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Basic electronics

The document discusses various properties and characteristics of semiconductors, including resistivity, conductivity, and temperature effects on performance. It covers intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor behavior, diode configurations, and their applications in electronic circuits. Additionally, it includes equations and graphs related to current-voltage characteristics and thermal behavior of semiconductor devices.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views68 pages

Basic electronics

The document discusses various properties and characteristics of semiconductors, including resistivity, conductivity, and temperature effects on performance. It covers intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor behavior, diode configurations, and their applications in electronic circuits. Additionally, it includes equations and graphs related to current-voltage characteristics and thermal behavior of semiconductor devices.

Uploaded by

allennagaur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Y 7) g 0-048 ILonskom 5x0" |e cro leiy (e343) Trininsic canmier deny (7) Setrinsic raalvity 24K /0F der gereraksin’ of S eerge CPVNET q Pded Recombivation = R Vok@ Bride, T-cyillibrium GER mqge—pe AMS Dh a mite me ¥ : G= anj* : q jumicondu kat ohkO “Bedvicek Reubratity.s un shape by er [e ee BY m= ee" KONCSs Ge chage= knkak a Oe eet gases) teiheune) == ——— page = Neen —--32© eaned Ve wbneh 5 Sescl Coster n- typi Aonicavduackor/madestst” S» ma fi £9 Vode pon yO Nyt b= ntO E E10 Nol otal 8 . = Lee cc no kype Loja Excric dd E Js appli e- ond ala ore Anipid in 0 ppostts dau ching, Bet vwowk will bt dh p sumk, dine, se Va Be drift yeloudy of dedi - va x E wa = ME Ly mahity, (constant ) unt = pe BL mom 2) m/v eae 9 enh red -_ ) Veen a d= wens a nem = conduchvily. } : - oy nee , ee VET EL. chm» te £4 ov AE Si > hx erg >> Ome My< < Me , T= frBn + Pek = cB lo = pnt PHP) e] onduchivi Seiico nv MM AOA + « Metod ane unt polay . : + Semicond udoyy ae hipatar: fac wctillly of yur sete ond 018% ne ve ny = 25% 10'%m3 ok FOTN P= 0-38 Pps ote Se Ee ie ee WAnUNS, ff), SC e.”6~— UAC UDP ee puny. : De sample « a denen Ape ap oe -aemph Arps g fer to® Ga -adeny . Shor wer ranahy ; ae * nz 25 xolom Pn = 3R00 am /V see. a Be = (800 an’) Vex Nye = HA KIO 70 Y = 1002 FQ TE eee po demor Sy ip —> YBa lp | im iy = Bye MLO Yt) 410 Yor? o-= ent Pb) ebiG aaion ] Ne A Mp= yourxjdS] om np=m> = [RAI ‘ Getic asx 103) = 625% )0 ne yay ayo! WH) Kjaer a 2 NF ay o = (44x10 3800 HEUReWd Key pene [oom] 2A My = 2688F1a Kyo> = 0:2600% G~on) > wane ec ee e ae Z fe oasage FON 4 4 s>q Pay BuyD Considey om intrinsic sibicor ban of crass pedo 5 050m of 20m demparatune Sook . An Be oops He ail barr 8 a) edo ond halk compara of | icant engi f. 1 Cth wank om bey ae O renstruity oh bar Ba = (x00 on] V-seg wha de roku 1 Nig 60 ae nePen 9) d= Fane ; © 1k alan Tete >ienirelate = Ho a 9, ih?) a—_ . ee ee y) Dae (24 args WA =, YH gle | aa IVS eae 9 oi wg Nee Me f RY Hp f = 252K 101 2 cog Bonicarduider diodes I : . PAY Tunckion diods (Wo Applied bios) ee Bis! cpplication of entemat bottnge ann fhe gto BOT = Gipatar Tunthion drowaisbr (3 bemirah deuter) Prrerrurs = fh > Pp Nt 4 See doer Minaihy droog, — je 265i Be. cuovent 2 dia fo weperthy Vere oe wil dupa ovk veawe 1%) ok pe Si immobile ion Ke ‘ Bateman 3 Condtent = 138 m10 Np= donar cane ~ Te absolute femo() [or = eee Cy) a ee = Le xo te J : KT a3 ati an 300 = 0026 valk. > ok rom tecpenhin Ao hes or ; ie Bee ett at \ > 3 ero Be Ger) x re : SoS ce a. 2ReT 2 273074 > Oo =sey % 600 * —— { 7 WAS Pe} Vira 2eF} wis feniM de a Poo Sit Voc o.zy ma OL* Vozo3v lid of depaetion “Region [Wa] 4 bo oyu cs Cie a mh © ~ Forward Bios Condition Vso WA Yb7 0 Wa! ° eX Wir > Wa" rf a| o OF (rt wa 4) iP). . Dio & | ‘ pis é <<, qq Ip = Ima} e ie 1 Yp Parry pokerdial b=Y-uy Reverse bios Conditien Pp laa tay, Wis Sei. ere | ets ales ae rent = ae elo lolol ttt fan a6 ee (otertes) daha aie © |© |% |e © a Wy + RB> No bes > 5 ae ao ods Vp resided ep a Tox Rove Sehurabin Cuzruntex, Trnirote conttont (pA) \ < Te ee _™_™” @ ode. yg oe fe Ar fern riconduckor ‘DiocLs yo. codtodt] Soc are Mivalok —Fertavalid deytehon Jey 7 bate fp! — =o 4 —o —t- . : ] Metebtic corto pw es i ee Fanward hies: pp —Dt Seve bert, ; \ Lefile ay be ve Yp Toe Smajeity — Fase Ts = Tpev: Sabucha ePiodk Covent ~ velt Relodian ° ry Bae fe 4} Tp= dies cwoerd- Ty = Reverse Sods Curved Vp = valtag, acron the chied Tk= Tenp in elu (293%#709) k as fe Boltzmann Conarkuch tA A Ttalily fac —e Borge behosun (bard 2) + fac Gel vee : Loz fe aan (m=L) Soma, Geo ae i vos} oe husos- 92>| Te = 6:64 X10) tea D = 0 669K w= O66FLA V-T Characteristic PN Tanckon Dieds To= Is if Hr) (ee (Ne plied “btes)- To-h(e"-U =0 Vv ont ade . vope(Pail ee te ‘2 Shy) [as Voo T= Imndority — Ty teat Vo<0 (Reveese bie Rag ) Me too Th [eH -t 7 : Ts (mA) e 2 Maximum wren Zoned eel Jevistt 4 Yt Charad Ti ndoacteratl 4 ‘ IK cue wd hing glen ot aan Je Me age ees ob “hav pan dughat cardrlg Si Aiede By asc Ve oy ‘ fer 00% mie sy temp: (125¢C) $ Jord: Inve OS hu Uh a cohe 20h . . h = 09s WOO, desay ot Hemp. (~76"c) + New Vo= 0.7 + 0-25 = O95 Y Jove Kink or | DM care of Reverse Bios Corditin ! Ty doubas for weg 4 Ee! For t00% aise in demp (125°C) 25°C+ ona BFC Aon OS* = Mons (is Anse fe op J 4S°C—s Yong. I$? < 1480 np ~ 5S —» Bown 105° = 2560 65% — Iona WS) = S12 6WA WC Ri 5" © MoguonA +402 yA @va UNO AIG on. dacresasiny Lae Tenperaton depordéx om Tp (mA) Tdear Vp Praciat Diode anuard Bi9s =Ve 5A om ” alee ee Practiced very salt nye vey ige | gicas a0 pea Theod ae as } disey Je aiede only permit ts flow jn Ore lichen cd Rrasdiol diodt | ce FB! m=O oe Welprye O Ip=O =v rs Died Eqyuivatert Crauifs Pr eyuivatert dt iy a combinodion of elamud (. chosen fp best muprwneed creed he i perttentay aa oo y Prece wise -Binear eyuivadenk a reults + dinear even wlth amal® — monn Li wo) Cutcs voli drop | Amplified <7 da: Ad=o rei Blope= © = tan ® B= 40° ta Do=o0 i _ Boe Vo Va Np=o0 Vb=o pest ae (as ah) bara op oink Ee Kulsaecoe poit & ( Yog , oa Cee ee dick dttaderié li (a 1 7 Ve TpRit-Vo —7o 4 Sp : 4 be ae ‘ h V= io vel es Ks. r 2 > 10h Jo = 1022, 4 vp when ome, t0= (x Q-pt = (2-4 0B) Vp= IpRe > 9:20 K)0? Ri | Bee 2 cunehe wus joy Toe ot al @) Tye amA ecena 9 Vp - to on® Ro-vo. O8 "west 20x05 R BPO i035 | am choy axjo? Sees ; te = 10 Mom = , KOT Revstee? cp ay bs Le osh T8C?> Jy avi nVr dtp ty ep Wr ip aN Wr mek aly ten Vr=26mV/ Na = dom oe i FT i amat ond ry) & ST : Re cate puistane proy Fhe Knee thay HN beame iimapprepnele , x C Resist Sn AC meristanss is du mealdtource te drawn beboeen yu two indev section WA mintmum — yelue 4 imped 4 ” B= Ava 4T6 PE te PE Vinin= O650V Torin = ath Viren = 0-725V Tymgp = mA AVa= 0925 - 0650= 0:045V ALG = eR Qenpd = $5 mp) Par= 0.095 oR oy am 15 103K i % Wea Series diode uy ch, ” . ve) My Palas) 6 oy Ee) [vsve) Ve. I eee vey, EO = ae / si R Va Vig Pauty: k v= Toc Tr= VR > faa’ , ir Chetek : shed bi Bien a confi lg tons a op ae lee Diese on $ : LIOV~ 20L-0-3V=0 Role 13-3 T= 1) elew mins af > 2 Vo DDE oe bre % aK © Vo acy WwW ie. a \ aK f et Determre Vo ord Ty ew ar ow, Qo 0:3 -03 -2lp-Qly= O Sy = WAS mA Vo-am= 0 Vo = ApH 95V 8 low Qev- 6B Ip — OF = _ Ipc 430 a0V- $0 Ip= V? yn oe eee 4.3mA Vez Ponallel Riode Confi qurahons len Vp TT, out Ts der pepe eee HAN i dts 8 we \Wevo hs eae Tae Ls | and Serie Paraltal Grpiguretiva, ! rae a . (he — 440 _/ | ; eh) 5 % 7 L oS La Me 2K Ip = 4:55mA ®oav a 7) Vo -"%p = 0 Vo=4Ue O2yY @ +6v She |r J | 15-07 OV eh ela et ae T= od 5mi f ; J J —2 Yo , Yate fs 4: “ie os Rei ficahio—> canvadion of Exeor] Miptope —> Transhormes ——> Rectifier ——» Filter ac .—— fosate Wadia) p- bone (5) fas! Ve ea —————o””-~—¥—K——s—s—s— rave _nectisfier oe ifn ee vtlege Sa nah fied gor tan hoff ude: ge yp veltage = eng - Vir Vow Dry = TRe oO ‘ 4 7 te Vic % +18 Vou LRe (ve R +R Vo (2) ™- [8 -) Mi A Vos Vit0Fv = “apy ~OoH -3Vv ee Do Via ve-02vE0 2 Wem tow Vi Guat Determined Vo for input shou? ¥ ‘ ; Fs gi toy fur vigav erven MOBY BL Vi73V_» Vee OV Ves > Vp-3y. fi Ve = -30 Viz2e Vo=~4Bu 4 Trey diode Chipping Curuuits Yi R 1 + Mt doe TD Yl oe a Dees, shy wy Pi w arb ek by vi ae. Transfer _chora ckexistic wi < V8, — P= RB Vale Vi >My — 0, Fb Ve > Vp, Ve —- Ww ‘ 4 i | | Vo tit rd | ViS VB. 70> RB Vor Vi ve = VBx vir VE DPB Clippan _crwuit hy groph behoten ap valine ard —olp vallkoge « ve ae compare circuits © A Gampars is & network — corvduck of dledt, a and a copaciker that —ahifk — wourform do a differance de without ere Me opptarana of — opplird aipvall « me constant )= RC ey RMS value remain, famt - A) pio val henge, in clamped #ighaly 3 ne 7e F Sop, comps row 5 <, Vo ive + aot “e £ Mi 5 [sa Tio oo “y . “> art eh, ¢ fe Vrev we a f wre vj x) R vo Tro A Vi-Ve =O Zz ; VizVeotY eohlou Jysibhe yest de heas Ley ee ees + RL ce = vi ee +k 1 : : : z ™, =f : ‘ 2144 . Ne ee Pe EY Ce -—r ; : — Ne 0, Vie) ve 41! af WirVese , Vea Vj = v. meet 5 i, VitVe -2V0 =0 (xvi) Sy Me Viive= Vo i= Ve pan OM , ori a 610? X ol Kyo" © FS6 mice ST= 5X54 = 2B m gee 4 = t= Lmgee tVpac-0-8Y t4V > O Vez Vir 042 Ves [0-09 b2 (uw - We +Vj t¥e tMzo 1 * Ve fs | “(Vit Uy) = Ve ' | Vor -l3 10 + a i ait Tanchion Cansiote (601) (ag: 4545) OS ia " Voila Shocpléy, Ten Bardauk Waller “Bratt —=> Hat Labs —» tai yy 3 demmiinal device ured iy comp» of, Mae Algal Ra sethng operation . , : ’ 9 |__o Coteckr Henmibal a 4 of Caltech ( ¢) on: | ee Doping? EC 7B aiinae Tramsishy = Tranfu + Resist Ti Fb T+ — fb ‘Ragen of pectin] Retiuy TR operak, an Transistor opercction - BOT ‘ oa Bygla/ Turton Transnby = Teormperred 4 Rega, a wre etal Te Fb - —tb aa 0 Sgt pat Po To too port Mp te ve Uoe op — oa chow ae wee x Fh Gawd Tos Ate See i, aaieae ge KLee Tepe fle >> cto) xm” ae K= 25 wid tee Te Say hs tom bo ctboet gaan alt. Ing Choraderistic ( rr S qrephics rupaattor bho By ops wlhoy ym D ~ znpt cuore od ee | 4 E wp r= Je Ke e —~* eee | f= eer lie vone ‘ oo es vee Vea, v same 4 ais na ; Vee (votes) © gosty effect (Bou with modulation) —> Torus. M taxly Nort se er abt Wp> ora of be iy saute pF & Te= Tet Tepe(mager of Ved) Tenale Laide 1 &e=095 b 099) 1+ (ath ot) eee > gta elm eae Thp= ime ate Kee et + ite Pre (50,300) 'P com + Ig op duvet — Te iP wolle 4 Vp, op wollen — Vie Te = Ieth — R= Xie +I, —-0 Tee X(K+I9) + Tego Toe Kks Kip t Tepe (t-)Tce KIp + Seb0 Jee 2g igpep ee PN cops SM [-a eae = Ter pt (Gi) fea0, 9 S77) ii a lo gc Ima COL) Ray 2 100 oF ati) ete = ‘c= B Jb = ScomA \ * sat fe= Ke + Teg (C8 coup) Lets Lerkeyeuaned (Tete) Te= Blas (Pr ten, (GE of) More heaksye corned (CV Xe.) \ cg put Chonaderistic, » (evs Vee for Bye 5 a a : a! ord Vice aaa hicotng, Patented . S i BEA) enV : Soe | VeesY 3 oot “ap ye Vie > Vo. a Ul acteristics rey Ve gor alt teal of Th: 1. of) = P4s4 (Prt) Rao TA=O — 3s (pu tone Tez BIg Pago Ce “757 Garay 5 (PY Teo = Steg LOUIE SIVA vets Odd => Tryp 4 A Sa Bo Adw <> Cobty mon -Calkaca Configuration ole ban of Ce MM ofp dar 6 CE Y= ATe Ke als Tes JetTe ——-+@) T= XTe+ Lepo —>® Te= “JE + Tebo tie te = a in et Ry tee gal aay amp fader 1 — Comman Baw Cofiguratia . Comme, emitter ——+ ee | ae Vee-Ip ky — Vere % * Vae~o — F.(o, Yes) RB) Acre &(Vs,0) -Vec +E + chee wVec Vee = teRcm0 \ we j of) Veh Bee oe 4 ce 5 Tine Vee Ve pein apr 1S Birek Ta phon. nak chang perp a oe Mey quvwd utd my be glen de : ae BP vad ; Charge sn’ tps SE= Pint Gh) Lean Tom t tem Teh Mog -[0-9v 759 Si oay a a Tee PIg= B(vecYee) PL a gaat OD Fr fixed pre ———=_—— VARS ee pal Vec=14V ej tw - 78% = sv 2S kg hee We Vbe 2183 Vi age i Ta = 4ops Oem a A " P= 80 ve = 6 ay Veer VerVe = 602 6V 8) Te=BIp= sox4oA- %ImA ») w- ER = 6v Rox DY 8F oS ke. 3.2mA © eet wc ~ arte K— fro Kes L@ Quir® For fined bias configuration , daknming 6) Fe 8 VESSE d) kg ee ee at Tp = 22,8 Solution. Re = 29 KS Tp= soph Te=4mA J abhp Vee = ¥2V a) te Jett, > Ice Ie-tee ebb aT yay uration . improms Mu ately of cperatiing peirt pp), Vee ~ Ty Rg ~ Vae Te Re = 0 ‘ ‘ Te = Tet1e = pipe ty to Je= @w3y Mee ~ Te Rs -Voe - (Pt) tp Ré co Me Ti(Ro+ Gt) Re) pono! _ Za = Vec-Vpe Ret @ti)Re a i271 has Baa y Te= pig =p [Vec—vee Ree Gt Me, fo { Ap ER ee ie I oe ke ~ Te (Re#Re) — Vee = ke = Vee~ RetRE) Te P . RY tepes = g _ OS Ree Peep . ay Re yen Ee a 4d emitter -biay cireuid , deleneie Pn Kae. Adeotes Of Ry = TAK Veeg 5:2 Vergy MeoGirhe) Re ~ Toke Vee Ter BIB Vee ~ [pace a Vee oe Pp ts) Ts - Vee eo ov Vu - tense tena Be (Ect) Re—Vee Exe) isodweurks 4! BR 2? Re a ee rake Rett Ves fut Rade — Rita, of CHB fl Madar Sillcar hrowisty plana by collector petdbocle maray Delermine operatyy Polit = 82400 pd RS Mec = 200) Vec= 20v Roe 1k Rav jooke Pt (Ze, Veg) a ee Meet ta 13 ~ 14 (5 BY vies The Vibe on, (Bt) epee? = BOUKSL Fe = S6ua at . Ice Pipe 100 KF 6p = 9-6mad de 20 (AI) ype O-pi = ( 9-6ma aasoxy) ec Eete)Re P—TeRe Wye orden ee Tee Letty BT tp = (ee = bet Ip) pei? Vee Re Vee = Te Re Mee ~ TeRe © Mem Le (Ret Re) = Vee Jews. Vec= Te(Ret Re) = UE Vlelommemivgs (vie 2a — Te (Ke tRe) [Vetiage Divider Big Configure Ye Vin- IpRm- Vee Tpke oo Vth= SBR 1p, -Voe - fr) The. = 0 [* = Vin-Vae Ertna(er) Re | T= BT- B (Vir-Vee) Raat (Bel) Re Th Rmn<<(Pu)Re > x 5g mdpels 4 Ve — TeRe Khe - 1, = Teak Vec - tel RetRe) -Ve Ee Mita Fe Leta] @ wan # Ss For vollag divider bios config urakian ddkermine. a) Ze WCE cca) Mee eV SURG ‘Tp- 20h ete R= 29K 400 Ra = 68K Re= 1-20. = BIR = wx repre Im 9 Vee = 30% = 10% Vec = mA x 29K lov = iV nee Tee IptIendc = mite 202A Ve oho VE Jefe = (202 ma)x(1 ax) = 2424 yp - a= A) Vee =Vi-Ve es fo eenysuy= B196Y ae ¢) VeE=Ve-VE ‘ OF =Vp-p-Yo4y } Vez 47 ) Vih a Ve (em east) Vin~ Vek W690) — ayy ithe RG OK as [Therma “Runeudey in Transistos, Bygadh' Te P Tot (pr) Zev + Flad of Min Chew fannty (tery) cor of MOF Tam oF Tt tt (fear) vin Hip —» dowbee Top To produay Pant in haw. temp ivwey > Te Wom. bea) i Jeno? > Tet knaon 24 Thora yuramay - Tearduch on noe Fedde Pr tmattr-Bin oi (Tet = tel = x) Sr Keak Sinfe Sess UE ce Voltage Ragutator( Vi ord Ri fixed ) + ands Basofdooy’ Wer tt apply igh sb patent acrom He bo get high KE onl bra tte covalut bend oo 4 ally die be cttine, onl because °c thi) Cee B produc . HH eur th Lyiary dopa dds Aiede. (noone dieds) * fon. Zener breapdown Laddencd wich rekon uu Leoslier tin 4 Jyh dering « oe < in dick. Sb SEN ee cn bradted way of creating brsopdewn = 9 Heswrly Bop ro et ety Uaene” acd off frou OR flemp $B ob type nugion Bt Knpe Meridacn occur duc be dag Elache Vs pray tm ushiht ¢ mous from bamier from yelng hard gi P- yp BO wo dyee.. i "Zeer dicdk hos high Power dimipahar capacity ePopke ui nak 0d Zener died x Loo “Ke frau Zones voltag, P ok 25°C Cham top] (2s) aN av Cand an zener welling, if zuur woltag 48 $0 Vhs al love - Tenp cad (Te) = 0-00 %2 % [2c AE x 100 Af Tel ve) Ray, Zone pat = Vef Ave = lovt OSw ete, fl Vi combivatin — — elamerk — duiigual to valdog, Uppy suman constark « 14) 2 DV ard RL fixed | | i) VE fiek RL vnntany vt oe oN ZR W Vi veatate 4 Re Piers : MY A ds Ratner 2 Pen= max pes Adatokan ply Pool eer Wy VU-IR-Th so Vth=Vi= GR, vit oR Ti oe we VixRe: ; Re FER, | Via 3 ee a Uh < Ve —> off ken Vin < Vz ( OFF) Te R fee aang ss Tr-0 rr ey pe ] : f= TeVeco x ives R Me Tar TekI, 2 7, Las Lal pee ved Vit Ry Tae Vi Fea tte Tee Tit te Tz=IR-T #20 to} n(n) (Gea Besivin tear \ go ford Vip, / J2mA “> qax tae gar © Ve Aioke rerad ts Va= Tex sno Ver (2X 729 VF Ke 7 27 Veo 8 Panu F227 mA sam ed avd Re yravteb | a, . } 4 Crtod_ta_ vn ton Bea (Bu,) tO tim on hag ‘ YS y' Mp wolley, ocroms ze Ve m | | Vin = VOR oe Me RHR re [urea] a Bit fh.) Bthe, «9 Vive Veh + Ve Re (vi-ve) Re Ve : Ve R_\= Re minimurs VicVe ‘ i, weet ct 71 YES » Ce i ater | Tae tet q, min Pax (7+ Tht) Tamin = (ie) = Tema @ Comin for nays stood puatowrer Ru! Ri mos? Uminers Tamae ea Tenae Val garsers raison { sor l? y Ven we, 7k (eet rF] fan ZD 4m ond Bui dalermine rere of pd eg Ge) od - Rush 2kt Merv 2 22D ‘ M * Vv Sr vi max 2 36-88 ee i ran AG Laren = 60m Fong. oh Vi = 237690 = 36-8 BAG) Ty TEM Poot wei inn) coree idsal + 260 diode AOmA- To vraingin Svatk acrav foot Ry , te pinion Gnd mirimuam power vobig of 2D dn mip respec ely “ones Jov Tevin = £0 mi ‘angistey = Saturatiby etre oF Seat : Vie-o Tes Reg = Vee Ba Ree = oS 3 pA Ol te Fixed bos canfipuntin ov bi: Tesat = Tomax = Vee vo: dx Re Me TeReeo é Tesat = Vee -? Re Vec~ Te Re = Te Pro ON wepey ay ep ernn ae 7” " Sign! om signet the rouse raged auffidadly enough to cep taney adie vugin report = de 2p. ot ae sper 4 CMe coupling Capri tr > % pam Capel Kem 1 ange Oc pignal $=0 XL =0 Ch Ket wo Be sigral. * fro ¢ a Doe ey ht } plea Tr with sp modil/ ey anit « Rp 1! Shost cirewit ol de soury ore shot dk in 5-74 D. yobs Tranwisty © bay vrodsh ip x combination of dt epily chon dy best suprant » eckval au aula und spaafic operekieg pind Ye Tranpiphr Madet ce wee eee i Hig free. Low fry E $2 ¥ a nd TT th posmulty % Moa rie X < peo + 3 — : e ve Vee Ke Vie oo ie Sips a= S¥se | Alp . 3 a— xt mY le=Kig (tk tp Apirdird souree) slope #O ptovet is lay $ eR en) Gtra) aah ket ation } _Cohigut’ 2 Yee wy ge li) Tm ve Zi= Rell (ee) % Zi = Re pri) e Ret (pti)2e i " ~~ Zoe VollRew eRe \ TARY 300 R I 4 Aploke —~» ne hh. RK Zi> Roll @r)¥e Rar iogryre Zaft le (vie YoltRe $ Re

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