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Local Area Networks – The Basics

Chapter 7

Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter you should be able to:

• State the definition of a local area network.

• List the primary function, activities, and application areas of a local area network.
• Cite the advantages and disadvantages of local area networks.
• Identify the physical and logical local area networks.
• Specify the different medium access control techniques.
• Recognize the different IEEE 802 frame formats.
• Describe the common wired local area network systems.

Chapter Outline
1. Introduction

2. Primary Function of Local Area Networks

3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Local Area Networks

4. The First Local Area Network – The Bus/Tree

5. A More Modern LAN

a. Contention-based protocols

6. Switches
a. Isolating traffic patterns and providing multiple access
b. Full-duplex switches
c. Virtual LANs
d. Link aggregation
e. Spanning tree algorithm
f. Quality of service

7. Wired Ethernet

8. Wired Ethernet Frame Format

9. LANs In Action: A Small Office Solution

10. Summary

Lecture Notes
Introduction

A local area network (LAN) is a communication network that interconnects a variety of data
communicating devices within a small geographic area and broadcasts data at high data transfer
rates with very low error rates. Since the local area network first appeared in the 1970s, its use
has become widespread in commercial and academic environments. It would be very difficult to
imagine a collection of personal computers within a computing environment that does not
employ some form of local area network. This chapter begins by discussing the basic layouts or
topologies of the most commonly found local area networks, followed by the medium access
control protocols that allow a workstation to transmit data on the network. We will then examine
most of the common Ethernet products.

Functions of a Local Area Network

The majority of users expect a local area network to perform the following functions and provide
the following applications: file serving, database and application serving, print serving,
electronic mail, remote links, video transfers, process control and monitoring, and distributed
processing.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Local Area Networks

Local area networks have several advantages, including hardware and software sharing,
workstation survival during network failure, component and system evolution, heterogeneous
mix of hardware and software, and access to other LANs, WANs, and mainframe computers.
Disadvantages include complexity, maintenance costs, and the network is only as strong as the
weakest link.

The First Local Area Network – The Bus/Tree

The bus local area network was the first physical design when LANs became commercially
available in the late 1970s, and it essentially consists of a single cable, or bus, to which all
devices attach. Since then the bus has diminished significantly to the point of near extinction. It
is interesting to note that cable television signals are still delivered by a network bus. Thus,
understanding the bus/tee network is still important.

A More Modern LAN

The most popular configuration for a local area network is the star-wired bus. This form of LAN
should not be confused with an older technology called the star topology. Today’s modern star-
wired bus network acts like a bus but looks like a star. The logical design of operates as a bus
where one workstation can transmit to all other workstations. The physical design, however,
more resembles a star, with the hub or switch acting as the central point.

Contention-based Protocols

A medium access control protocol is part of the software that allows a workstation to place data
onto a local area network. Depending on the network’s topology, several types of protocols may
be applicable. The bottom line with all medium access control protocols is this: Since a local
area network is a broadcast network, it is imperative that only one workstation at a time be
allowed to transmit its data onto the network. In the case of a broadband local area network,
which can support multiple channels at the same time, it is imperative that only one workstation
at a time be allowed to transmit its data onto a channel on the network. There remains only one
basic category of medium access control protocol for local area networks: contention-based.

Switches

A switch is a combination of a hub and a bridge and can interconnect multiple workstations like
a hub but can also filter out frames providing a segmentation of the network. Switches can
provide a significant decrease in interconnection traffic and increase the throughput of the
interconnected networks while requiring no additional cabling or rearranging of the network
devices. Modern switches can provide full-duplex connections, virtual LANs, aggregated links,
support spanning tree algorithms, and provide quality of service levels.

Wired Ethernet

The various versions of wired Ethernet include the older 10 Mbps systems, 100 Mbps, Gigabit,
and 10 Gbps.

Wired Ethernet Frame Format

The IEEE 802 set of standards has split the data link layer into two sublayers: the medium access
control sublayer and the logical link control sublayer. The medium access control (MAC)
sublayer works more closely with the physical layer and contains a header, computer (physical)
addresses, error detection codes, and control information. The logical link control (LLC)
sublayer is primarily responsible for logical addressing and providing error control and flow
control information.
LANs In Action: A Small Office Solution

The first In Action example examines how a small business decides to incorporate a LAN into
their business solution. The business included 35 - 40 workstations with word processing,
spreadsheets, and database applications. In order to add internal e-mail, a central database
system, and print sharing, the company will consider the addition of a local area network.

Quick Quiz

1. What are the major functions of a LAN?

File and print serving, access to other LANs, WANs and mainframes, distributed processing, and
process control.

2. What are the various medium access control techniques?

Contention-based. Round robin systems have essentially disappeared.

3. What is the difference between a hub, a switch, and a router?

Hub broadcasts any input onto all outgoing lines; switch replaces a hub and provides filtering;
router interconnects a LAN with a WAN.

4. What are the basic functions of a network server?

Holds network operating system as well as application programs and data set; may also function
as a hub, switch, bridge or router.

Discussion Topics
1. Couldn’t IEEE have made a single frame format for all the forms of local area networks?

2. Are LANs a stable technology or are they changing just as quickly as other forms of
communication technologies?

3. Is Ethernet that good that it’s the predominant form of LAN? Will everything eventually be
Ethernet / CSMA/CD?

4. Will hubs be obsolete someday?

5. What are the advantages of creating virtual LANs?

Teaching Tips
1. Be sure to emphasize the difference between logical view and physical view. For example, a
star-wired bus logically acts like a bus but physically looks like a star. A star-wire ring logically
acts like a ring but physically looks like a star. A bus logically and physically is a bus.

2. The frame is the name of the package at the data link layer. It is the frame that is placed onto
the medium of the physical layer. The IEEE 802 frame formats describe the layout of the frame
and what the data looks like as it moves over a LAN. The frame addresses are the ones used to
address a NIC in a machine. This is not the address that is used to send a packet over the Internet
(that is the IP address).

3. Discuss the non-determinism of the CSMA/CD LAN and how collisions in hub-based LANs
create this characteristic. Discuss how switches and no collisions have changed things.

4. What kind of mix does your school or company have of hubs, routers, and switches? Use this
information as an example in class.

5. Take your students to one or more locations on campus and show them an actual, working hub
/ switch / router.

6. Make sure you emphasize how a switch filters out unnecessary packets.

Solutions to Review Questions

1. What is the definition of a local area network?

A communication network that interconnects a variety of data communicating devices within a

small geographic area and broadcasts data at high data transfer rates with very low error rates.

2. List the primary activities and application areas of a local area network.

File serving, print serving, connection to other networks and mainframes.

3. List the advantages and disadvantages of local area networks.

Adv: Share files and devices, intercommunication.

Disadv: Maintenance, complexity, costs.

4. What are the basic layouts of local area networks? List two advantages that each layout
has over the others.

Bus: Uses low noise coaxial cable, inexpensive taps.

Star-wired bus: Simple to interconnect, easy to add components, most popular.
Star-wired ring: Simple to interconnect and easy to add components (but no more so than star-
wired bus).

5. What is meant by a passive device?

A signal that enters is neither amplified nor regenerated. The signal is simply passed on.

6. What is meant by a bidirectional signal?

A signal that propagates in either direction on a medium.

7. What are the primary differences between baseband technology and broadband
technology?

Baseband is a signal digital signal while broadband is analog and may carry many signals.

8. What purpose does a hub serve?

The hub is a collection point for workstations.

9. What is the difference between a physical design and a logical design?

Physical is the wiring and components, logical is how the software passes the data.

10. What is a medium access control protocol?

The software that allows a workstation to insert its data onto the LAN.

11. What are the basic operating principles behind CSMA/CD?

CSMA/CD: Listen to medium, if no one transmitting, transmit. Continue to listen for collisions.
If someone is transmitting, wait.

12. What is meant by a “nondeterministic” protocol?

You cannot determine precisely when a workstation will get a chance to transmit (because of
potential collisions).

13. What does the term 100BaseT stand for?

One hundred mega-bits per second transmission over baseband (digital) signals, using twisted
pair wiring.

14. What is the difference between Fast Ethernet and regular Ethernet?

Fast Ethernet transmits at 100 Mbps while regular Ethernet transmits at 10 Mbps.
15. What are the latest 10-Gbps Ethernet standards?

10GBase-fiber, 10GBase-T, 10GBase-CS

16. What is the primary advantage of power over Ethernet? The primary disadvantage?

Primary advantage is not having to run a separate power line to power device; primary
disadvantage is making sure the switch has enough power to run PoE devices.

17. How does a transparent switch work?

Observes traffic on a LAN and creates a set of forwarding tables; filters traffic

18. What is the purpose of a virtual LAN?

To create a logical subgroup of multiple workstations and servers.

19. How does a switch encapsulate a message for transmission?

It really doesn’t encapsulate anything. Switch looks at NIC/MAC addresses and forwards
accordingly.

20. When referring to a hub or a switch, what is a port?

The port is the connection that is used to connect a workstation or another hub or switch to this
hub or switch.

21. What are the basic functions of a switch?

A switch examines a packet’s destination address and routes the packet to the appropriate
workstation.

22. How does a switch differ from a hub?

Switch examines addresses, hub does not. A switch has multiple ports and takes the place of a
hub.

23. What is cut-through architecture?

The device is passing the data packet on before it has even finished entering the device.

24. How is a full-duplex switch different from a switch?

Full duplex switch has one set of lines for receiving and one set of lines for transmitting, thus it
can do both operations at the same time.
25. What is meant by link aggregation?

The process of combining two or more links into one logical fat link.

Suggested Solutions to Exercises

1. What properties set a local area network apart from other forms of networks?

Small geographic distances using broadband transmissions.

2. Describe an example of a broadband bus system.

Cable modems, video surveillance systems, cable television.

3. Is a hub a passive device? Explain.

Not completely. A hub does regenerate a digital signal. And there may be some simple network
management functions performed in a hub.

4. Which of the Ethernet standards (10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1000 Mbps, 10 Gbps) allow for
twisted pair media? What are the corresponding IEEE standard names?

Currently all but 10 Gbps Ethernet can run over twisted pair.

5. If a network were described as 1000BaseT, list everything you know about that network.

CSMA/CD LAN, 1000 Mbps transmission, baseband or digital signaling, twisted pair wiring.

6. In the IEEE 802.3 frame forma, what is the PAD field used for? What is the minimum
packet size?

PAD field makes sure the frame is not mis-interpreted as a runt. Minimum packet size is 64
bytes.

7. Suppose workstation A wants to send the message HELLO to workstation B. Both

workstations are on an IEEE 802.3 local area network. Workstation A has the binary
address “1" and workstation B has the binary address “10." Show the resulting MAC
sublayer frame (in binary) that is transmitted. Don’t calculate a CRC; just make one up.

HEADER 10 1 5(data length) HELLO PAD(33 bytes) CHECKSUM

8. What is the difference between the physical representation of a star-wired ring LAN and
the logical representation?
A star-wired ring LAN physically looks like a star but acts logically like a ring. A star-wired bus
physically looks like a star but acts logically like a bus.

9. How is a hub similar to a switch? How are they different?

Not too much similar. They both physically connect into the network the same. Both forward
frames. But a switch looks at the MAC address and either forwards or drops the frame.

10. Are hubs and switches interchangeable? Explain.

Yes. But results can be quite different.

11. a. The local area network shown in Figure 7-21 has two hubs (X and Y) interconnecting
the workstations and servers. What workstations and servers will receive a copy of a
packet if the following workstations/servers transmit a message:

• Workstation 1 sends a message to workstation 3:

• Workstation 2 sends a message to Server 1:
• Server 1 sends a message to workstation 3:

All devices will receive all messages.

b. Replace hub Y with a switch. Now what workstations and servers will receive a copy of a
packet if the following workstations/servers transmit a message:

• Workstation 1 sends a message to workstation 3:

• Workstation 2 sends a message to Server 1:
• Server 1 sends a message to workstation 3:

Workstations 1, 2 and 3.
Workstations 1, 2 and the server.
Only workstation 3.

12. A transparent switch is inserted between two local area networks ABC and XYZ.
Network ABC has workstations 1, 2 and 3, and network XYZ has workstations 4, 5, and 6.
Show the contents of the two forwarding tables in the switch as the following packets are
transmitted. Both forwarding tables start off empty.

• Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 3.

• Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 5.
• Workstation 1 sends a packet to workstation 2.
• Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 3.
• Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 6.
• Workstation 6 sends a packet to workstation 3.
• Workstation 5 sends a packet to workstation 4.
• Workstation 2 sends a packet to workstation 1.
• Workstation 1 sends a packet to workstation 3.
• Workstation 1 sends a packet to workstation 5.
• Workstation 5 sends a packet to workstation 4.
• Workstation 4 sends a packet to workstation 5.

At the end:
Routing table on ABC’s port: 1, 2
Routing table on XYZ’s port: 4,5,6

13. Give an example of a situation in which a virtual LAN might be a useful tool in a
business environment. What about in an educational environment?

If you want a certain group of users to work together on a project, you might want to place them
on a virtual LAN. Likewise for school.

14. What does it mean when a switch or device is cut-through? What is the main
disadvantage of a cut-through switch? Is there a way to solve this disadvantage of a cut-
through switch without losing the advantages?

Cut-through means the beginning of the data packet is leaving the switch before the end of the
packet has entered the switch. Disadvantage is errors are propagated. Not if you want to keep it
truly cut-through.

15. Give a common business example that mimics the differences between a shared network
segment and a dedicated network segment.

Wide range of possible answers here.

16. Your company’s switch between its two networks has just died. You have a router
lying on your desk that is not currently being used. Will the router work in place of the
broken bridge? Explain.

No. Routers operate on IP addresses, while switches operate on NIC addresses.

17. A CSMA/CD network is connected to the Internet via a router. A user on the
CSMA/CD network sends an e-mail to a user on the Internet. Show how the e-mail
message is encapsulated as it leaves the CSMA/CD network, enters the router, and then
leaves the router.
Leaving the LAN:
Data
App + Data
TCP + App + Data
IP + TCP + App + Data
MAC + IP + TCP + App + Data + MAC
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Entering router:
MAC + IP + TCP + App + Data + MAC
IP + TCP + App + Data

Leaving router
IP + TCP + App + Data
WAN + IP + TCP + App + Data + WAN

18. Given the following network (Figure 7-22), show how the Spanning Tree Protocol will
eliminate the cyclic path.

The protocol will probably “remove” the bottom link on the far-right switch and the bottom link
on the switch immediately to the left of the far-right switch.

Thinking Outside the Box

1. You can interconnect all cash registers into one or two centrally located switches or hubs. Cat
5e/6 twisted pair should be sufficient. If hubs/switches can’t be centrally located and cable
distance exceeds 100 meters, be careful. Might need better medium. Can also connect using
multiplexing solution from earlier chapter.

Problems 2-6: Many possible solutions here.

Other documents randomly have
different content
 Thomas More knight.
Thomas Spot.
Thomas Walsingham.
Titus Liuius de Foroliuisijs de
vita Henrici. 5.
Titus Liuius Patauiensis.
Thomas Lanquet.
Thomas Couper.
Taxtor a Monke of Berry.
Theuet.
Thomas de la More.
Tripartita Historia.

V.

Vvlcatius Gallicanus.
Volfgangus Lazius.

W.

Whethamsted, a learned
man, sometime Abbat of
Saint Albons a Chronicler.
William Harrison.
William Patten of the
expedition into Scotland.
1574.
William Proctor of Wiats
rebellion.

Besides these, diuers other bookes and treatises of historicall matter

I haue seene and perused, the names of the authors being vtterlie
vnknowne.
 REGVM ANGLIÆ
SERIES & CATALOGUS.

Wil. Conqu.
Wil. Rufus.
Henricus 1.
Stephanus.
Henricus 2.
Richardus 1.
Ioannes.
Henricus 3.
Eduardus 1.
Eduardus 2.
Eduardus 3.
Richardus 2.
Henricus 4.
i Henricus 5.
Henricus 6.
Eduardus 4.
Eduardus 5.
Richardus 3.
Henricus 7.
Henricus 8.
Eduardus 6.
Phil. & Mar.
Elisabeth.

Conquestor, Rufus, prior Henricus,

Stephanúsque,
Alter & Henricus, Leonino corde Richardus,
Rex & Ioannes, Henricus tertius inde:
Eduardus primus, Gnatúsque, Nepósque
sequuntur:
His infœlicem Richardum iunge secundum:
Henricus quartus soboles Gandaui Ioannis,
Præcedit Gnato quinto, sextóque Nepoti:
Eduardus quartus, quintus, homicida
Richardus,
Septimi & Henricus octauus clara propago:
Eduardus sextus, regina Maria, Philippus:
Elisabeth longos regnet victura per annos,
Seráque promisso fœlix potiatur olympo.

CARMEN CHRONOLOGICON
THOMÆ NEWTONI CESTRESHYRIJ.
Loydus.
Lelandus.
Prisius.
Stous.
Holinshedius.
Lambardus.
Morus.
Camdenus.
Thinnius.
Hallus.
Vocalis aliàs Hookerus.
Graftonus.
Foxius.
Harrisonus.
Hardingus.
Gildas.
Staniherstus.
Beda.
Neuillus.
Flemingus.
Parkerus.

Gramine, fluminibus, grege, principe, fruge, metallis,

Lacte, feris, armis, vrbibus, arte, foris,
Quæ viget ac floret generosa Britannia, quæque,
Obruta puluereo squalluit ante situ:
Exerit ecce caput, genuinum nacta nitorem,
Et rutilum emittit cum grauitate iubar.
Et quod blæsa hominum mutilarat tempore lingua,
Illud habet rectum pumice tersa nouo.
Loydus in hac pridem gnauus prolusit arena,
Lelandus, Prisius, Stous, Holinshedius,
Lambardus, Morus, Camdenus, Thinnius, Hallus,
 Vocalis, Grafton, Foxius, Harrisonus,
Hardingus, Gildas, Staniherstus, Beda, Neuillus,
Doctáque Flemingi lima poliuit opus:
Nec te cane senex, magne ô Parkere, silebo,
Cui decus attulerat pontificalis apex.
Omnibus his meritò est laus debita & optima merces,
Quòd patriæ accendant lumina clara suæ.
Longa dies opus hoc peperit, longæua senectus,
Et libri authores perbeet, atque librum.
 AN

HISTORICALL DESCRIPTION
OF

THE ILAND OF BRITAINE;

WITH A BRIEFE REHERSALL OF

THE NATURE AND QUALITIES OF THE

PEOPLE OF ENGLAND,

AND

SUCH COMMODITIES AS ARE TO BE

FOUND IN THE SAME.

COMPREHENDED IN THREE BOOKES, AND WRITTEN BY W. H.

 A TABLE OF SUCH CHAPITERS AS ARE
CONTEINED IN THE FIRST BOOKE
OF THIS DESCRIPTION.

Page
1 Of the diuision of the whole earth. 2
2 Of the position, circuit, forme, and quantitie of the
Ile of Britaine. 4
3 Of the ancient denominations of this Iland. 6
4 What sundrie nations haue dwelled in Albion. 9
5 Whether it be likelie that anie giants were, and
whether they inhabited in this Ile or not. 14
6 Of the languages spoken in this Iland. 22
7 Into how manie kingdoms this Iland hath beene
diuided. 26
8 The names of such kings and princes as haue
reigned in this Iland. 31
9 Of the ancient religion vsed in Albion. 33
10 Of such Ilands as are to be seene vpon the coasts
of Britaine. 52
11 Of riuers, and first of the Thames, and such riuers
as fall into it. 78
12 Of such streames as fall into the sea, betweene
the Thames and the mouth of Sauerne. 91
13 The description of the Sauerne, and such waters
as discharge themselues into the same. 117
14 Of such waters as fall into the sea in compasse of
the Iland, betweene the Sauerne and the Humber. 123
 15 The description of the Humber or Isis, and such
water-courses as doo increase hir chanell. 156
16 Of such fals of waters as ioine with the sea,
betweene Humber and the Thames. 168
17 Of such ports and creeks as our sea-faring men
doo note for their benefit vpon the coasts of
England. 181
18 Of the aire, soile, and commodities of this Iland. 183
19 Of the foure high waies sometime made in
Britaine by the princes of this Iland. 189
20 Of the generall constitution of the bodies of the
Britons. 192
21 How Britaine at the first grew to be diuided into
three portions. 195
22 After what maner the souereigntie of this Ile
dooth remaine to the princes of Lhoegres or kings
of England. 196
23 Of the wall sometime builded for a partition
betweene England and the Picts and Scots. 214
24 Of the maruels of England. 216

OF THE DIUISION OF THE WHOLE EARTH.

CHAPTER I.

We read that the earth hath

Noah first diuided the earth among his sonnes.
beene diuided into thrée parts, euen sithens the generall floud. And
the common opinion is, that Noah limited and bestowed it vpon his
three sons, Japhet, Cham, and Sem, preserued with him in the Arke,
giuing vnto each of them such portions thereof as to him séemed
good, and neuerthelesse reteining the souereigntie of the whole still
vnto himselfe: albeit as yet it be left vncertaine how those seuerall
parts were bounded, and from whome they tooke such names as in
our times are attributed to each of them. Certes the words, Asia,
Europa, and Africa, are denominations giuen but of late (to speake
of) vnto them, and it is to be doubted, whether sithens the time of
Noah, the sea hath in sundrie places wonne or lost, added or
diminished to and from each of them; or whether Europa, and Lybia
were but one portion; and the same westerlie regions of late
discouered (and now called America,) was the third part (counting
Asia for the second) or the selfe region of the Atlantides, which Plato
and others, for want of traffike thither in their times, supposed to be
dissolued and sunke into the sea: as by their writings appeereth.

Not long before my time, we

The diuision of the earth not yet certeinlie knowne.
reckoned Asia, Europa, and Africa, for a full and perfect diuision of
the whole earth, which are parcels onelie of that huge Iland that
lieth east of the Atlantike sea, and whereof the first is diuided from
the second by Tanais (which riseth in the rocks of Caucasus, and
hideth it selfe in the Meotine moores) and the Ocean sea; and the
last from them both by the Mediterrane and red sea, otherwise
called Mare Erythræum. But now all men, especially the learned,
begin to doubt of the soundnes of that partition; bicause a no lesse
part than the greatest of the thrée ioined with those Ilands and
maine which lie vnder the north and Southpoles, if not double in
quantitie vnto the same, are found out and discouered by the
diligence of our trauellers. Hereby it appeereth, that either the earth
was not exactlie diuided in time past by antiquitie; or els, that the
true diuision thereof came not to the hands and notice of their
posteritie, so that our ancestors haue hitherto as it were laboured in
the Cimmerian darkenesse, and were vtterlie ignorant of the truth of
that whereabout they indeuoured to shew their trauels and
knowledge in their writings. Some peece of this confusion also is to
be found amongst the ancient and Romane writers, who
(notwithstanding their large conquests) did sticke in the same mire
with their successors, not being able (as appeereth by their
treatises) to deliuer and set downe the veritie. For Salust in his
booke De Variance among the writers about the diuision of the earth. bello
Iugurthino cannot tell whether Africa be parcell of Asia or not. And
with the same scruple Varro in his booke De lingua Lat. is not a litle
incumbred, who in the end concludeth, that the whole earth is
diuided into Asia and Europa: so that Africa is excluded and driuen
out of his place. Silius also writeth of Africa, (as one not yet resolued
wherevnto to leane,) that it is;

Aut ingens Asiæ latus, aut pars tertia rerum.

Wherein Lucane lib. 9. sheweth himselfe to be far of another

iudgement, in that he ascribeth it to Europa, saieng after this maner:

Tertia pars rerum Lybia: si credere famæ

Cuncta velis, si ventos cœlúmque sequaris,
Pars erit Europæ, nec enim plus littora Nili
Quàm Scythicus Tanais primis à gradibus absunt.

Whereby (I saie) we may well vnderstand, that in the time of

Augustus Tiberius, Claudius & Nero, the Romanes were not yet
resolued of the diuision of the earth. For my part, as I indeuour not
to remooue the credit of that which antiquitie hath deliuered (and
yet loth to continue and maintaine any corruption that may be
redressed) so I thinke good to The earth diuided into fiue parts, whereas
Belforest hath but foure, in Prefat. lib. 4. giue foorth a new diuision more
probable, & better agreeing with a truth. And therefore I diuide the
whole into fiue seuerall parcels, reteining the common diuision in the
first three, as before; and vnto the fourth allowing not onelie all that
portion that lieth by north of the Magellan streicts, and those
Hyperborean Ilands which lie west of the line of longitude, of late
discouered by Frobisher, and called by hir Maiestie Meta incognita:
but likewise so manie Ilands as are within 180. degrees Westwards
from our beginning or common line of longitude, whereby they are
parted from those, which by this diuision are allotted vnto Asia, and
the portion it selfe made equipollent with the same for greatnes, and
far excéeding either Europa or Africa, if it be not fullie so much in
quantitie as they both vnited and laid togither. The fift & last part is
the Antartike portion with hir Ilands annexed, that region (I meane)
which lieth vnder the South pole, cut off from America, or the fourth
part by the Magellan streicts; & from Africa by the sea which Cape di
bona Speranza. passeth by the Cape of good hope; a countrie no lesse
large for limits and bounds than Africa or America, and therefore
right worthie to be called the fift: howsoeuer it shall please the
curious to mislike of this diuision. This also I will adde, that albeit
the continent hereof doo not extend it selfe vnto the verie Antartike
point, but lieth as it The forme of the fift part. were a long table betwéene
two seas, of which the later is vnder the South poole, and as I may
call it a maine sea vnder the aforesaid pricke, yet is it not without
sundrie Ilands also adjoining vnto it, and the inner most sea not
destitute of manie, as by experience hath béene of late confirmed.
Furthermore, whereas our describers of the earth haue made it such
in their descriptions, as hath reached litle or nothing into the
peaceable sea without the Antartike circle: it is now found by Theuet
and others, that it extendeth it selfe northwards into that trace, by
no small number of leagues, euen in maner to the Equator, in so
much that the westerlie part thereof from America, is supposed to
reach northward so far from the Antartike article, as Africa dooth
southwards from the tropike of Cancer, which is no small portion of
ground; & I maruell why not obserued by such as heretofore haue
written of the same. But they excuse themselues by the ingratitude
of the Portingals and Spaniards, who haue of purpose concealed
manie things found out in their trauell, least they should séeme to
open a gap by dooing otherwise, for strangers to enter into their
conquests. As for those Ilands also which lie in the peaceable sea,
scattered here and there, as Iaua the greater, the lesser Sumatra,
Iapan, Burneo, &c: with a number of other, I refer them still unto
Asia, as before, so as they be without the compasse of 90. degrees
eastward from the line of longitude, & not aboue 180. as I doo the
Ile of S. Laurence, and a number of other vnto Africa within the said
proportion, wishing so little alteration as I may: and yet not yeelding
vnto any confusion, whereby the truth of the diuision should
hereafter be impeached.
And whereas by Virgil (speaking of our Iland) saith;

Et penitùs toto diuisos orbe Britannos,

And some other authors not vnworthie

Unto what portion Britaine is referred.
to be read and perused, it is not certeine vnto which portion of the
earth our Ilands, and Thule, with sundrie the like scattered in the
north seas should be ascribed, bicause they excluded them (as you
sée) from the rest of the whole earth: I have thought good, for
facilitie sake of diuision, to refer them all which lie within the first
minute of longitude, set downe by Ptolome, to Europa, and that as
reason requireth: so that the aforesaid line shall henceforth be their
Meta & partition from such as are to be ascribed to America; albeit
they come verie neere vnto the aforesaid portion, & may otherwise
(without prejudice) be numbred with the same. It may be that some
will thinke this my dealing either to be superfluous, or to procéed
from (I wot not what) foolish curiositie: for the world is now growne
to be very apt and readie to iudge the hardest of euerie attempt. But
forsomuch as my purpose is to leaue a plaine report of such matter
as I doo write of, and deliuer such things as I intreat of in distinct
and vpright order; though method now and then doo faile, I will go
forward with my indeuour, referring the examination of my dooings
to the indifferent and learned eare, without regard what the other
doo conceiue and imagine of me. In the meane season therefore it
shall suffice to say at this time, that Albion as the mother, and the
rest of the Ilands as hir daughters, lieng east of the line of longitude,
be still ascribed vnto Europa: wherevnto some good authours
heretofore in their writings, & their owne proper or naturall
situations also haue not amisse referred them.

OF THE POSITION, CIRCUIT, FORME, AND QUANTITIE OF THE ILE OF BRITAINE.

CAP. II.
 Britannia or Britain, as we now terme it in
How Britaine lieth from the maine.
our English toong, or Brutania as some pronounce it (by reason of
the letter y in the first syllable of the word, as antiquitie did
sometime deliuer it) is an Ile lieng in the Ocean sea, directlie ouer
against that part of France which conteineth Picardie, Normandie,
and thereto the greatest part of little Britaine, which later region was
called in time past Armorica, of the situation thereof vpon the sea
coast, vntill such time as a companie of Britons (either led ouer by
some of the Romane Emperours, or flieng thither from the tyrannie
of such as oppressed them here in this Iland) did setle themselues
there, and called it Britaine, after the name of their owne countrie,
from whence they aduentured thither. It hath Ireland vpon the west
side, on the north the maine sea, euen to Thule and the
Hyperboreans; and on the east side also the Germane Ocean, by
which we passe dailie through the trade of merchandize, not onlie
into the low countries of Belgie, now miserablie afflicted betwéene
the Spanish power and popish inquisition (as spice betweene the
morter and the pestell) but also into Germanie, Friezeland,
Denmarke, and Norwaie, carrieng from hence thither, and bringing
from thence hither, all such necessarie commodities as the seuerall
countries doo yeeld: through which meanes, and besides common
amitie conserued, traffike is mainteined, and the necessitie of each
partie abundantlie reléeued.

It conteineth in longitude taken by the

The longitude and latitude of this Ile.
middest of the region 19. degrees exactlie: and in latitude 53.
degrées, and thirtie min. after the opinions of those that haue
diligentlie obserued the same in our daies, and the faithfull report of
such writers as haue left notice thereof vnto vs, in their learned
treatises to be perpetuallie remembred. Howbeit, whereas some in
setting downe of these two lines, haue seemed to varie about the
placing of the same, each of them diuerslie remembring the names
of sundrie cities and townes, whereby they affirme them to haue
their seuerall courses: for my part I haue thought good to procéed
somewhat after another sort; that is, by diuiding the latest and best
chards each way into two equall parts (so neere as I can possiblie
bring the same to passe) wherby for the Longest day. middle of
latitude, I product Caerlile and Newcastell vpon Tine, (whose longest
day consisteth of sixteene houres, 48. minuts) and for the longitude,
Newberie, Warwike, Sheffield, Skipton, &c: which dealing, in mine
opinion, is most easie and indifferent, and likeliest meane to come
by the certeine standing and situation of our Iland.

Touching the length and bredth of the same, I

The compasse of Britaine.
find some variance amongst writers: for after some, there are from
the Piere or point of Douer, vnto the farthest part of Cornewall
westwards 320. miles: from thence againe to the point of Cathnesse
by the Irish sea 800. Wherby Polydore and other doo gather, that
the circuit of the whole Iland of Britaine is 1720. miles, which is full
280. lesse than Cæsar dooth set downe, except there be some
difference betwéene the Romane and British miles, as there is
indeed; wherof hereafter I may make some farther conference.

Martianus writing of the bredth of Britaine, hath onlie 300. miles, but
Orosius hath 1200. in the whole compasse. Ethicus also agreeing
with Plinie, Martianus, and Solinus, hath 800. miles of length, but in
the breadth he commeth short of their account by 120. miles. In like
maner Dion in Seuero maketh the one of 891. miles: but the other;
to wit, where it is broadest, of 289. and where it is narrowest, of 37.
Finally, Diodorus Siculus affirmeth the south coast to conteine 7000.
furlongs, the second; to wit, à Carione ad Promontorium 15000. the
third 20000. and the whole circuit to consist of 42000. But in our
time we reckon the breadth from Douer to Cornewall, not to be
aboue 300. miles, and the length from Douer to Cathnesse, no more
than 500. which neuerthelesse must be measured by a right line, for
otherwise I see not how the said diuision can hold.

The forme.The forme and fashion of this Ile is thrée-cornered, as

some have deuised, like vnto a triangle, bastard sword, wedge, or
partesant, being broadest in the south part, and gathering still
narrower and narrower, till it come to the farthest point of Cathnesse
northward, where it is narrowest of all, & there endeth in maner of a
promontorie called Caledonium & Orchas in British Morwerydh,
which is not aboue 30. miles ouer, as dailie experience by actuall
trauell dooth confirme.

The old writers giue vnto the thrée principall

Promontories of Britaine.
corners, crags, points, and promontories of this Iland, thrée seuerall
names. As vnto that of Kent, Cantium, that of Cornewall, Hellenes,
and of Scotland, Caledonium, and Orchas; and these are called
principall, in respect of the other, which are Taruisium, Nonantum,
Epidium, Gangacum, Octapites, Herculeum, Antiuesteum, Ocrinum,
Berubium, Taizalum, Acantium, &c: of which I thought good also to
leaue this notice, to the end that such as shall come after, may
thereby take occasion to seeke out their true places, wherof as yet I
am in maner ignorant, I meane for the most part; bicause I haue no
sound author that dooth leade mée to their knowledge.

Furthermore, the shortest and most vsuall cut

The distance from the maine.
that we haue out of our Iland to the maine, is from Douer (the
farthest part of Kent eastward) unto Calice a towne in Picardie 1300.
miles from Rome, in old time called Petressa and Scalas, though
some like better of blacknesse where the breadth of the sea is not
aboue thirtie miles. Which course, as it is now frequented and vsed
for the most common and safe passage of such as come into our
countrie out of France and diuers other realms, so it hath not beene
vnknowne of old time vnto the Romans, who for the most part vsed
these two hauens for their passage and repassage to and fro;
although we finde, that now and then diuerse of them came also
from Bullen, and landed at Sandwich, or some other places of the
coast more toward the west, or betweene Hide and Lid; to wit,
Romneie marsh, (which in old time was called Romania or
Romanorum insula) as to auoid the force of the wind & weather, that
often molesteth seafaringmen in these narrowe seas, best liked
them for their safegards. Betweene the part of Holland also, which
lieth néere the mouth of the Rhene and this our Iland, are 900.
furlongs, as Sosimus saith; and besides him, diuers other writers,
which being conuerted into English miles, doo yeeld 112. and foure
od furlongs, whereby the iust distance of the neerest part of
Britaine, from that part of the maine also, dooth certeinlie appéere
to be much lesse than the common maps of our countrie haue
hitherto set downe.

OF THE ANCIENT NAMES OR DENOMINATIONS OF THIS ILAND.

CAP. III.

Dis, Samothes. In the diligent perusall of their treatises, who haue

written of the state of this our Iland, I find that at the first it séemed
to be a parcell of the Celtike kingdome, whereof Dis otherwise called
Samothes, one of the sonnes of Japhet was the Saturne or originall
beginner, and of him thencefoorth for a long while called Samothea.
Afterward in processe of time, when desire of rule began to take
hold in the minds of men, and ech prince endeuoured to enlarge his
owne dominions: Albion the Neptunus Marioticus. sonne of Neptune,
Amphitrite surnamed Marioticus (bicause his dominions laie among
the ilands of the Mediterran sea, as those of Plutus did on the lower
grounds neere vnto shore, as contrariwise his father Jupiter dwelled
on the high hils néerer to heauen) hearing of the commodities of The
first conquest of Britaine. the countrie, and plentifulnesse of soile here,
made a voiage ouer, and finding the thing not onelie correspondent
vnto, but also farre surmounting the report that went of this Iland, it
was not long after yer he inuaded the same by force of armes,
brought it to his subiection in the 29. yeare after his grandfathers
decease, and finallie changed the name thereof into Albion, whereby
the former denomination after Samothes did grow out of mind, and
fall into vtter forgetfulnesse. And thus was this Iland bereft at on
time both of hir ancient name, and also of hir lawfull succession of
princes descended of the line of Japhet, Britaine under the Celts 341. yeares.
vnder whom it had continued by the space of 341. yeres and nine
princes, as by the Chronologie following shall easilie appeere.
Goropius our neighbor being verie nice in the denomination of our
Iland, as in most other points of his huge volume of the originall of
Antwarpe lib. 6. (whom Buchanan also followeth in part) is brought
into great doubt, whether Britaine was called Albion of the word Alb,
white; or Alp an hill; as Bodinus is no lesse troubled with fetching
the same ab Oibijs, or as he wresteth it, ab Albijs gallis. But here his
inconstancie appeareth, in that in his Gotthadamca liber. 7. he taketh
no lesse paines to bring the Britaines out of Denmarke, whereby the
name of the Iland should be called Vridania, Freedania, Brithania, or
Bridania, tanquam libera Dania, as another also dooth to fetch the
originall out of Spaine, where Breta signifieth soile or earth. But as
such as walke in darkenesse doo often straie, bicause they wot not
whither they go: euen so doo these men, whilest they séeke to
extenuate the certeintie of our histories, and bring vs altogither to
uncerteinties & their coniectures. They in like maner, which will haue
the Welshmen come from the French with this one question, vnde
Walli nisi a Gallis, or from some Spanish colonie, doo greatlie
bewraie their oversights; but most of all they erre that endeuour to
fetch it from Albine the imagined daughter of a forged Dioclesian,
wherewith our ignorant writers haue of late not a little stained our
historie, and brought the sound part thereof into some discredit and
mistrust: but more of this hereafter.

Now to speake somewhat also of Neptune as by

Neptune God of the sea.
the waie (sith I haue made mention of him in this place) it shall not
be altogither impertinent. Wherfore you shall vnderstand, that for his
excellent knowledge in the art of nauigation (as nauigation then
went) he was reputed the most skilfull prince that liued in his time.
And therfore, and likewise for his courage & boldnesse in
aduenturing to and fro, he was after his decease honoured as a god,
and the protection of such as trauelled by The maner of dressing of ships in
old time. sea committed to his charge. So rude also was the making of
ships wherewith to saile in his time (which were for the most part
flat bottomed and broad) that for lacke of better experience to calke
and trim the same after they were builded, they vsed to naile them
ouer with rawe hides of bulles, buffles, and such like, and with such
a kind of nauie (as they say) first Samothes, & then Albion arriued in
this Iland, which vnto me doth not séeme a thing impossible. The
northerlie or artike regions, doo not naile their ships with iron, which
they vtterly want, but with wooden pins, or els they bind the planks
togither verie artificiallie with bast ropes, osiers, rinds of trées, or
twigs of popler, the substance of those vessels being either of fir or
pine, sith oke is verie deintie & hard to be had amongst them. Of
their wooden anchors I speake not (which neuerthelesse are
common to them, and to the Gothlanders) more than of ships
wrought of wickers, sometime vsed in our Britaine, and couered with
leather euen in the time of Plinie, lib. 7. cap. 56. as also botes made
of rushes and réeds, &c. Neither haue I iust occasion to speake of
ships made of canes, of which sort Staurobates, king of India
fighting against Semiramis, brought 4000. with him and fought with
hir the first battell on the water that euer I read of, and vpon the
riuer Indus, but to his losse, for he was ouercome by hir power, &
his nauie either drowned or burned by the furie of hir souldiers.

But to proceed, when the said Albion had gouerned here in this
countrie by the space of seauen yeares, it came to passe that both
he and his brother Bergion were killed by Hercules at the mouth of
Rhodanus, as the said Hercules passed out of Spaine by the Celtes
to go ouer into Italie, and vpon this occasion (as I gather among the
writers) not vnworthie to Lestrigo. be remembred. It happened in time
of Lucus king of the Celts, that Lestrigo and his issue (whom Osyris
his grandfather had placed ouer the Janigenes were the posteritie of Noah in
Italie. Janigenes) did exercise great tyrannie, not onelie ouer his owne
kingdome, but also in molestation of such princes as inhabited round
about him in most intollerable maner. Moreouer he was not a little
incouraged in these his dooings by Neptune his father, who thirsted
Neptune had xxxiii. sonnes. greatly to leaue his xxxiii. sonnes settled in the
mightiest kingdoms of the world, as men of whom he had alreadie
conceiued this opinion, that if they had once gotten foot into any
region whatsoeuer, it would not be long yer they did by some
meanes or other, not onelie establish their seats, but also increase
their limits to the better maintenance of themselues and their
posteritie for euermore. To be short therefore, after the giants, and
great princes, or mightie men of the world had conspired and slaine
the aforsaid Osyris, onlie for that he was an obstacle vnto them in
their tyrannous dealing; Hercules his sonne, surnamed Laabin,
Lubim, or Libius, in the reuenge of his fathers death, proclaimed
open warres against them all, and going from place to place, he
ceased not to spoile their kingdomes, and therewithall to kill them
with great courage that fell into his hands. Finallie, hauing among
Lomnimi. Geriones. sundrie other ouercome the Lomnimi or Geriones in
Spaine, and vnderstanding that Lestrigo and his sonnes did yet
remaine in Italie, he directed his viage into those parts, and taking
the kingdome of the Celts in his waie, he remained for a season with
Lucus the king of that countrie, where he also maried his daughter
Galathea, and begat a sonne Galathea. Galates, or Kelts. by hir, calling him
after his mothers name Galates, of whom in my said Chronologie I
haue spoken more at large.

In the meane time Albion vnderstanding how Hercules intended to

make warres against his brother Lestrigo, he thought good if it were
possible Bergion. to stop him that tide, and therefore sending for his
brother Bergion out of the Orchades (where he also reigned as
supreame Pomponius Mela cap. de Gallia. lord and gouernour) they ioined
their powers, and sailed ouer into France. Being arriued there, it was
not long yer they met with Hercules and his armie, neare vnto the
mouth of the riuer called Roen (or the Rhodanus) where happened a
cruell conflict betwéene them, in which Hercules and his men were
like to haue lost the day, for that they were in maner wearied with
long warres, and their munition sore wasted in the last viage that he
had made for Spaine. Herevpon Hercules perceiuing the courages of
his souldiours somewhat to abate, and seeing the want of artillerie
like to be the cause of his fatall daie and present ouerthrowe at
hand, it came suddenlie into his mind to will each of them to defend
himselfe by throwing stones at his enimie, Strabo, lib. 4. whereof there
laie great store then scattered in the place. The policie was no
sooner published than hearkened vnto and put in execution,
whereby they so preuailed in the end, that Hercules wan the field,
their enimies were put to flight, and Albion and his brother both
slaine, and buried in that plot. Thus was Britaine rid of a tyrant,
Lucus king of the Celts deliuered from an vsurper (that dailie
incroched vpon him, building sundrie cities and holds, of which some
were placed among the Alps & called after his owne name, and
other also euen in his owne kingdome on that side) and Lestrigo
greatlie weakened by the slaughter of his brethren. Of this inuention
of Hercules in like sort it commeth, that Jupiter father vnto Hercules
(who indeed was none other but Osyris) is feigned to throw downe
stones from heauen vpon Albion and Bergion, in the defense of his
sonne: which came so thicke vpon them, as if great drops of raine or
haile should haue descended from aboue, no man well knowing
which waie to turne him from their force, they came so fast and with
so great a violence.

But to go forward, albeit that Albion and his power were thus
discomfited and slaine, yet the name that he gaue unto this Iland
died not, but still remained vnto the time of Brute, who arriuing
héere in the 1116. before Christ, and 2850. after the creation of the
world, not onelie changed it into Britaine (after it had beene called
Albion, by the space of about 600. yeares) but to declare his
souereigntie ouer the rest of the Ilands also that lie scattered round
about it, he called them all after the same maner, so that Albion was
said in time to be Britanniarum insula maxima, that is, The greatest
of those Iles that beare the name of Britaine, which Plinie also
confirmeth, and Strabo in his first and second bookes denieth not.
There are some, which vtterlie denieng that this Iland tooke hir
name of Brute, doo affirme it rather to be so called of the rich
mettals sometime carried from the mines there into all the world as
growing in the same. Vibius Sequester also saith that Calabria was
sometime called Britannia, Ob immensam affluentiam totius delitiæ
atque vbertatis, that was to be found heerein. Other contend that it
should be written with P (Pritannia.) All which opinions as I
absolutelie denie not, so I willinglie leane vnto none of them in
peremptorie maner, sith the antiquitie of our historie carrieth me
withall vnto the former iudgements. And for the same cause I reiect
them also, which deriue the aforesaid denomination from Britona the
nymph, in following Textor (or Prutus or Prytus the sonne of Araxa)
which Britona was borne in Creta daughter to Mars, and fled by sea
from thence onelie to escape the villanie of Minos, who attempted to
rauish and make hir one of his paramours: but if I should forsake the
authoritie of Galfride, I would rather leane to the report of
Parthenius, whereof elsewhere I haue made a more large rehersall.

It is altogither impertinent, to discusse whether Hercules came into

this Iland after the death of Albion, or not, although that by an
ancient monument seene of late, as I heare, and the cape of
Hartland or Harcland in the West countrie (called Promontorium
Herculis in old time) diuers of our British antiquaries doo gather
great likelihood that he should also be here. But sith his presence or
absence maketh nothing with the alteration of the name of this our
region and countrie, and to search out whether the said monument
was but some token erected in his honour of later times (as some
haue beene elsewhere, among the Celts framed, & those like an old
criple with a bow bent in one hand & a club in the other, a rough
skin on his backe, the haire of his head all to be matted like that of
the Irishmens, and drawing manie men captiue after him in chaines)
is but smallie auailable, and therefore I passe it ouer as not incident
to my purpose. Neither will I spend any time in the determination,
whether Britaine had beene sometime a parcell of the maine,
although it should well séeme so to haue beene, bicause that before
the generall floud of Noah, we doo not read of Ilands, more than of
hils and vallies. Wherfore as Wilden Arguis also noteth in his
philosophie and tractation of meteors, it is verie likelie that they
were onelie caused by the violent motion and working of the sea, in
the time of the floud, which if S. Augustine had well considered, he
would neuer haue asked how such creatures as liued in Ilands far
distant from the maine could come into the arke, De ciuit. lib. 16.
cap. 7. howbeit in the end he concludeth with another matter more
profitable than his demand.
As for the speedie and timelie inhabitation thereof, this is mine
opinion, to wit, that it was inhabited shortlie after the diuision of the
earth. For I read that when each capteine and his companie had
their portions assigned vnto them by Noah in the partition that he
made of the whole among his posteritie, they neuer ceased to trauell
and search out the vttermost parts of the same, vntill they found out
their bounds allotted, and had seene and vewed their limits, euen
vnto the verie poles. It shall suffice therefore onelie to haue touched
these things in this manner a farre off, and in returning to our
purpose, to proceed with the rest concerning the denomination of
our Iland, which was knowne Yet Timeus, Ephorus, and some of the Grecians,
know the name Britannia, as appeareth also by Diodorus, &c. before the comming of Cesar.
vnto most of the Gréekes for a long time, by none other name than
Albion, and to saie the truth, euen vnto Alexanders daies, as
appeareth by the words of Aristotle in his De mundo, and to the time
of Ptolomie: notwithstanding that Brute, as I haue said, had
changed the same into Britaine, manie hundred yeares before.

After Brutus I doo not find that anie men attempted to change it
againe, vntill the time that Theodosius, in the daies of Valentinianus
and Valens endeuoured, in the remembrance of the two aforesaid
Emperours, to call it Valentia, as Marcellinus saith. But as this deuise
tooke no hold among the common sort, so it retained still the name
of Britaine, vntill the reigne of Ecbert, who about the 800. yeare of
Grace, and first of his reigne, gaue foorth an especiall edict, dated at
Winchester, that it should be called Angles land, or Angel-landt, for
which in our time we doo pronounce it England. And this is all (right
honorable) that I haue to say, touching the seuerall names of this
Iland, vtterlie misliking in the meane season their deuises, which
make Hengist the onlie parent of the later denomination, whereas
Ecbert, bicause his ancestours descended from the Angles one of the
sixe nations that came with the Saxons into Britaine (for they were
not all of one, but of diuers countries, as Angles, Saxons, Germans,
Switzers, Norwegiens, Jutes otherwise called Jutons, Vites, Gothes or
Getes, and Vandals, and all comprehended vnder the name of
Saxons, bicause of Hengist the Saxon and his companie that first
arriued here before anie of the other) and therto hauing now the
monarchie and preheminence in maner of this whole Iland, called
the Of this opinion is Belforest, lib. 3. cap. 44. same after the name of the
countrie from whence he derived his originall, neither Hengist,
neither anie Queene named Angla, neither whatsoeuer deriuation ab
Angulo, as from a corner of the world bearing swaie, or hauing
ought to doo at all in that behalfe.

WHAT SUNDRIE NATIONS HAUE DWELLED IN ALBION.

CAP. IV.

As few or no nations can iustlie boast themselues to haue continued

sithence their countrie was first replenished, without any mixture,
more or lesse, of forreine inhabitants; no more can this our Iland,
whose manifold commodities haue oft allured sundrie princes and
famous capteines of the world to conquer and subdue the same vnto
their owne subiection. Manie sorts of people therfore haue come in
hither and settled themselues here in this Ile, and first of all other, a
parcell Samotheans.] of the linage and posteritie of Japhet, brought in
by Samothes in the 1910. after the creation of Adam. Howbeit in
processe of time, and after they had indifferentlie replenished and
furnished this Iland with people (which was doone in the space of
335. yeares) Albion the giant afore mentioned, repaired hither with a
companie of his owne race procéeding from Cham, and not onelie
annexed the same to his owne dominion, but brought all such in like
sort as he found here of the line of Japhet, into miserable seruitude
and most extreame thraldome. After him also, Britains.
Chemminits. and within lesse than sixe hundred and two yeares, came
Brute the sonne of Syluius with a great traine of the posteritie of the
dispersed Troians in 324. ships: who rendering the like courtesie
vnto the Chemminits as they had doone before unto the séed of
Japhet, brought them also wholie vnder his rule and gouernance,
and dispossessing the peeres & inferior owners of their lands and
possessions, he diuided the countrie among such princes and
capteines as he in his arriuall here had led out of Grecia with him.

Romans. From hencefoorth I doo not find any sound report of other
nation whatsoeuer, that should aduenture hither to dwell, and alter
the state of the land, vntill the Romane emperours subdued it to
their dominion, sauing of a few Galles, (and those peraduenture of
Belgie) who first comming ouer to rob and pilfer vpon the coasts, did
afterward plant themselues for altogither neere vnto the shore, and
there builded sundrie cities and townes which they named after
those of the maine, from whence they came vnto vs. And this is not
onelie to be gathered out of Cesar where he writeth of Britaine of
set purpose, but also elsewhere, as in his second booke a little after
the beginning: for speaking of Deuiaticus king of the Swessions
liuing in his time, he affirmeth him not onelie to be the mightiest
prince of all the Galles, but also to hold vnder his subiection the Ile
of Britaine, of which his sonne Galba was afterward dispossessed.
But after the comming of the Romans, it is hard to say with how
manie sorts of people we were dailie pestered, almost in euery
steed. For as they planted their forworne legions in the most fertile
places of the realme, and where they might best lie for the safegard
of their conquests: so their armies did commonlie consist of manie
sorts of people, and were (as I may call them) a confused mixture of
all other countries and nations then liuing in the world. Howbeit, I
thinke it best, bicause they did all beare the title of Romans, to
reteine onelie that name for them all, albeit they were wofull ghests
to this our Iland: sith that with them came all maner of vice and
vicious liuing, all riot and excesse of behauiour into our countrie,
which their legions brought hither from each corner of their
dominions; for there was no prouince vnder them from whence they
had not seruitours.

Scots.
How and when the Scots, a people mixed of the Scithian and
Picts.
Spanish blood, should arriue here out of Ireland, & when the Picts
should come vnto vs out of Sarmatia, or from further toward the
north & the Scithian Hyperboreans, as yet it is vncerteine. For
though the Scotish histories doo carrie great countenance of their
antiquitie in this Iland: yet (to saie fréelie what I thinke) I iudge
them rather to haue stolne in hither within the space of 100. yeares
before Christ, than to haue continued here so long as they
themselues pretend, if my coniecture be any thing. Yet I denie not,
but that as the Picts were long planted in this Iland before the Scots
aduentured to settle themselues also in Britaine; so the Scots did
often aduenture hither to rob and steale out of Ireland, and were
finallie called in by the Meats or Picts (as the Romans named them,
because they painted their bodies) to helpe them against the
Britains, after the which they so planted themselues in these parts,
that vnto our time that portion of the land cannot be cleansed of
them. I find also that as these Scots were reputed for the most
Scithian-like and barbarous nation, and longest without letters; so
they vsed commonlie to steale ouer into Britaine in leather skewes,
and began to helpe the Picts about or not long before the beginning
of Cesars time. For both Diodorus lib. 6. and Strabo lib. 4. doo
seeme to speake of a parcell of the Irish nation that should inhabit
Britaine in their time, which were giuen to the eating of mans flesh,
and therefore called Anthropophagi. Mamertinus in like sort dooth
note the Redshanks and the Irish (which are properlie the Scots) to
be the onelie enimies of our nation, before the comming of Cæsar,
as appeareth in his panegyricall oration, so that hereby it is found
that they are no new ghestes in Britaine. Wherefore all the
controuersie dooth rest in the time of their first attempt to inhabit in
this Iland. Certeinlie I maruell much whie they trauell not to come in
with Cantaber and Partholonus: but I see perfectlie that this shift
should be too grosse for the maintenance of their desired antiquitie.
Now, as concerning their name, the Saxons translated the word
Scotus for Irish: whereby it appeareth that those Irish, of whom
Strabo and Diodorus doo speake, are none other than those Scots,
of whom Ierome speaketh Aduersus Iouinianum, lib. 2. who vsed to
feed on the buttocks of boies and womens paps, as delicate dishes.
Aethicus writing of the Ile of Man, affirmeth it to be inhabited with
Scots so well as Ireland euen in his time. Which is another proofe
that the Scots and Irish are all one people. They were also called
Scoti by the Romans, bicause their Iland & originall inhabitation
thereof were vnknowne, and they themselues an obscure nation in
the sight of all the world. Of the Picts. Now as concerning the Picts,
whatsoeuer Ranulphus Hygden imagineth to the contrarie of their
latter enterance, it is easie to find by Herodian and Mamertinus (of
which the one calleth them Meates, the other Redshankes and
Pictones) that they were setled in this Ile long before the time of
Seuerus, yea of Cæsar, and comming of the Scots. Which is proofe
sufficient, if no further authoritie remained extant for the same. So
that the controuersie lieth not in their comming also, but in the true
time of their repaire and aduenture into this Iland out of the
Orchades (out of which they gat ouer into the North parts of our
countrie, as the writers doo report) and from whence they came at
the first into the aforsaid Ilands. For my part I suppose with other,
that they came hither out of Sarmatia or Scythia: for that nation
hauing had alwaies an eie vnto the commodities of our countrie,
hath sent out manie companies to inuade and spoile the same. It
may be that some will gather, those to be the Picts, of whom Cæsar
saith that they stained their faces with wad and madder, to the end
they might appeare terrible and feareful to their enimies; and so
inferre that the Picts were naturall Britans. But it is one thing to
staine the face onelie as the Britans did, of whom Propertius saith,

Nunc etiam infectos demum mutare Britannos,

And to paint the images and portraitures of beasts, fish and foules
ouer the whole bodie, as the Picts did, of whom Martial saith,

Barbara depictis veni Bascauda Britannis.

Certes the times of Samothes and Albion, haue some likelie

limitation; and so we may gather of the comming in of Brute, of
Cæsar, the Saxons, the Danes, the Normans, and finallie of the
Flemmings, (who had the Rosse in Wales assigned vnto them 1066.
after the drowning of their countrie.) But when first the Picts, & then
the Scots should come ouer into our Iland, as they were obscure
people, so the time of their arriuall is as far to me vnknowne.
Wherefore the resolution of this point must still remaine In tenebris.
This neuerthelesse is certeine, that Maximus first Legate of Britaine,
and afterward emperour, draue the Scots out of Britaine, and
compelled them to get habitation in Ireland, the out Iles, and the
North part of the maine, and finallie diuided their region betwéene
the Britaines and the Picts. He denounced warre also against the
Irishmen, for receiuing them into their land: but they crauing the
peace, yéelded to subscribe, that from thence-foorth they would not
receiue any Scot into their dominions; and so much the more, for
that they were pronounced enimies to the Romans, and disturbers of
the common peace and quietnesse of their prouinces here in
England.

The Saxons became first acquainted with this Ile, by meanes of the
piracie which they dailie practised vpon our coastes (after they had
once begun to aduenture themselues also vpon the seas, thereby to
seeke out more wealth than was now to be gotten in the West parts
of the maine, which they and their neighbours had alreadie spoiled
in most lamentable and barbarous maner) howbeit they neuer durst
presume to The hurt by forren aid. inhabit in this Iland, vntill they were
sent for by Vortiger to serue him in his warres against the Picts and
Scots, after that the Romans had giuen vs ouer, and left vs wholie to
our owne defense and regiment. Being therefore come vnder
Hengist in three bottoms or kéeles, and in short time espieng the
idle and negligent behauiour of the Britaines, and fertilitie of our
soile, they were not a little inflamed to make a full conquest of such
as at the first they came to aid and succour. Herevpon also they fell
by little and little to the winding in of greater numbers of their
countrimen and neighbours, with their wiues and children into this
region, so that within a while these new comlings began to molest
the homelings, and ceased not from time to time to continue their
purpose, vntill they had gotten possession of the whole, or at the
leastwise the greatest part of our countrie; the Britons in the meane
season being driuen either into Wales and Cornewall, or altogither
out of the Iland to séeke new habitations.

Danes. In like maner the Danes (the next nation that succéeded)
came at the first onelie to pilfer and robbe vpon the frontiers of our
Iland, till that in the end, being let in by the Welshmen or Britons
through an earnest desire to be reuenged vpon the Saxons, they no
lesse plagued the one than the other, their fréends than their
aduersaries, seeking by all meanes possible to establish themselues
also in the sure possession of Britaine. But such was their successe,
that they prospered not long in their deuise: for so great was their
lordlinesse, crueltie, and insatiable desire of riches, beside their
detestable abusing of chast matrons, and yoong virgins (whose
husbands and parents were dailie inforced to become their drudges
and slaues, whilest they sat at home and fed like drone bées of the
sweet of their trauell and labours) that God I say would not suffer
them to continue any while ouer vs, but when he saw his time he
remooued their yoke, and gaue vs liberty as it were to breath vs,
thereby to see whether this his sharpe scourge could haue mooued
vs to repentance and amendment of our lewd and sinfull liues, or
not. But when no signe thereof appeared in our hearts, he called in
an The Normans. other nation to vex vs, I meane the Normans, a
people mixed with Danes, and of whom it is worthilie doubted,
whether they were more hard and cruell to our countrimen than the
Danes, or more heauie and intollerable to our Iland than the Saxons
or the Romans. This nation came out of Newstria, the people thereof
were called Normans by the French, bicause the Danes which
subdued that region, came out of the North parts of the world:
neuerthelesse, I suppose that the ancient word Newstria, is
corrupted from West-rijc, bicause that if you marke the situation, it
lieth opposite from Austria or Ost-rijc, which is called the East
region, as Newstria is the Weast: for Rijc in the old Scithian toong
dooth signifie a region or kingdome, as in Franc-rijc, or Franc-reich,
Westsaxon-reich, Ost saxon-reich, Su-rijc, Angel-rijc, &c, is else to
be séene. But howsoeuer this falleth out, these Normans or Danish
French, were dedlie aduersaries to the English Saxons, first by
meane of a quarell that grew betwéene them in the daies of Edward
the Confessour, at such time as the Earle of Bullen, and William
Duke of Normandie, arriued in this land to visit him, & their freends;
such Normans (I meane) as came ouer with him and Emma his
mother before him, in the time of Canutus and Ethelred. For the first
footing that euer the French did set in this Iland, sithence the time
of Ethelbert & Sigebert, was with Emma, which Ladie brought ouer a
traine of French Gentlemen and Ladies with hir into England.

After hir also no small numbers of

The cause of the conquest by the Normans.
attendants came in with Edward the Confessour, whome he
preferred to the greatest offices in the realme, in so much that one
Robert a Norman, became Archbishop of Canturburie, whose
preferment so much enhanced the minds of the French, on the one
side, as their lordlie and outragious demeanour kindled the stomachs
of the English nobilitie against them on the other: insomuch that not
long before the death of Emma the kings mother, and vpon occasion
of the brall hapning at Douer (whereof I haue made sufficient
mention in my Chronologie, not regarding the report of the French
authors in this behalfe, who write altogither in the fauour of their
Archbishop Robert, but following the authoritie of an English préest
then liuing in the court) the English Peeres began to shew their
disliking in manifest maner. Neuerthelesse, the Normans so
bewitched the king with their lieng and bosting, Robert the
Archbishop being the chéefe instrument of their practise, that he
beléeued them, and therevpon vexed sundrie of the nobilitie,
amongst whom Earle Goodwijn of Kent was the chéefe, a noble
Gentleman and father in law to king Edward by the mariage of his
daughter. The matter also came to such issue against him, that he
was exiled, and fiue of his sonnes with him, wherevpon he goeth
ouer the sea, and soone after returning with his said sonnes, they
inuaded the land in sundrie places, the father himselfe comming to
London, where when the kings power was readie to ioine with him in
battell, it vtterlie refused so to doo: affirming plainelie, that it should
be méere follie for one Englishman to fight against another, in the
reuenge of Frenchmens quarels: which answer entred so déeplie into
the kings mind, that he was contented to haue the matter heard,
and appointing commissioners for that purpose; they concluded at
the vpshot, that all the French should depart out of England by a
day, few excepted, whom the Archbishop of Can. exiled, and the rest of the
French. king should appoint and nominate. By this means therfore
Robert the Archbishop, & of secret counsell with the king, was first
exiled as principall abuser & seducer of the king, who goeth to
Rome, & there complaineth to the Pope of his iniurie receiued by the
English. Howbeit as he returned home againe with no small hope of
the readeption of his See, he died in Normandie, whereby he saued
a killing. Certes he was the first that euer tendered complaint out of
England vnto Rome, & with him went William Bishop of London
(afterward reuoked) and Vlfo of Lincolne, who hardlie escaped the
furie of the English nobilitie. Some also went into Scotland, and
there held themselues, expecting a better time. And this is the true
historie of the originall cause of the conquest of England by the
French: for after they were well beaten at Douer, bicause of their
insolent demeanour there shewed, their harts neuer ceased to boile
with a desire of reuenge that brake out into a flame, so soone as
their Robert possessed the primacie, which being once obteined, and
to set his mischéefe intended abroch withall, a contention was
quicklie procured about certeine Kentish lands, and controuersie
kindled, whether he or the Earle should haue most right vnto them.
The king held with the Erle Goodwine slandered by the French writers. priest as
with the church, the nobilitie with the Earle. In processe also of this
businesse, the Archbishop accused the Earle of high treason,
burdening him with the slaughter of Alfred the kings brother, which
was altogither false: as appeareth by a treatise yet extant of that
matter, written by a chaplaine to king Edward the Confessour, in the
hands of Iohn Stow my verie fréend, wherein he saith thus,
"Alfredus incautè agens in aduentu suo in Angliam a Danis
circumuentus occiditur." He addeth moreouer, that giuing out as he
came through the countrie accompanied with his few proud
Normans, how his meaning was to recouer his right vnto the
kingdome, and supposing that all men would haue yéelded vnto him,
he fell into their hands, whome Harald then king did send to
apprehend him, vpon the fame onelie of this report brought vnto his
eares. So that (to be short) after the king had made his pacification
with the Earle, the French (I say) were exiled, the Quéene restored
to his fauour (whom he at the beginning of this broile had
imprisoned at Wilton, allowing hir but one onlie maid to wait upon
hir) and the land reduced to hir former quietnesse, which continued
vntill the death of the king. After which the Normans not forgetting
their old grudge, remembred still their quarell, that in the end turned
to their conquest of this Iland. After which obteined, they were so
cruellie bent The miserie of the English vnder the French. to our vtter
subuersion and ouerthrow, that in the beginning it was lesse reproch
to be accounted a slaue than an Englishman, or a drudge in anie
filthie businesse than a Britaine: insomuch that euerie French page
was superiour to the greatest Peere; and the losse of an
Englishmans life but a pastime to such of them as contended in their
brauerie, who should giue the greatest strokes or wounds vnto their
bodies, when their toiling and drudgerie could not please them, or
satisfie their gréedie humors. Yet such was our lot in those daies by
the diuine appointed order, that we must needs obey such as the
Lord did set ouer vs, and so much the rather, for that all power to
resist was vtterlie taken from vs, and our armes made so weake and
feeble that they were not now able to remooue the importable load
of the enimie from our surburdened The cause of our miserie. shoulders.
And this onelie I saie againe, bicause we refused grace offered in
time, and would not heare when God by his Preachers did call vs so
fauourablie vnto him. Oh how miserable was the estate of our
countrie vnder the French and Normans, wherein the Brittish and
English that remained, could not be called to any function in the
commonwealth, no not so much as to be constables and
headburowes in small villages, except they could bring 2. or 3.
Normans for suerties to the Lords of the soile for their good
behauiour in their offices! Oh what numbers of all degrées of English
and Brittish were made slaues and bondmen, and bought and sold
as oxen in open market! In so much that at the first comming, the
French bond were set free; and those that afterward became bond,
were of our owne countrie and nation, so that few or rather none of
vs remained free without some note of bondage and seruitude to the
French. Hereby then we perceiue, how from time to time this Iland
hath not onelie béene a prey, but as it were a common receptacle
for strangers, the naturall homelings or Britons being still cut shorter
and shorter, as I said before, till in the end they came not onelie to
be In this voiage the said Harald builded Portaschith, which Caradoch ap Griffin afterward
ouerthrew, and killed the garrison that Harald left therein. driuen into a corner of
this region, but in time also verie like vtterlie to haue beene
extinguished. For had not king Edward, surnamed the saint, in his
time, after greeuous wars made vpon them 1063. (wherein Harald
latelie made Earle of Oxenford, sonne to Goodwin Earle of Kent, and
after king of England, was his generall) permitted the remnant of
their women to ioine in mariage with the Englishmen (when the
most part of their husbands and male children were slaine with the
sword) it could not haue béene otherwise chosen, but their whole
race must néeds haue susteined the vttermost confusion, and
thereby the memorie of the Britons vtterlie haue perished among vs.

Thus we see how England hath six times beene subiect to the
reproch of conquest. And wheras the Scots séeme to challenge
manie famous victories also ouer us, beside gréeuous impositions,
tributs, & dishonorable compositions: it shall suffice for answer, that
they deale in this as in the most part of their historie, which is to
seeke great honor by lieng, & great renowme by prating and
craking. Indeed they haue doone great mischéefe in this Iland, &
with extreme crueltie; but as for any conquest the first is yet to
heare of. Diuers other conquests also haue béene pretended by
sundrie princes sithence the conquest, onelie to the end that all
pristinate lawes and tenures of possession might cease, and they
make a new disposition of all things at their owne pleasure. As one
by king Edw. the 3. but it tooke none effect. Another by Henrie the
4. who neuerthelesse was at the last though hardlie drawne from
the challenge by William Thorington, then cheefe Justice of England.
The third by Henrie the 7. who had some better shew of right, but
yet without effect. And the last of all by Q. Marie, as some of the
papists gaue out, and also would haue had hir to haue obteined, but
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