operations that are conducted to ensure internal security.

4.Special Police Operation - includes checkpoint operation, roadblock operation, civil

disturbance management operation, hostage situation and other similar police operations that are

conducted by police units with specialized training on their own peculiarity of the mission or

purpose.

5.Intelligence Operation – includes surveillance operation, counterintelligence operation, and

similar police intelligence operation conducted to gather information related to security, public

safety and order.

6.Investigation Operation - includes investigation of crime or incident, administrative

investigation and similar investigative work necessary to determine facts and circumstances for

filing cases criminally or administrate.

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7.Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) - includes the processing of crime scene, technical

and forensic examination of evidence and similar scientific investigative assistance.

PCG OPERATIONS

The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) carries out a variety of operations, including maritime law

enforcement, search and rescue, and environmental protection.

Maritime law enforcement

 Enforces laws on fisheries, immigration, customs, and more

 Boards and inspects watercraft suspected of illegal trade

 Works with other government agencies to suppress piracy, smuggling, and human

trafficking

Maritime search and rescue

 Provides aid to people and vessels in distress

 Conducts search and rescue operations in marine accidents

 Manages watch centers that monitor distress frequencies and patrol the coast

Environmental protection

 Enforces regulations to protect marine resources and the environment

 Works to reduce marine pollution

Maritime security

 Protects the marine environment and resources

 Conducts coastal patrol and marine border protection

 Serves as an attached service of the Department of National Defense in the event of war

CRIME MAPPING

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Crime Mapping describes the use of geographic information to identify and analyze crime

and police data. Before 1990s, “crime mapping” referred to any method of geographic

analysis, even those that involved pushpins, colored dots, and paper maps. Now , however,

“crime mapping” usually means the specific use of computerized geographic information

system (GIS).

CRIME MAPPING SERVES THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS WITHIN CRIME

ANALYSIS

1. It facilitates visual and statistical analyses of the spatial nature of crime and other types of

events.

2. It allows analysts to link unlike data sources together based on common

geographic variables

(e.g., linking census information, school information, and crime data for a

common area).

3. It provides maps that help to communicate analysis results.

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF CRIME MAPPING?

• Crime mapping is very important tool in managing and controlling crime in an area.

• Investigators are able to understand.

▪ the crime patterns and trend it also help in

▪ resource allocation and in geographic profiling of criminals and suspicious locations.

HISTORY OF CRIME MAPPING

1829 In France -Adriano Balbi and Andre-Michel Guerry created the first maps of crime.

Lambert-Adolphe Quetelet (1831 and 1832)-Belgian astronomer and statistician, he

independently published three maps dealing with the same themes but spreading across larger

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areas. he stated, "The greater the number of individuals observed, the more do individual

peculiarities, whether physical or moral, become.

Robert Park (1920s and 1930s)-looked to characteristics of the urban environment to

explain the crime problem in American cities.

Frederic Thrasher (1927)-He found that gangs were concentrated in areas of the city where

social control was weak and social disorganization pervasive.

THREE TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS

1. tactical crime analysis

2. strategic crime analysis

3. administrative crime analysis

TACTICAL CRIME ANALYSIS

- crime mapping is used to identify immediate patterns for crimes.

- such as residential and commercial burglary, auto theft, and theft from vehicles.

For example, spatial analysis of auto theft incidents may reveal clusters of activity at

specific locations that might indicate a crime pattern.

STRATEGIC CRIME ANALYSIS

Crime mapping is utilized in long-term applications to analyze the relationship between

criminal activity and indicators of disorder, such as a high volume of vacant property or

disorder calls for service;

• To assist in geographic and temporal allocation of resources: such

as patrol officer scheduling and determination of patrol areas;

• To examine patterns of crime at or around specific locations, such

as schools, bars, or drug treatment centers;

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 • To calculate crime rate information, such as numbers of residential

burglaries per household;

• To incorporate crime data with qualitative geographic information,

such as information on teenage hangouts, student pathways to school, or drug and

prostitution markets.

ADMINISTRATIVE CRIME ANALYSIS

• A valuable tool used by police, researchers, and media organizations

• to convey criminal activity information to the public.

• Web sites operated by police departments and news organization routinely post maps that

depict areas of crime, along with corresponding tables and definitions.

For example, A police agency can reduce citizen requests for neighborhood crime information

by placing monthly or weekly crime maps on a Web site that members of the public can access

using computers in their homes or at the local library

THEORIES OF CRIME

Crime theories attempt to explain why people commit crimes, and are based on a variety of

factors. These theories draw from many disciplines, including psychology, sociology, biology,

and economics.

Some theories of crime

Social learning theory

People learn to commit crimes from their friends and others, and are exposed to criminal models

Labeling theory

Applying a label, such as calling someone a "bad kid" or arresting them, can have a long-term

effect on a person

Social control theory

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Crime is a result of social institutions, such as family or the community, losing control over

individuals

Rational choice theory

People commit crimes because they perceive the rewards to be greater than the risks

Strain theory

People turn to crime when they are unable to achieve society's goals, such as power or finance

Behavioral theory of crime

A person's environment can affect whether or not they commit a crime

Conflict theory

Deviant behavior is a result of material inequality between socio-political groups

CRIME ANALYSYS

Crime analysis is a law enforcement process that examines crime patterns and trends to help

prevent crime and apprehend criminals. It's a crucial function that uses data, statistical methods,

and mapping to help law enforcement agencies be more effective.

What does crime analysis do?

Identify patterns

Crime analysis helps law enforcement identify patterns and trends in crime and disorder.

Develop strategies

Crime analysis helps law enforcement develop strategies to prevent crime and improve safety.

Apprehend criminals

Crime analysis helps law enforcement identify and apprehend suspects.

Evaluate procedures

Crime analysis helps law enforcement evaluate their organizational procedures.

How does crime analysis work?

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Analyze data

Crime analysis uses data from arrest reports, police reports, and other law enforcement activities.

Use statistical methods

Crime analysis uses statistical methods to analyze the data.

Use crime mapping

Crime analysis uses crime mapping to connect the dots and uncover hidden patterns.

Use qualitative methods

Crime analysis also uses qualitative methods, such as examining police report narratives.

Why is crime analysis important?

-Crime analysis helps law enforcement agencies deploy resources more effectively.

-Crime analysis helps law enforcement agencies improve their prevention strategies.

-Crime analysis helps law enforcement agencies improve the safety and quality of life in their

communities.

CRIME INCIDENCE SITUATIONER

A crime incidence situationer is a report or map that shows the number and type of crimes that

have occurred in a specific area. It can also show the percentage of households affected by crime.

Crime incident reports

Incident report

A brief description of a call that an officer responded to. It includes the time, date, location, and

names of the officers who responded.

Unit Crime Periodic Report (UCPER)

A report that compiles crime incidents from police units and other law enforcement agencies. It

also analyzes crime trends at the regional level.

Crime incidence maps

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PDMS – Crime Incidence Map: A map that shows the percentage of households affected by

crime in each municipality. It is based on data from household surveys conducted by

municipalities.

Factors that affect crime rates

Location

Crime rates are often higher in poorer neighborhoods, areas with larger populations, and areas

with higher unemployment.

Pandemic restrictions

Lockdown restrictions implemented due to a pandemic can reduce the number of crimes

committed.

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF CRIMES

Geographical Information System and Crime Mapping features a diverse array of Geographic

Information System (GIS) applications in crime analysis, from general issues such as GIS as a

communication process, interjurisdictional mapping and data sharing to specific applications in

tracking serial killers and predicting violence-prone zones. It supports readers in developing and

implementing crime mapping techniques. The distribution of crime is explained with reference to

theories of human ecology, transport network, built environment, housing markets, and forms of

urban management, including policing. Concepts are supported with relevant case studies and

real-time crime data to illustrate concepts and applications of crime mapping. Aimed at senior

undergraduate, graduate students, professionals in GIS, Crime Analysis, Spatial Analysis,

Ergonomics and human factors, this book:

 Provides an update of GIS applications for crime mapping studies

 Highlights growing potential of GIS for crime mapping, monitoring, and reduction

through developing and implementing crime mapping techniques

 Covers Operational Research, Spatial Regression model, Point Analysis and so forth

 Builds models helpful in police patrolling, surveillance and crime mapping from a

technology perspective

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 Includes a dedicated section on case studies including exercises and data samples

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